• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.266-271
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• 2015

Elaeagnus pungens Thunb., belongs to the family Elaeagnaceae, was recently recorded for the first time in Mt. Miruk, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The native distribution range of this species includes China and Japan in East Asia, while it is considered as an invasive species in North America. Elaeagnus pungens is related to E. glabra, but the species can be distinguished from its congeners by having revolute and repand leaf blades, silvery white and brown scales on the abaxial surface of the leaf, and a campanulate calyx. We propose the new Korean name 'Tong-yeong-bol-re-na-mu,' based on its first collecting site. A detailed description of vegetative and floral characteristics, trichome scanning electron micrographs, dichotomous keys, and the habitat of this species are also provided.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.29
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• pp.65-90
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• 2008

This study examines the status and the physical features of Paraloid B-72 layers with examination of microstructure and analysis of organic matters. Paraloid B-72 layers were coated on samples from the colour layer of outer wall painting in Mireuk hall in Geumsan temple. On the basis of the previous examination result, it has made the samples which are similar to outer wall in Mireuk hall in Geumsan temple. The samples can be divided into two, one; 5% Paraloid B-72 coating and another is without coating. Then samples have been experimented under the compulsive environments of infrared radiation and immersion, thereafter compared the results of the damages and physical features between two samples. As a result of the comparison, the sample with Paraloid B-72 had more serious cracks, exfoliations and peeling layers than that of without Paraloid B-72. Otherwise, in the examination of ultraviolet radiation, the sample with Paraloid B-72 coating showed weaker physical properties, less density in structure of colour layer and less hardness in surface of colour layer than the sample without coating. The percentage of moisture content after the ultraviolet radiation was higher in the sample without Paraloid B-72 than the sample with Paraloid B-72 coating. Observing the conditions before the ultraviolet radiation, the sample with Paraloid B-72 coating demonstrated lower rate in moisture evaporation rate than the sample without Paraloid B-72. As a consequence, in examination of this samples, the change of physical features are increased in the sample with Paraloid B-72 coating than that without Paraloid B-72 when compulsive environment of heat, moisture and ultraviolet rays for a short term are imposed.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.30
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• pp.137-147
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• 2009

Mireuk temple site is located in Iksan, on the North Jeolla province in Korea, and confirmed tiles, potteries, metals, glasses and other materials that are remaining between Baekje Kingdom and Joseon period after excavations. It is also detected that production and supply of the materials in this era were started inside the country(domestic) at that time. This is important information for the understanding of the production and circulation systems. In this study, lead isotope ratios of 18 samples includedlead glass, crucibles and glazed rafter tiles excavated from Mireuk Temple Site of Baekje era were analyzed for the provenance study of raw glass material supply and distribution of glass products. The results of lead isotope ratio analysis have shown that all raw materials were located in the distribution area of Baekje region and also confirmed to be accord with the previous research results. As comparing the lead isotope ratios of glass and glass materials excavated from Mireuk Temple Site with Miyajidake tomb from Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan, it is found that the same raw materials were used for glass production. It means that there is the active connection between Mireuk temple site and Miyajidake and that these areas are sharing the same materials at the same period. It also shown that artifacts excavated from Miyajidake were strongly influenced from Baekje culture. And it is estimated that there is a possibility of the use ofsame materials whether the supplies of them are from a specific place of Baekje or not

• 보존과학연구
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• s.24
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• pp.81-98
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• 2003

The biodeterioration on Iksan Mireuksaji pagoda has been studied with fucus on application of K201 as a chemical treatment. Total of 39species, including 10 algae, 16 lichens, 6 mosses and 7 unidentified bacteria and fungi, were collected and identified on the surface of the pagoda. Most of them caused serious discoloration on the surface. The effectiveness and stability of K201 was examined by applying it on some part of the pagoda. A mild spraying of solution diluted to half of original reagent was good enough to eliminate all the deteriorating species on the surface. Most of discoloration disappeared after the treatment except the red color caused by iron substance. The effectiveness of the regent was compared with water wash. The stone was first washed with water and the dirt on the surface was scrubbed off from the surface. The initial surface of the stone was clearer in water wash. However, many of the deteriorating species reappear in 4 weeks after water wash. Although spraying of the reagent K201 could noteliminate all the remnant of dead organisms as good as scrubbing the surface, no deteriorating algae or lichen was observed until two month after treatment. Therefore, spraying method with chemicals seems more stable and reliable way to remove the biodeterioration than physical scrubbing of the surface.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.385-392
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• 2018

Iksan is one of medium city in Jellabukdo, South Korea. It has a favorable natural environment for the specialization potential of natural industries and development projects. In addition, it has various historical and cultural resources including Mireuksajji, and KTX Honam line which has been opened for a representative feature as transport city. However, it faces week connection with neighboring cities and large scale of development in neighboring areas, especially in Jeonju and Gunsan. In this paper, we try to classify the urban image assets of Iksan as 'Iksan Station' and 'ktx' on keywords and analyze the possibility of being a center of transportation and logistics through big data analysis extracted from SNS and website. In comparison with Gwangju Songjeong, KTX Honam line station, which has been developed with similar regional characteristics, it is aimed to establish the basis of improvement and establishment of urban image of Iksan city in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.102-112
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to identify the architectural design elements of secondary shrines in traditional Buddhist temples in Korea. For this study, a survey of six kinds of secondary shrines (Myemgbujem, Yeongsanjeon, Eungjinjem, Yaksajeoun, Gwaneumjeon, Mireukjeon), according to specified design elements(building sizes, roof styles, Gongpo, Dancheong, shape of Datjip), was conducted. The results of this study are summarized as follows; Myeongbujem is built in every temples(25 examples), most having simila1ities in sizes and architectural elements(roof, Gongpo structure, Dancheong, Datjip). The majority of Yemgsanjeon(l4 examples) and Eungjinjem shrines(l5 examples) are mostly 3-Gan sized buildings, having a Matbaejibung and Ikkmg structural system. Gwaneumjeon, on the other hands, has 1he most elaborate architectural elements. Among 12 cases, 8 buildings have Paljakjibung, 9 buildings have Silk-Dancheong in innerspace, and Datjip are included in six buildings. Yaksajeon shrines are small in mnnber, but most of these shrines have a Dapo structure, and, despite of their size, are designated as cultural properties.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.170-193
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• 2021

In this article, I examine the transformation of the Iksan Royal Palace into a temple. And it was considered to mean a change in the way Iksan was managed by Baekje. The Iksan Royal Palace was converted into a temple between the establishment of Mireuksa Temple and Stone Pagoda. As a result, the transfer of the capital to Iksan was not achieved, and Iksan was transformed into a temple-centered city. In connection with this, the need to re-establishment the urban system in Sabi was increased, as it suffered a great flood in the Muwang era. As a result, the scope of the royal palace was expanded, the secondary palace was built, and the urban district was expanded throughout the capital city. It is presumed that King Mu gave a divine nature to Iksan and discriminated against Sabi. Accordingly, it is believed that the King Mu or King Uija stopped developing the city in Iksan and focused on the rearrangement of Sabi.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 2004

In order to understand the environmental impact of marine cage fish farms, we measured the vertical fluxes of particulate to the sediment, the distribution of organic carbon in core samples, sediment oxygen consumption rate (SOD), and macrobenthos with increasing distance from a fish cage in Miruk island located in Tongyong. The experiment was performed in August 2003. Measured values gradually decreased with distance, indicating that the organic matter in the sediment derived from the fish farm. The dominant macrobenthos species were Tharyx mulifilis, Lumbrineris longifolia, Sigambra tentaculata, and Capitella capitata, occupying 88% of the total population. Capirella capirata, an opportunistic polychaete species, were especially abundant between 0 to 5 m radius range. The estimated impact regions of organic matter enrichment based on sediment consilmption rates and compositions of macrobenthos were in good agreement. Most organic matter derived from the fish farm was deposited within a 10 m radius and then dispersed horizontally to nearby (at least 50 m) surface sediment. The vertical organic carbon fluxes to the sediment at the fish farm were higher by a factor of two than those outside the area. The remineralization organic carbon in the upper sediment layer was estimated to be 50% (1.07 g C m$^{-2}$ day$^{-1}$ ) at the fish farm. In contrast, outside the area, 30% (0.30 g C m$^{-2}$ day$^{-1}$ ) of organic carbon was recycled and the remaining 70% was deposited to the deep sediment layer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.309-314
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• 2016

A locally adapted plant population under harsh environmental changes might survive for a long generation through maintaining proper level of genetic diversity. When it happens losing the genetic diversity too much fast, the population could be declining and probably become extinct. An isolated small population of Populus davidiana was investigated to study out the genetic diversity and the fine-scale spatial genetic structure. The estimated number of adult trees in the population of Mt. Worak, South Korea, was 350 in the total area of $14,000m^2$. The number of adults in a study plot ($70m{\times}70m$) was 123. The average age was 16-year-old and a 32-year-old tree was the oldest. The distribution of individuals was slightly aggregated in the plot. Sixty-one among the 123 individuals were randomly sampled to estimate genetic variation using AFLP markers. One hundred fifty-one (77%) of total 196 amplicons were polymorphic from six AFLP primer combinations. The average number of loci per primer combination was 32.7 (S.D.=7.2). Expected heterozygosity ($H_e$) and Shannon's diversity index (S.I.) were 0.154 and 0.254, respectively. These values were extremely lower than those of other P. davidiana populations in South Korea. Genetic patchiness was showed within 21 meters by spatial autocorrelation analysis and the isolated small size of population might be mainly attributed to the formation of such small patch size.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.123-142
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• 2020

We attempted an experimental study of lost-wax casting to reconstruct the Gilt-bronze pensive Bodhisattva; The main object we aimed to reconstruct was the Korean national treasure No.83, Gilt-bronze pensive Bodhisattva(Maitreya); thus, we scientifically analyzed and measured the alloy ratio and casting method. Initially, the alloy ratio we used during the preliminary experiment was Cu:Sn:Pb = 95.5:4.0:0.5; we then increased tin and lead by 2.5% to consider vaporization during the main experiment. After applying lost-wax casting, we realized that 30% rosin contributed to proper hardness after the wax hardness experiment. The microstructure revealed normal casting character(α-Cu, δ), and the results of the chemical analysis are identical to those of previous studies. The analysis of the mold suggests the presence of quartz powder for structural stability and fire-resistance along with other organic materials whose contribution is still unknown. We expect that our research will serve to provide basic data for advanced studies in the future.