• Title/Summary/Keyword: 물 추출 유기탄소

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Feasibility of Analyzing Soil Organic Carbon Fractions using Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (중적외선분광분석법을 이용한 토양 유기 탄소 분획 분석)

  • Hong, Seung-Gil;Shin, JoungDu;Park, Kwang-Lai;Lee, Sang-Beom;Kim, Jinho;Kim, Seok-Cheol;Shiedung, Henning;Amelung, Wulf
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.85-92
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    • 2015
  • For concerning the climate change issues, the carbon sequestration and importance of soil organic matter are receiving high attention. To evaluate carbon sequestration in soil is important to determine the soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions such as WESOC (Water extractable soil organic carbon), and $CO_2$ emission by soil microbial respiration. However, the analyses for those contents are time-consuming procedure. There were studied the feasibility of MIRS (Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy), which has short analysis time for determining the WESOC and an incubated carbon in this study. Oven-dried soils at $100^{\circ}C$ and $350^{\circ}C$ were scanned with MIRS and compared with the chemically analyzed WESOC and cumulative carbon dioxide generated during 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of incubation periods, respectively. It was observed that an optimized determination coefficient was 0.6937 between WESOC and untreated soil processed by spectrum vector normalization (SNV) and 0.8933 between cumulative $CO_2$ from 30 days incubation and soil dried at $350^{\circ}C$ after subtracting air-dried soil processed by 1st derivatives. Therefore, it was shown that Quantification of soil organic carbon fractions was possibility to be analyzed by using MIRS.

Extraction of organic carbon from the condensate of food waste dry feed process (음식물류폐기물의 건식사료화 공정에서 발생되는 응축수로부터 유기탄소 추출)

  • Kim, Min-Kyung;Kwon, Ki-Wook;Mo, Kyung;Cui, Feng-Hao;Park, Se-Yong;Kim, Moon-Il
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.41-48
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    • 2020
  • In this study, organic carbon was extracted from the condensed water of food waste drying process to estimate the applicability as external organic carbon sources. The COD, TN, TP and TS of condensed water were 21,374 mg/L, 148 mg/L, 4.19 mg/L, and 455.7 mg/L, respectively. In addition, the content of biodegradable organics in condensed water was 47%. The fractional distillation and the vacuum evaporation were employed for extracting organic carbon. There were 8 extraction conditions, but 4 conditions were available for extraction. They were 1) 0mmHg, 110℃ 2) -600mmHg, 70℃ 3) -500mmHg, 80℃ 4) -600mmHg, 80℃. All 4 conditions showed the highest organic concentration and the highest quantity of organics when extracted 10% of initial volume. It was estimated that optimum conditions were 80℃, -600mmHg and 10% extraction. Then, extraction concentration, extraction quantity, extraction efficiency, extraction time, BOD/TCOD ratio, TVFAs/TCOD ratio and NH3-N were 174,200 mg/L, 8,710 mg, 46%, 10 min, 0.97, 0.74 and 75.5 mg/L respectively. Therefore, the extracted organic carbon can be utilized as external organic carbon sources.

NMR Spectral Analysis of Steroids Isolated from the Sponge Penares incrustans (핵자기공명분광기를 이용한 해면동물 Penares incrustans에서 분리된 스테로이드 화합물의 분석)

  • 서영완
    • Journal of Aquaculture
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.139-143
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    • 2002
  • Saringosterols have been isolated from the sponge Penares incrustans. The structure of these compounds have been determined by extensive 2-D NMR experiments such as $ ^1 H$ COSY, HMQC, and HMBC and by comparison with published data. Assignment for carbons of saringosterols for the first time has been done.

영지버섯의 $\beta$-Glucuronidase 저해작용과 간장 보호효과

  • 김동현;장일성;김남재;이재호
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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    • 1995.04a
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    • pp.112-112
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    • 1995
  • 간장 손상시에는 여러 혈청의 효소 활성과 함께 혈청 $\beta$-glucuronidase의 활성도 증가한다는 것이 보고되었으나 심한 간부전이나 간암의 경우 이들의 활성은 오히려 정상치보다 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. Silymarin은 간장 보호효과로 이미 임상에 널리 사용되고 있는 약물로서 김 등에 의해 silymarin이 장내세균의 $\beta$-glucuronidase와 간장의 $\beta$-glucuronidase의 활성을 억제한다는 것이 보고되었다. 이에 연자 둥은 $\beta$-glucuronidase의 저해 효과가 관찰된 영지버섯온 유기용매로 분획하여 간장 보호효과를 검색하였다. 영지버섯의 70% MeOH 추출물(GT)과 그 ether 분획(GE)에 대해 생쥐 1군을 6마리로 하여 20% $CCl_4$0.1$m\ell$/10g(olive oil로 희석)을 경구투여 하였다. 검액 GE는 50mg/kg과 250mg/kg, GT는 100mg/kg과 500mg/kg을 각각 사염화탄소 투여 30분 전에 경구투여 하였으며 사염화탄소를 투여하고 24시간 후에 심장 채혈하고 혈청을 분리하여 혈청성분 및 혈청효소의 활성을 측정하였다. 대조군에는 생리식염수를 투여하였고 양성 비교약물로는 silymarln 100mg/kg을 경구투여 하여 비교 관찰하였다. 실험 결과, 영지버섯의 ether 분획에서는 혈청중 GOT, GPT의 활성과 triglyceride의 함량에 대해 silymarin보다 우수한 효과를 보였으며, 70% MeOH 추출물은 silymarin에 미치지 못했다.

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Spatial Variability and Contents of Metals in the Surficial Sediments of Youngil Bay, East Coast of Korea (한국 동해안 영일만 표층 퇴적물의 금속 함량과 공간 변화 특성)

  • Um, I.K.;Lee, M.K.;Jeon, S.K.;Jung, H.S;Lim, D.I.
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.24 no.5
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    • pp.477-490
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    • 2003
  • Bottom sediments from Youngil Bay, East Coast of Korea, were analyzed for grain composition as well as elemental compositions and total organic carbon (TOC) content in order to investigate the spatial variability and content of metal elements. Grain size distribution of the sediments seems to be controlled by anticlockwise current pattern with bottom topography of the study area. Spatial variability of TOC and all elemental contents reflects those of grain size, but an exception was found in the harbor area (Old-Port): their contents are high in the central part of the bay with the muddy sediment and decrease toward the sand-dominated coastal zone. However, contents of Ca, Sr, K are high in the sand-dominated coastal zone and contents of some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn) are high in the Old-Port area and the mouth of Hyeongsan River. The correlation matrix and R-mode factor analyses reveal that four important factors controlling the distribution of metals in the bay are sediment grain size (or quartz dilution effect), the formation of sulfide minerals associated with decomposition of organic matters under anoxic geochemical environment, calcium carbonate (mainly shell fragments) and coarse-grained feldspar mineral. According to the metal content of labile fraction an CER (concentration enrichment ratio) value, high accumulation of some heavy metals in the harbor area seems to result not formed by early diagenetic processes under anoxic environment.

Property and Inhibition of the Hydrolysis of Ginseng Saponins by Organic Acids Neutralization in Ginseng Extract Preparations (인삼(人蔘)의 가열추출(加熱抽出) 과정(過程) 중 사포닌의 가수분해(加水分解) 특성(特性) 및 유기산중화(有機酸中和)에 의한 분해억제(分解抑制))

  • Jeong, Seung-Ii;Lee, Yong-Gu;Kim, Cheon-Suk;Lee, Seong
    • Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.305-310
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    • 1998
  • Glucosidic bond at the $C_{20}$ position of the sapogenins was hydrolyzed easily in the lower pH, higher temperature and longer time to give prosapogenins and sugars. The glucosidic bond of saponin at the $C_3\;of\; ginsenoside-Rb_1\;$, which is secondary carbon, was relatively stable due to the low electron density of -0.2. But the bond of saponin at the $C_{20}$ position, which is tertiary carbon with the relatively high electron density of -0.3, was liable to be hydrolyzed even in weak acidic solution by the increase of heating time. On the other hand, fresh and white ginseng contained 4.12 mg/g, 13.05 mg/g of citric acid, 0.68 mg/g, 2.18 mg/g of malonic acid, 1.13 mg/g, 3.68 mg/g of oxalic acid, 2.68 mg/g, 8.62 mg/g of malic acid and 0.13 mg/g, 0.46 mg/g of succinic acid, respectively. Ginseng saponins were very stable in ginseng extract neutralized with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate corresponding to the equivalent amount of the total organic acid in the ginseng.

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Determination of Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in PM10 Particles Collected from Meat Charbroiling (고기구이 스모크에서 채취한 PM10입자에서 콜레스테롤, 지방산과 PAH의 분포)

  • Seo, Young-Hwa;Ko, Kwang-Youn;Jang, Young-Kee
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.155-164
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    • 2010
  • Emission from biomass combustion such as meat charbroiling is an important source of organic aerosol. Since source profiles are necessary input profiles for source apportionment of aerosol by a chemical mass balance model, meat cooking organic source profiles are developed by measuring organic marker compounds, including palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and cholesterol as well as PAH compounds. Emissions from meat and pork charbroiling are collected on quartz filters with a PM10-high volume sampler, extracted with organic solvents, derivatized with diazomethane/TMS and analyzed by GC/MS isotope dilution method. Organic and elemental carbon are also analyzed by an OCEC analyzer. Wt.% of cholesterol to the organic carbon(OC) content from beef and pork charbroiling is only 0.056 and 0.062, but wt. % of all saturated fatty acids to the OC content from beef and pork charbroiling is 2.727 and 2.022, and the wt% of all unsaturated fatty acids to the OC content is 0.278 and 0.438, respectively. Content of total PAH compounds to the OC content from beef charbroiling is higher than that from pork charbroiling, and those are 0.116 wt% and 0.044 wt%. Among PAH compounds benzo(a)pyrene as a single compound is account for 0.0071 wt% and 0.0023 wt% of OC content from beef and pork charbroiling. Ratios of marker compound to cholesterol are calculated, and those values are in good agreement with the values already reported at the food cooking emission, indicating that they can be used as organic source profiles for the apportionment of organic aerosol.

The Applicability of Stable Isotope Analyses on Sediments to Reconstruct Korean Paleoclimate (우리나라의 고기후 복원을 위한 습지 퇴적물의 안정동위원소 분석 가능성 연구)

  • Park, Jung-Jae
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.43 no.4
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    • pp.477-494
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    • 2008
  • Stable isotope analyses on lake or wetland sediments are useful to reconstruct paleoclimate. Organic and inorganic carbonates obtained from lake sediment are isotopically analyzed to get oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios. Oxygen isotope ratios can be used to quantitatively and qualitatively reconstruct paleo-temperature or humidity while carbon isotope ratios be used to reveal environmental changes around the lake or human impacts on the area. Peat mosses in peat bogs are nice samples for the carbon isotope analysis, which derives paleo-temperature and paleo-atmospheric $CO_2$ changes. In coastal area, the reconstruction of past sea-level is possible because terrestrial originated organic matter is carbon isotopically different from marine originated organic matter. Also, scientists can do research on Asian Monsoon based on the fact that $\delta^{13}C$ of C3 plants and C4 plants are consistently different each other and that they are distributed differently with respect to salinity. In Korea, paleoenvironmental studies using stable isotopes are not popular yet because of low academic interests on the methodology and difficulties of obtaining proper sediment samples. Interesting results can be produced to answer paleoenvironmental questions of Korea if scientists isotopically analyze sediment cores from a paleo-lake such as Hanon in Jeju island, peat bogs such as Mujechi-Neup and Yong-Neup, and coastal wetlands.

A Study on the Separation of Food-Waste Leachate into 3 Phases (음식물쓰레기 탈리액의 삼상분리)

  • Kim, Sangguk;Jeong, Minji;Kwon, Hyolee
    • 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2010.11a
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    • pp.197-197
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    • 2010
  • 음식물쓰레기의 삼성분은 수분, 휘발분, 회분이며 이들이 차지하는 비율은 계절, 지역별로 다소 상이하지만 수분 약 80%, 회분3%, 휘발분 17%이다. 음식물쓰레기 전처리과정으로 이물질제거, 탈수공정이 있으며 탈수공정에서 다량의 탈리액이 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 탈리액을 데칸타를 이용하여 1차로 원심분리하여 고.액 분리한 액을 실험대상으로 하였다. 실험대상 탈리액의 물성은 BOD 78,800[mg/l], COD 41,000[mg/l], 부유물질 25,900[mg/l], 총질소 928[mg/l]이었다. 탈리액에는 기름성분(육류, 식용유등), 입자상물질등이 포함되어 있으며 이들은 난분해성 유기물질로, 이를 제거하는데 기존의 처리방법으로 많은 어려움이 있어 주요한 수질오염 발생원이 되고 있다. 예를들면 하수처리장 폭기조 수면에 유막을 형성하여 산소공급을 방해함으로 미생물번식을 방해하는 요인이 된다. 본 연구는 음식물쓰레기 탈리액의 수분, 고형분, 유분으로의 삼상분리에 관한 것이다. 유분은 에멀젼형태로 안정되게 수층에 분산되어 존재한다. 미세기포를 이용한 부상법의 경우 미세기포 표면과 유분의 화학적친화력이 낮아 기포표면에 유분이 잘 부착되지 않으며, 원심분리 방법만으로는 유분 분리효율이 낮고, 추출에 의한 분리시 추출액이 다량 소요되고 처리시간이 길며 추출액 비용이 많이 소요된다. 탈리액을 유분, 슬러지, 수분으로 분리하면 환경오염을 일으키는 주요성분을 신재생에너지 원료로 활용할 수 있다. 유분의 주성분이 동식물성 유지이므로 전처리시 산촉매를 이용 수분과 유리지방산을 제거하고 염기성촉매를 이용하여 전이에스테르화 반응을 거치면 바이오디젤인 FAME과 글리세롤으로 변환하므로 글리세롤을 분리하면 바이오디젤을 얻을 수 있다. 슬러지는 입자상 물질로 착화가 잘 되고 건조하면 발열량이 높으며 중금속등에 오염되지 않아 청정연료로 활용이 가능하다. 실험실에서의 탈리액 삼상분리방법은 다음과 같다. 탈리액 30ml당 추출액으로 노말헥산을 1ml를 가한 다음 플라스크에서 $80^{\circ}C$로 가열 후 방냉한다. 가열중 노말헥산의 손실을 방지하기 위하여 증발가스를 콘덴서에서 응축하여 플라스크로 재순환한다. 탈리액을 플라스크에서 꺼내어 원심분리기 rack에 300-400g씩 병에 각각 넣고 4,000rpm으로 30분간 운전한다. 탈리액은 상부로부터 유분층, 미세입자층, 수층, 슬러지층으로 분리된다. 각 층의 계면에서 2종의 성분이 약간 섞일 수 있다. 유분을 분리한 후 유분층 잔존물과 미세입자층, 수층 상층부의 혼합물을 취하여 50g씩 병에 넣고 3,500rpm으로 10분간 운전한 후 유분을 분리한다. 마지막으로 미세입자층만을 3,500rpm으로 10분간 원심분리한 후 유분을 따로 분리한다. 얻어진 유분은 rotary evaporator에서 $120^{\circ}C$로 가열하여 유분과 노말헥산을 분리하며 분리효율을 제고하기 위하여 감압하에서 운전한다. 분리된 유분의 고위발열량이 9,450[Kcal/kg]이었으며 원소분석 결과 탄소 74.7%, 수소 12.55%, 질소 0.08%, 유황분 0.0003%이었다. 분리된 유분의 양은 계절별로 시료별로 다르며 가을철에는 1.6-1.9%, 여름철은 1.0-1.3%이었다. 분리된 슬러지로부터 Hg, As, Cr, Cd, Pb 중금속 성분이 검출되지 않았으며 수분 2.8%, 휘발분 76.85%, 회분 7.52%, 고정탄소 12.83%이었고 원소분석결과 탄소 45.25%, 수소 7.46%, 질소 5.05%, 산소 34.39%, 유황분 0.33%이었으며 저위발열량은 4,480[Kcal/kg]이었다. 분리된 슬러지 양은 11-19% 이었다.

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The effect of Allium sativum L. extract on hepatic function in rats with CCl4-induced (hepatic) injury (마늘 열수추출물의 CCl4 유발된 간 손상 랫드에서 기능학적 변화에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Tae-Jong;Min, Kyung-Jin
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.11 no.5
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    • pp.1936-1942
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    • 2010
  • To examine the effect of overdosed functional food in liver-injured patients, we tried to investigate the dose effect of Allium sativum L. (also called garlic) extract on rats with CCl4-induced liver damage, by comparatively examinating the hepatic function of each group. 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and divided equally (n=7) into normal, control, positive control, and three experimental subgroups (E1, E2 and E3), respectively. For each kg of body weight, hepatic injury was induced by intraperitoneal administration of $0.5\;m{\ell}$ (0.20 g/kg/day) $CCl_4$, which was diluted in equal amount of olive oil, once a day on every other day for total 5 times. Hot water extraction was performed using domestically cultivated organic garlics, and the obtained extract was injected by sonde, once daily during 4 weeks, to each experimental subgroups by different dosage of 0.35 g/kg(E1), 0.70 g/kg(E2), 1.40 g/kg(E3), respectively. Results showed that the injection of garlic extract positively influenced the physiological activation which lowered the oxidative stress, changed the toxicity, and functionally improved the hepatic condition. Comparing the dose effect between the three experimental subgroups (E1, E2, E3), results of the maximal-dosed subgroup (E3) showed less significance compared with the lower-dosed subgroups(E1 and E2), which seems to resulted from the (increased) toxicity of garlic.