• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.149-160
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• 2013

The objective of present study was to simultaneously isolate of isoflavone and soyasaponin compounds from the germ of soybean seeds. Soy germ flours were defatted with hexane for 48h at room temperature, and methanolic extracts were prepared using reflux apparatus at $90^{\circ}C$ for 6h, two times. After extraction, extracts were separated with preparative RP-$C_{18}$ packing column ($125{\AA}$, $55-105{\mu}m$, $40{\times}150mm$), and collected 52 fractions were identified with TLC plate (Kieselgel 60 F-254) and HPLC, respectively. Among the identified isoflavone and soyasaponin fractions, isoflavone fractions were re-separated using a recycling HPLC with gel permeation column (Jaigel-W252, $20{\times}500mm$). Final fractions were air-dried, and the purified compounds of two isoflavones (ISF-1-1, ISF-1-2) and four soyasaponins (SAP-1, SAP-2, SAP-3, SAP-4) were obtained. Two isoflavone compounds (ISF-1-1, ISF-1-2) were acid-hydrolyzed for the identification of their aglycones, and confirmed by comparing with 12 types of isoflavone isomers. While the four kinds of soyasaponins were identified by using a micro Q-TOF mass spectrometer in the ESI positive mode with capillary voltage of 4.5kV, and dry temperature of $200^{\circ}C$. Base on the obtained results, it was conclude that ISF-1-1 is the mixture isomers of daidzin (43.4%), glycitin (47.0%), and genistin (9.6%), but ISF-1-2 is the single compound of genistin (99.8% <). On the other hand, soyasaponin SAP-1 is the mixture compounds of soyasaponin A-group (Aa, Ab, Ac, Ae, Af); SAP-2 is soyasaponin B-group (Ba, Bb, Bc) and E-group (Bd, Be); SAP-3 is soyasaponin B-group (Ba, Bb, Bc), E-group (Bd, Be), and DDMP-group (${\beta}g$); SAP-4 is soyasaponin B-group (Ba, Bb, Bc), E-group (Bd, Be), and DDMP-group (${\beta}g$, ${\beta}a$), respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.310-318
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate anti-arthritis activity using natural eggshell membrane (NEM). Methods: NEM was administered at 52 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg to SD-Rat, where arthritis was induced by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) at 3 mg. NO production in serum was measured using Griess reagent. Cytokines including IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 were measured by Luminex and $PGE_2$, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, $LTB_4$, and hs-CRP were measured by ELISA. The cartilage of patella volume was examined and 3-D high-resolution reconstructions of the cartilage of patella were obtained using a Micro-CT system. Results: Production of NO, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, $PGE_2$, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, $LTB_4$, and hs-CRP in serum was decreased, respectively, in comparison with control. The cartilage of patella volume increased significantly. In addition, the NEM group showed a decrease in the cartilage of patella, synovial membrane, and transformation of fibrous tissue. Conclusion: The results for NEM showed significant anti-arthritis activity. These results may be developed as a raw material for new health food to ease the symptoms mentioned above.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.291-295
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• 2002

This study was designed to investigate the effects of a butanol (BuOH) fraction from an extract of pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc.) needles, on oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes in the liver membranes of rats. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups over a 45 days study period: the control group on a basic diet, and three experimental groups on three different dietary levels of the butanol fraction, specifically 25 mg (BuOH-25), 50 mg (BuOH-50), and 100 mg (BuOH-100) butanol fraction/kg body weight/day, thereby 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1% of butanol extract of pine needles was added to basil diet respectively. At the end of the experimental period, body weights and food intakes were not different among the four groups. The results showed that cholesterol accumulation in the mitochondria and microsomes of liver cells was significantly inhibited in the BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups: by 11.6% and 20.1% in the mitochondria of the BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups, respectively; and by 10.5%, and 13.5% in the microsomes of the BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups, respectively, compared with the control group. The levels of hydroxyl radicals (.OH) were significantly) lower in the liver mitochondria of the BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups (by 13.3% and 18.5%, respectively), while OH radicals were significantly lower in the microsomes or all three experimental groups (by 15.7% in the BuOH-25 group, 20.0% in the BuOH-50 group, and 20.6% in the BuOH-100group), compared with the control group. Superoxide radical (O$_2$) formation was also significantly inhibited in the liver cytosol of both BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups; the levels of these radicals were 8.0% lower for the BuOH-50 group and 11.1% lower for the BuOH-100 group, compared to the control group. Copper/Zinc - superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) activities were significantly increased (by 10.3% and 15.9%, respectively) in the liver cytosols of the BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups, but Mn-SOD activities were almost identical in the three RuOH groups, compared with the control group. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were significantly increased in the three experimental groups (by 9.0% in the BuOH-25 group, 19.4% in the BuOH-50 group, and by 25.6% in the BuOH-100 group), compared with the control group. These results suggest that the butanol extract of pine needles may play an effective role in attenuating oxygen radicals and activating scavenger enzymes; consequently, aging may be very effectively modulated and/or inhibited.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.55-84
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate the teratological potential of azinphos-methyl in the rat fetuses and to establish the nature of the effects on organogenesis and intrauterine development. The Sprague-Dawley female rats (180-210g) without previous litter were used in this study. Azinphos-methyl dosages of 0.094mg/kg, 0.4mg/kg, 1.5mg/kg were selected based on the acute intragastric $LD_{50}$ of 15mg/kg in the rat. Azinphos-methyl in water (Treatment Group), non-treatment control (Negative Control), water control (Sham Control), were administered by oral route and aqueous solution of acetyl salicylic acid (Positive Control) was administered by gavage at rate of 10 ml/kg of body weight from day 6 through 15. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Decreased body weight of dams was observed in animals treated with aspirin and azinphos-methyl 1.5 mg/kg from day 7 through 14. (P<0.01) 2. There was an apparent decrement in the absolute liver weight in the azinphos-methyl 1.5 mg/kg treated group (P<0.05). However, the absolute and relative kidney weight in aspirin group (P<0.05, P<0.01) and the absolute and relative ovary weight in aspirin, azinphos-methyl treatment groups (P<0.01, P<0.05) were increased. 3. Decreased protein contents of dam's liver was observed in the aspirin and high dose azinphos-methyl treated group of animals (P<0.01). 4. The number of male-female ratio per dam increased in azinphos-methyl 1.5 mg/kg group but there was an apparent decrement in the body weight of fetuses in aspirin and high dose azinphos-methyl group (P<0.01, P<0.05). Total immature and resorbed fetuses were increased in aspirin group and the number of dead fetuses were also increased in azinphos-methyl 1.5mg/kg treated group of animals. (P<0.01, P<0.05). 5. In soft tissue defects, diaphragmatic hernia in diaphragm, anophthalmia, enlarged olfactory bulb, hydrocephalus, absence of third and lateral ventricle in skull, hydronephrosis in kidney, atrophy of left ventricle wall, enlarged apex in heart were observed. Especially, defects of diaphragm, heart and eye ball showed peak incidences in the high dose azinphosmethyl and aspirin group. (P<0.01). 6. Variations in the ossification patterns of skull, sternebrae, tail, forelimbs and hindlimbs showed peak incidences in the aspirin and high dose azinphos-methyl group. (P<0.01). 7. In the developmental indices of offspring, the mortality of aspirin and azinphos-methyl 1.5mg/kg treated group was higher than that of negative control. And, there was an apparent decrement in the body weight of fetuses (P<0.01) and considerable differences were obtained in pivoting, development of fur, auditory function, vision, quadrupled muscle development and testes descent in aspirin and azinphos-methyl 1.5mg/kg group. (P<0.01).

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.219-226
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• 1990

Enalapril maleate tablets of two different producers were tested for bioequivalence. Enalapril is rapidly metabolized to an active metabolite, enalaprilat which inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). The pharmacokinetics of enalapril maleate and the time course of inhibition of plasma ACE activity after administration of the drugs were studied. Two single doses of 10mg each of enalapril maleate were administered orally to twelve male volunteers in a balanced, randomized, two-way crossover investigation. Plasma enalaprilat concentrations were determined over a 23-hour after the dose by enzyme inhibition assay and enalapril by the same method following in vitro hydrolysis. Urinary recoveries of enalapril and enalaprilat were determined for the calculation of renal clearance. Plasma ACE activity was determined by an enzyme assay. Peak plasma levels of enalapril were observed about 1 hour after the doses, and practically all enalapril had disappeared from plasma within 6 hour. Peak enalapril concentrations of both formulations were almost identical ($Vasotec^{\circledR}$, 61.38 ng/ml; $Beartec^{\circledR}$, 64.27 ng/ml). The values of the pharmacokinetic parameters of enalaprilat computed for $Vasotec^{\circledR}$ and $Beartec^{\circledR}$ tablets are presented in that order; area under the curve=330.63:320.96 $ng{\cdot}hr/ml$; peak concentration=38.63:39.43 ng/ml; time to peak=3.83:4.08 hour; elimination half-life=3.95:3.92 hours. No statistically significant difference was detected when area under the curve and all other parameters were compared. Using criteria of 95% confidence interval for the comparison of these parameters, only the upper limits of area under the curve and time to peak of enalapril were over 120%. All the parameters of enalaprilat were acceptable. Percent inhibition of plasma ACE to plasma enalaprilat concentration showed the sigmoid concentration-inhibition relationship. Time courses of plasma ACE inhibition after the administration of both formulations were quite similar. The formulations were found to be equivalent when compared on the premise that no significant difference was detected when pharmacokientic parameters and inhibition of ACE activity were compared, based on the confidence limits analysis.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2003

In this study, muscle activity was measured using surface EMG (sEMG) during a voluntary maneuver (ankle dorsiflexion) in the supine position was compared pre and post gait training. Nine patients with incomplete spinal cord injury participated in a supported treadmill ambulation training (STAT), twenty minutes a day, five days a week for three months. Two tests, a gait speed test and a voluntary maneuver test, were made the same day, or at least the same week, pre and post gait training. Ten healthy subjects' data recorded using the same voluntary maneuvers were used for the reference. sEMG measured from ten lower limb muscles was used to observe the two features of amplitude and motor control distribution pattern, named response vector. The result showed that the average gait speed of patients increased significantly (p〈0.1) from 0.47$\pm$0.35 m/s to 0.68$\pm$0.52 m/s. In sEMG analysis, six out of nine patients showed a tendency to increase the right tibialis anterior activity during right ankle dorsiflexion from 109.7$\pm$148.5 $mutextrm{V}$ to 145.9$\pm$180.7 $mutextrm{V}$ but it was not significant (p〈0.055). In addition, only two patients showed increase of correlation coefficient and total muscle activity in the left fide during left dorsiflexion. Patients' muscle activity changes after gait training varied individually and generally depended on their muscle control abilities of the pre-STAT status. Response vector being introduced for quantitative analysis showed good Possibility to anticipate. evaluate, and/or guide patients with SCI, before and after gait training.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 2000

This study was designed to observe the ultrastructural localization of synoviocytes, which are concerned with the function of phagocytic synovial cells (type A synoviocytes, macrophage-like synoviocytes), in the knee joint of the human for CD14 and CD105 by cryo-immune-electron microscopic technique. The synovium were dissected and fixed for two hours (in 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.1% glutaraldehyde mixture), and were immerged in 2.3 M sucrose and 20% PVP solution. Finally, they were cut with the cryoultramicrotome and labelled with primary antibodies (monoclonal mouse anti-human CD14, monoclonal mouse anti-human CD105 (endoglin) and secondary (donkey anti-mouse IgG) tagged with 6 nm colloidal gold particles. The tissues were observed under transmission electron microscope. This study was resulted as follows. 1. In the synovium of the human knee joint, CD14+ cells were identified. These cells showed phagocytic synovial cell's features. In the phagocytic synoviocyte, the distributions of CD14 were marked in the cytoplasm, around vacuoles, and in cytoplasmic process, but not detected inside of vacuoles. 2. In the synovium of the human knee joint, CD105+ cells were identified. These cells were recognized endothelial cells and phagocytic synovial cells. In the phagocytic synovial cells, the distributions of CD105 (endoglin) were marked in cytoplasic process, around vacuoles, and in cell membrane, but not detected inside of vacuoles. On the basis of above findings, it is obvious that phagocytic synovial cells were marked at CD 14 and CD 105, and might be play the role of activated macrophages or phagocytes in the synovial membrane.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.309-317
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• 2016

Industrial advancements have resulted in food culture development, followed by increased seafood consumption and large-scale seafood farming, which has been accompanied by an increased prevalence of fish disease. The antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) is commonly used to prevent and treat bacterial diseases in fish. However, overuse of OTC had led to negative aspects. In view of this, we conducted a research with regard to aspects of remnants on olive flounder skin, liver, and muscle through dipping treatment and oral feeding of OTC and analyzed the results with bioassay and HPLC quantitative analyses. The dipping treatment was carried out once with 25 g/ton/hr of OTC, and the oral treatment with 62.5 mg/kg body weight/7 days. The results underwent a bioassay analysis. The dipping group reacted only on the skin right after dipping, while the oral feeding group responded on the skin for 77 days after feeding and on the muscle for 14 days. In the dipping group, the HPLC quantitative analysis revealed remnants in the skin on the 37th day and on the 13th day in the liver group. No remnants were found in the muscle, even immediately after dipping. In the oral feeding group, there was a high concentration (1.07 mg/kg) of remnant in the skin, even on the 77th day. 0.56 mg/kg in the liver, even a small amount, and no remnant in the muscle on the 42nd day. To sum up, the results suggest that it will not be harmful to our body to observe the OTC withdrawal period of 40 days with the muscle because OTC will hardly remain on it. When using olive flounder for sashimi, the skin and liver should not be used for broth, as the quantity of OTC residue is several times higher than that found in muscle. As previous studies reported that the concentration of remnants gradually decreased with heating, so it was likely to lessen, depending on the cooking temperature.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.556-561
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• 2001

We prepared a new a SOS(silicon-on-silicide) wafer pair which is consisted of Si(100)/1000$\AA$-NiSi Si (100) layers. SOS can be employed in MEMS(micro- electronic-mechanical system) application due to low resistance of the NiSi layer. A thermally evaporated $1000\AA$-thick Ni/Si wafer and a clean Si wafer were pre-mated in the class 100 clean room, then annealed at $300~900^{\circ}C$ for 15hrs to induce silicidation reaction. SOS wafer pairs were investigated by a IR camera to measure bonded area and probed by a SEM(scanning electron microscope) and TEM(transmission electron microscope) to observe cross-sectional view of Si/NiSi. IR camera observation showed that the annealed SOS wafer pairs have over 52% bonded area in all temperature region except silicidation phase transition temperature. By probing cross-sectional view with SEM of magnification of 30,000, we found that $1000\AA$-thick uniform NiSi layer was formed at the center area of bonded wafers without void defects. However we observed debonded area at the edge area of wafers. Through TEM observation, we found that $10-20\AA$ thick amourphous layer formed between Si surface and NiSix near the counter part of SOS. This layer may be an oxide layer and lead to degradation of bonding. At the edge area of wafers, that amorphous layer was formed even to thickness of $1500\AA$ during annealing. Therefore, to increase bonding area of Si NiSi ∥ Si wafer pairs, we may lessen the amorphous layers.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.261-267
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• 2016

The present study examined the effect of the dietary administration of a halophilic bacterium Bacillus sp. Mk22 on the growth improvement of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and reduced shrimp infection by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The shrimp were fed 45 days using three experimental diets: no addition (control), commercial probiotic, and Bacillus sp. Mk22. The shrimp treated with the halophilic bacterium Mk22 showed a significant improvement of growth (7.1 ± 0.21 g), survival (94.3 ± 0.58%), weight gain (178 ± 4.93 g), and reduced feed conversion rate (0.8 ± 0.03 g) compared with the shrimp in the other groups. The shrimp treated with Bacillus sp. Mk22 also showed a lower Vibrio count (0.02 ± 0.01 × 10² CFU/ml) in the shrimp culture water compared with the other groups. The shrimp in the three groups were challenged with either Vibrio or WSSV. For the Vibrio infection, no mortality was observed from water infection or oral feeding infection in the commercial probiotic group and Mk 22 group. For the WSSV infection, a 68% survival rate from water infection and 20% survival rate from oral feeding infection was observed on day 45 in the Mk22 group, while 100% mortalities were recorded at a much earlier time in both the control and commercial probiotic groups. The antioxidant enzyme activities, indicators of oxidative stress, such as catalase and superoxide dismutase, significantly decreased in both the Vibrio and WSSV-infected Mk22 groups compared with the other groups, indicating that Bacillus sp. Mk22 was effective in reducing oxidative stress, possibly due to the reduced infection.