• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 1999

The nervous tissue in the cerebral ganglion of Korean planaria was observed using electron microscope. The obtained results are as follows: A cerebral ganglion is composed of the nerve cells, neurosecretory cells, neuroglial cells and neuropils. The nerve cells are round or ovoidal-shaped cells (diameter, $5{\mu}m$), which has a large ellipsoidal nucleus containing the evenly developed heterochromatin. Their cytoplasms were found to be relatively simple, because of their undeveloped cell organelles. The neurosecretory cells are long and ellipsoid or spindle-shaped cells, where there were found a large ellipsoidal nucleus and cytoplasm filled with secretory granules (diameter, 60 nm). The neuroglial cells were seldom observed. They are spindle-shaped cells (size, $6\times0.8{\mu}m$), which were observed mainly among the nerve fibers. The neuropils are formed by the nerve fibers and nerve endings which are filled with mitochondria, neurotubules and secretory granules of four kinds (high electron dense granules of sizes 75 nm, 50 nm and 37 nm, and electron lucent granule of size 30 nm etc.). These granular vesicles are divided into single vesicle type and compound vesicle type in the nerve terminals, and neuronal synapses were observed to be the axo-dendritic and dendro-dendritic synapse type.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.430-441
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• 2023

Velvet antler is widely used as a traditional medicine, and numerous studies have demonstrated its tremendous nutritional and medicinal values including immunity-enhancing effects. This study aimed to investigate different deer velvet extracts (Sample 1: raw extract, Sample 2: dried extract, and Sample 3: freeze-dried extract) for proximate composition, uronic acid, sulfated glycosaminoglycan, sialic acid, collagen levels, and chemical components using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-light mass spectrometry. In addition, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of the deer velvet extracts on BV2 microglia, HT22 hippocampal cells, HaCaT keratinocytes, and RAW264.7 macrophages using the cell viability MTT assay. Furthermore, we evaluated acute toxicity of the deer velvet extracts at different doses (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) administered orally to both male and female ICR mice for 14 d (five mice per group). After treatment, we evaluated general toxicity, survival rate, body weight changes, mortality, clinical signs, and necropsy findings in the experimental mice based on OECD guidelines. The results suggested that in vitro treatment with the evaluated extracts had no cytotoxic effect in HaCaT keratinocytes cells, whereas Sample-2 had a cytotoxic effect at 500 and 1000 ㎍/mL on HT22 hippocampal cells and RAW264.7 macrophages. Sample 3 was also cytotoxic at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ㎍/mL to RAW264.7 and BV2 microglial cells. However, the mice treated in vivo with the velvet extracts at doses of 500-2000 mg/kg BW showed no clinical signs, mortality, or necropsy findings, indicating that the LD50 is higher than this dosage. These findings indicate that there were no toxicological abnormalities connected with the deer velvet extract treatment in mice. However, further human and animal studies are needed before sufficient safety information is available to justify its use in humans.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.296-303
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• 2021

The antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of water, 30, 70, and 100% ethanol extracts of leaves of three different species of bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra, P. bambusoides, and Sasa borealis) were investigated. The levels of total polyphenol and flavonoid were measured, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using various antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglial cell activation was used to evaluate the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of the bamboo leaf extracts. Treatment with both aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed no cytotoxicity in BV-2 microglial cells. Pre-treatment of BV-2 cells with bamboo leaf extracts significantly inhibited LPS-induced excessive production of nitric oxide in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, phytochemical analysis based on the extraction solvent showed that caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and tricin are the principal constituents of all three bamboo leaf extracts. Therefore, our findings suggest that bamboo leaf extract contains potent antioxidants and anti-neuroinflammatory compounds that can be used as potential therapeutic agents for the treat neuroinflammatory diseases.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.423-433
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• 2021

This study was performed to examine the neuroprotective effect of the ethyl acetate fraction from Eucommia ulmoides oliver leaf (EFEL) on PM_2.5-induced cytotoxicity. EFEL had higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents than the other fractions. In ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities, the IC₅₀ of EFEL was measured as 212.80 and 359.13 ㎍/mL, respectively. To investigate the neuroprotective effect of EFEL, MTT and DCF-DA assays were performed on HT22, MC-IXC, and BV-2 cells. EFEL effectively decreased PM_2.5-induced intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and inhibited PM_2.5-induced cell death. In the results of protein expression related to cellular cytotoxicity on microglial cells (BV-2), EFEL had an improvement effect on cell apoptosis and inflammatory pathways. Rutin and chlorogenic acid were identified as the main physiological compounds. Moreover, it was expected that EFEL, including rutin and chlorogenic acid, could be functional food substances with neuroprotective effects against PM_2.5-induced oxidative stress.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.167-173
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• 2001

This study, the ultrastructure of radial glial cells in the fetuses (the 60th, 90th, 105th 120th of gestation) and neonate brains of korean native goat were investigated by immunohistochemical method and transmisson electron microscopy. 1. In the 60th day of gestation, mitochondria and many glycogen body were observed in the radial glial cells. 2. In the 90th day of gestation, mitochondria, many glycogen body and rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed. 3. In the 95th day of gestation, Golgi's apparatus was found. 4. In the 120th day of gestation, Endfeets of radial glial cell attached vessel wall were observed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.999-1006
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• 2020

The suppression of neuroinflammatory responses in microglial cells, well known as the main immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), are considered a key target for improving the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Teleogryllus emma is widely consumed around the world for its broad-spectrum therapeutic effect. In a previous work, we performed transcriptome analysis on T. emma in order to obtain the diversity and activity of its antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs are found in a variety of species, from microorganisms to mammals. They have received much attention as candidates oftherapeutic drugs for the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases. In this study, we investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of Teleogryllusine (VKWKRLNNNKVLQKIYFVKI-NH₂) derived from T. emma on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced BV-2 microglia cells. Teleogryllusine significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production without cytotoxicity, and reducing pro-inflammatory enzymes expression such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In addition, Telegryllusine also inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) through down-regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. These results suggest that T. emma-derived Teleogryllusine could be a good source of functional substances that prevent neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.209-215
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• 2018

To evaluate the radical scavenging activity of phenolic-rich fractions of Gardenia jasminoides, we first measured the levels of total polyphenols in hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions from the extract of G. jasminoides. The ethyl acetate fraction of G. jasminoides extract (GJ-EA) showed high level of phenolics, potent reducing power, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl/2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging effect. In addition, GJ-EA inhibited the overproduction of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-activated BV-2 microglia. Furthermore, we found that GJ-EA suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and also reduced their migratory ability. These results suggest that GJ-EA may be a good source for functional foods with antioxidant and chemo-preventive activities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2017

The patient with end-stage renal disease show several nervous complications. The factors contributing to the nervous complications are still incompletely characterized. Cyanate, known as one of the uremic toxins, is derived spontaneously from urea. To investigate the mechanism of cyanate-induced effect on C6 glioma cells, the glioma cells were treated with 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mM cyanate. There was a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and the decreased number of cell was observed in glioma cells by treatment with cyanate. Western blot showed the down- regulation of procaspase-3, which means up-regulation of caspase-3, and the up-regulation of caspase-8, but the down-regulation by cyanate. In addition, cDNA microarray showed 934 down-regulated genes and 165 up-regulated genes on 1,099 genes in cyanate treated group. Treatment with cyanate led to 16 down-regulated genes and 6 up-regulated genes on apoptosis category, and especially heat shock 70 kD protein 1A gene on the category of apoptosis was significantly up-regulated. These results suggest that cyanate can induce apoptosis through caspase-8 and caspase-3 in glioma cells and decrease of gene expression including apoptosis category in glioma cells. These effects of cyanate may play a role in the nervous complications of patient with end-stage renal disease.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1532-1540
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• 2013

T-box transcription factor 2 (Tbr2) is a member of the T-box family of transcription factors and it plays an important role in brain development, progenitor cell proliferation, and the modulation of differentiation and function in immune cells, such as CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells. This study aims to elucidate the involvement of Tbr2 in the pathophysiological events following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice. Status epilepticus resulted in prominent neuronal cell death in discrete brain regions, such as CA3, the hilus, and the piriform cortex. Interestingly, when the immunoreactivity of Tbr2 was examined two days after status epilepticus, it was transiently increased in CA3 and in the piriform cortex. Tbr2-positive cells in CA3 and the piriform cortex were double-labeled with CD11b, a marker of microglia and a subset of white blood cells, such as monocytes, CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells. Moreover, the double-labeled cells with Tbr2 and CD11b showed amoeboid morphology, and this data indicates that Tbr2-expressing cells may be reactive microglia or infiltrating white blood cells. Furthermore, clustered Tbr2-positive cells were observed in the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1)-positive blood vessels near the CA3 area, which suggests that Tbr2-positive cells may be infiltrating the white blood cells. Based on this data, this study is the first to indicate the involvement of Tbr2 in neuropathophysiology in status epilepticus.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.468-478
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• 2019

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of cordyceps militaris extracts for the improvement of cognitive dysfunction in PC12 and BV2 cells. Cordyceps militaris extracts was prepared by extracting with distilled water. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay using PC12 cells and BV2 cells. Confirmed effects of L-glutamate induced cytotoxicity test, Acetylcoline (ACh) concentration, and Acetylcolinestase (AChE) activity in PC12 cells. Anti-inflammatory activities of cordyceps militaris extracts was measured through changes in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced BV2 cell. In addition, we measured the expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$, p38, JNK, and caspase-3 in western blot analysis. Cordyceps militaris extracts showed no cytotoxicity at the concentrations of 1, 10, and $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ except for the concentration of $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Cordyceps militaris extracts protected the cell and exhibited significant increases in the ACh concentration and a significant decrease in the AChE activity in L-glutamate induced PC12 cells. Moreover, cordyceps militaris extracts inhibited the productions NO, and PGE2 level and the protein expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$, p38, JNK, caspase-3 in LPS-induced BV2 cells. These results indicate that cordyceps militaris extracts possible prevented and improved cognitive dysfuction symptoms. Thus, cordyceps militaris extracts may be a novel natural material option for the improvement of cognitive dysfunction.