Journal of the Korean Geographical Society (대한지리학회지)

The Korean Geographical Society (대한지리학회)
권호 표지

The Applicability of Stable Isotope Analyses on Sediments to Reconstruct Korean Paleoclimate

우리나라의 고기후 복원을 위한 습지 퇴적물의 안정동위원소 분석 가능성 연구

  • Park, Jung-Jae (Department of Geography, Chonnam National University)
  • Published : 2008.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Stable isotope analyses on lake or wetland sediments are useful to reconstruct paleoclimate. Organic and inorganic carbonates obtained from lake sediment are isotopically analyzed to get oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios. Oxygen isotope ratios can be used to quantitatively and qualitatively reconstruct paleo-temperature or humidity while carbon isotope ratios be used to reveal environmental changes around the lake or human impacts on the area. Peat mosses in peat bogs are nice samples for the carbon isotope analysis, which derives paleo-temperature and paleo-atmospheric $CO_2$ changes. In coastal area, the reconstruction of past sea-level is possible because terrestrial originated organic matter is carbon isotopically different from marine originated organic matter. Also, scientists can do research on Asian Monsoon based on the fact that $\delta^{13}C$ of C3 plants and C4 plants are consistently different each other and that they are distributed differently with respect to salinity. In Korea, paleoenvironmental studies using stable isotopes are not popular yet because of low academic interests on the methodology and difficulties of obtaining proper sediment samples. Interesting results can be produced to answer paleoenvironmental questions of Korea if scientists isotopically analyze sediment cores from a paleo-lake such as Hanon in Jeju island, peat bogs such as Mujechi-Neup and Yong-Neup, and coastal wetlands.

호수나 습지 퇴적물을 대상으로 동위원소분석을 실시하여 얻은 결과들은, 다양한 해석들을 통해 고기후를 복원하는데 일조할 수 있다. 호소퇴적물의 경우 보통 유기 무기 탄산염 등을 추출하여 산소 탄소 동위원소 분석을 실시하게 된다. 산소동위원소 분석은 과거의 기온과 습도 변화를 정량적 정성적으로 복원하는데 이용되며, 탄소동위원소 분석결과는 호수의 주위환경 변화나 인간의 영향 등을 파악하는데 유용하다. 그리고 고산습지의 피트 층에 존재하는 반부패상태의 물이끼는 탄소동위원소분석의 좋은 시료이며 기온, 대기 중 이산화탄소압 등 고기후 정보를 제공해준다. 해안의 염습지나 염하구 등의 습지지역에서는 육상기원의 유기물과 해상기원의 유기물이 서로 탄소동위원소비율값에서 차이를 보인다는 점을 이용하여 해수면 상승에 관한 연구를 할 수 있다. 또한 탄소동위원소비율이 상이한 C4 식물과 C3 식물이 염도에 따라 분포가 변한다는 점을 이용하여 몬순과 관련된 연구를 할 수도 있다. 우리나라의 경우 아직까지 동위원소분석방법을 이용한 고환경 연구들이 활성화되어있지 않은 상태이며, 이는 연구방법에 대한 관심 부족과 국내에서는 적절한 시료 채취에 어려움이 존재한다는 점에 기인한다. 제주도의 하논, 무제치늪이나 용늪 같은 고산습지, 그리고 해안의 염습지 등에서 얻은 퇴적코어들에 동위원소 분석을 시행하면, 우리나라 고환경 연구에 도움이 되는 흥미로운 결과가 산출될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. 강상준, 1988,' 대암산 고층습원의 퇴적구조와 화분분석, ' 대암산자연생태계조사보고서, 환경부, 75-84
  2. 강상준. Yoshioka, T., 2005,' 대암산 고층습원의 환경변 천,' 한국육수학회지, 38(1), 45-53
  3. 박재근. 장남기, 1998, '화분분석에 의한 정족산 무제치늪 의 과거식생,' 한국생태학회지, 21, 427-433
  4. 이양우, 2005, 지리산 왕등재늪에서의 과거 식생과 환경 변 화, 서울대학교 학위논문
  5. 장남기. 김영복. 오인혜. 손영희, 1987,' 대암산 습원의 이탄의 화분분석에 의한 식생변천에 관한 연구, ' 한국생태학회지, 10(4), 195-204
  6. 장병오. 신성욱. 최기룡, 2006, '지리산 왕등재늪의 식생 변천사 연구,' 한국생태학회지, 29(3), 287-293 https://doi.org/10.5141/JEFB.2006.29.3.287
  7. 정철환. 윤호일. 이승현, 2004, '제주도 서귀포지역 제 4 기 퇴적층에서 산출된 포자. 화분의 고기학적 의 미,' 한국지구과학학회지, 25, 377-385
  8. 최기룡, 2001, '무제치늪 화분분석연구,' 한국제사기학회지, 1, 13-20
  9. 曺華龍, 1979, '韓國東海岸地域における後氷期の花粉分析 學的硏究, ' 東北地理, 31, 23-35
  10. 安田喜憲. 塚田松雄. 金遵敏. 李相泰. 任良宰, 1978, '韓 國における環境變遷史と農耕の起源- 韓國におけ る環境變遷史, '日本文部省海外學術調査報告書, 1-19
  11. Abell, P. I. and Williams, M. A. J., 1989, Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios in gastropod shells as indicators of paleoenvironments in the Afar region of Ethiopia, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 74, 265-278 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90065-5
  12. Anadon, P., Moscariello, A., Rodriguez-Lazaro, J., and Filippi, M., 2006, Holocene Environmental Changes of Lake Geneva (Lac Leman) from Stable Isotopes $({\delta}^{13}C,\;{\delta}^{18}O)$ and Trace Element Records of Ostracod and Gastropod Carbonates, Journal of Paleolimnology, 35, 593-616 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-005-4009-5
  13. Anderson, L., Abbott, M. B., and Finney, B. P., 2001, Holocene climate inferred from oxygen isotope ratios in lake sediments, central Brooks Range, Alaska, Quaternary Research, 55, 313-321 https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2219
  14. Anderson, L., Abbott, M. B., Finney, B. P., and Burns, S. J., 2007, Late Holocene moisture balance variability in the southwest Yukon territory, Canada, Quaternary Science Review, 26, 130-141 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.011
  15. Andrews, J. E., Riding, R., and Dennis, P. F., 1997, The stable isotope record of environmental and climatic signals in modern terrestrial microbial carbonates from Europe, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 129, 171-189 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00120-4
  16. Barker, P. A., Street-Perrott, F. A., Leng, M. J., Greenwood, P. B., Swain, D. L., Perrott, R. A., Telford, R. J., and Ficken, K. J., 2001, A 14,000- year oxygen isotope record from diatom silica in two alpine lakes on Mt. Kenya, Science, 292, 2307-2310 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059612
  17. Bowen, G. J. and Wilkinson, B., 2002, Spatial distribution of ${\delta}^{18}O$ in meteoric precipitation, Geology, 30, 315-318 https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0315:SDOOIM>2.0.CO;2
  18. Byrne, R., Ingram, B. L., Starratt, S., Malamud-Roam, F., Collins, J. N., and Conrad, M. E., 2001, Carbonisotope, diatom, and pollen evidence for Late Holocene salinity change in a brackish marsh in the San Francisco Estuary, Quaternary Research, 55, 66-76 https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2199
  19. Chang, C.-H. and Kim, C.-M., 1982, Late-Quaternary vegetation in the lake of Korea, Korean Journal of Botany, 25, 37-53
  20. Chivas, A. R., De Dekker, P., Cali, J. A., Chapman, A., Kiss, E., and Shelly, J. M. G., 1993, Coupled stable isotope and trace element measurements of lacustrine carbonates as palaeoclimatic indicators, in Swart, P. K. et al.(eds.), Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records, Geophysical Monograph, 78, 113-122
  21. Craig, H., 1965, The measurement of oxygen isotope palaeotemperatures, in Tongiorgi, E.(ed.), Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Palaeotemperatures, Pisa, Cansiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Laboratorio di Geologia Nucleare, 277-373
  22. Dansgaard, W., 1964, Stable isotopes in precipitation, Tellus, 16, 436-468 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00181.x
  23. Diefendorf, A. F., Patterson, W. P., Holmden, C., and Mullins, H.T., 2008, Carbon isotopes of marl and lake sediment organic matter reflect terrestrial landscape change during the late Glacial and early Holocene (16,800 to 5,540 cal yr B.P.): a multiproxy study of lacustrine sediments at Lough Inchiquin, western Ireland, Journal of Paleolimnology, 39, 101-115 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-007-9099-9
  24. Diefendorf, A. F., Patterson, W. P., Mullins, H. T., Tibert, N., and Martini, A., 2006, Evidence for highfrequency late Glacial to mid-Holocene (16,800 to 5500 cal yr BP) climate variability from oxygen isotope values of Lough Inchiquin, Ireland, Quaternary Research, 65, 78-86 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.08.001
  25. Edwards, W. D., Wolfe, B. B., and MacDonald, G. M., 1996, Influence of changing atmospheric circulation on precipitation ${\delta}^{18}O$-temperature relations in Canada during the Holocene, Quaternary Research, 46, 211-218 https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0061
  26. Hammarlund, D., Aravena, R., Barnekow, L., Buchardt, B., and Possnert, G., 1997, Multi-component carbon isotope evidence of early Holocene environmental change and carbon-flow pathways from a hard-water lake in northern Sweden, Holocene, 12, 339-351 https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683602hl548rp
  27. Hammarlund, D., Barnekow, L., Birks, H. J. B., Buchardt, B., and Edwards, T. W. D., 2002, Holocene changes in atmospheric circulation recorded in the oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of lacustrine carbonates from northern Sweden, Holocene, 12, 339-351 https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683602hl548rp
  28. Hodell, D. A. and Schelske, C. L., 1998, Production, sedimentation, and isotopic composition of organic matter in Lake Ontario, Limnologogy and Oceanography, 43(2), 200-214 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.2.0200
  29. Hodell, D. A., Brenner, M., Curtis, J.H., and Guilderson, T., 2001, Solar forcing of drought frequency in the Maya lowlands, Science, 292, 1367-1370 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1057759
  30. Holmes, J. A. and Chivas, A. R., 2002, Ostracod shell chemistry - overview, in Holmes, J. A. and Chivas, A. R. (eds.), The Ostracoda: Applications in Quaternary Research, Geophysical Monograph 131, American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., 185-204
  31. Hong, Y. T., Jiang, H. B., Liu, T. S., Zhou, L.P., Beer, J., Li, H. D., Leng, X. T., Hong, B., and Qin, X. G., 2000, Response of climate to solar forcing recorded in a 6000-year ${\delta}^{18}O$ time series of Chinese peat cellulose, Holocene, 10, 1-7 https://doi.org/10.1191/095968300669856361
  32. Hong, Y. T., Wang, Z. G., Jiang, H. B., Lin, Q. H., Hong, B., Zhu, Y. X., Wang, Y., Xu, L. S., Leng, X. T., and Li, H. D., 2001, A 6000-year record of changes in drought and precipitation in northeastern China based on a ${\delta}^{13}C$ time series from peat cellulose, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 185, 111-119 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00367-8
  33. Huang, Y., Street-Perrott, F. A., Metcalfe, S. E., Brenner, M., Moreland, M., and Freeman, K. H., 2001, Climate change as the dominant control on Glacial-Interglacial variations in C3 and C4 plant abundance, Science, 31, 1647-1651
  34. IPCC, 2007, Climate Change 2007 - Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (Climate Change 2007), Cambridge University Press
  35. Jedrysek, M., Krapiec, M., Skrzypek, G., and Kaluzny, A., 2003, Air-pollution effect and paleotemperature scale versus ${\delta}^{13}C$ records in tree rings and in a peat core (Southern Poland), Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 145, 359-375 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023640903795
  36. Keetings, K. W., Heaton, T. H. E., and Holmes, J. A., 2002, Carbon and oxygen isotope fractionation in non-marine ostracods: results from a 'natural culture' environment, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 1701-1711 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00894-8
  37. Lamb, A. L., Leng, M. J., Mohammed, M. U., and Lamb, H. F., 2004, Holocene climate and vegetation change in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley, inferred from the composition (C/N and delta C- 13) of lacustrine organic matter, Quaternary Science Review, 23, 881-891 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.06.010
  38. Lamb, A. L., Wilson, G. P., and Leng, M. J., 2006, A review of coastal palaeoclimate and relative sealevel reconstructions using delta C-13 and C/N ratios in organic material, Earth-Science Reviews, 75, 29-57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.10.003
  39. Lane, C. S., Horn, S. P., and Mora, C. I., 2004, Stable carbon isotope ratios in lake and swamp sediments as a proxy for prehistoric forest clearance and crop cultivation in the Neotropics, Journal of Paleolimnology, 32, 375-381 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-004-0259-x
  40. Lee, S. H., 2004. East Asia monsoon variation during the Pleistocene to Holocene: paleoclimate changes indicated by proxy records from Jeju island, Korea. M. A. Thesis, Seoul National University, Korea
  41. Leng, M. J., Barker, P., Greenwood, P., Roberts, N., and Reed, J., 2001, Oxygenisotope analysis of diatom silica and authigenic calcite from Lake Pinarbasi, Turkey, Journal of Paleolimnology, 25, 343-349 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011169832093
  42. Leng, M. J., Lamb, A. L., Heaton, T. H. E., Marshall, J. D., Wolfe, B. B., Jones, M. D., Holmes, J. A., and Arrowsmith, C., 2005, Isotopes in lake sediments, in Leng, M.J.(ed.) Isotopes in Palaeoenvironmental Research, Springer
  43. Leng, M. J. and Marshall J. D., 2004, Palaeoclimate interpretation of stable isotope data from lake sediment archives, Quaternary Science Review, 23, 811-831 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.06.012
  44. Leng, M. J., Metcalfe, S. E., and Davies, S. J., 2005, Investigating late holocene climate variability in central mexico using carbon isotope ratios in organic materials and oxygen isotope ratios from diatom silica within lacustrine sediments, Journal of Paleolimnology, 34, 413-431 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-005-6748-8
  45. Loader, N. J., McCarroll, D., Van der Knaap, W. O., Roberston, I., and Gagen, M., 2007, Characterizing carbon isotopic variability in Sphagnum, Holocene, 17, 403-410 https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683607076474
  46. Lucke, A., Schleser, G. H., Zolitschka, B., and Negendank, J. F. W., 2003, A Lateglacial and Holocene organic carbon isotope record of lacustrine palaeoproductivity and climatic change derived from varved lake sediments of Lake Holzmaar, Germany, Quaternary Science Review, 22, 569-580 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00187-7
  47. McCrea, J. M., 1950, On the isotopic chemistry of carbonates and palaeo-temperature scale, Journal of Chemical Physiology, 34, 71-104
  48. Menot, G. and Burns, S. J., 2001, Carbon isotopes in ombrogenic peat bog plants as climatic indicators: calibration from an altitudinal transect in Switzerland, Organic Geochemistry, 32, 233-245 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00170-4
  49. Menot-Combes, G., Burns, S. J., and Leuenberger, M. L., 2002, Variations of 18O/16O in plants from temperate peat bogs (Switzerland): implications for paleoclimatic studies, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 202, 419-434 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00794-X
  50. Menot-Combes, G., Combes, P. P., and Burns, S. J., 2004, Climatic information from delta C-13 in plants by combining statistical and mechanistic approaches, Holocene, 14, 931-939 https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683604hl771rp
  51. Meyers, P. A., 1998, Early Holocene climatic instability in Japan: organic geochemical evidence in sediment cores from Lake Biwa, Lake Kizaki and the Japan Sea, Journal of Asian Earth, Sciences, 16, 77-83 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-9547(97)00045-7
  52. Meyers, P. A. and Teranes, J. L., 2001, Sediment organic matter, in Last, W. M. and Smol, J. P.(eds.), Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Volume 2: Physical and Geochemical Techniques. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 239-269
  53. O'Leary, M. H., 1988, Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis, BioScience 38, 328-336 https://doi.org/10.2307/1310735
  54. Park, J., 2004, New methodology to concentrate fossil pollen for radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analyses, The Geogrphical Journal of Korea, 38(1), 73-78
  55. Parker, A. G., Eckersley, L., Smith, M. M. Goudie, A. S., Stokes, S., Ward, S., White, K., and Hodson, M. J., 2004, Holocene vegetation dynamics in the northeastern Rub' al-Khali desert, Arabian Peninsula: a phytolith, pollen and carbon isotope study, Journal of Quaternary Science, 19, 665-676 https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.880
  56. Pessenda, L. C. R., Ledru, M. P., Gouveia, S. E. M., Aravena, R., Ribeiro, A. S., Bendassolli, J. A., and Boulet, R., 2005, Holocene palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in northeastern Brazil inferred from pollen, charcoal and carbon isotope records, Holocene, 15, 812-820 https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl855ra
  57. Prokopenko, A. A., Williams, D. F., Karabanov, E. B., and Khursevich, G.K., 1999, Response of Lake Baikal ecosystem to climate forcing and $pCO_2$ change over the last glacial/interglacial transition, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 172, 239-253 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00203-4
  58. Qing, L., Guodong, C., and Ping'an, P., 2002, The record of atmospheric $CO_2$ derived from the stable carbon isotopic composition of buried plant in perennial frozen lacustrine sediments, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 35, 15-25 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(02)00024-1
  59. Rice, S. and Giles, L., 1996, The influence of water content and leaf anatomy on carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis in Sphagnum, Plant, Cell and Environment, 19, 118-124 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00233.x
  60. Schwander, J., Eicher, U., and Ammann, B., 2000, Oxygen isotopes of lake marl at Gerzensee and Leysin (Switzerland), covering the Younger Dryas and two minor oscillations, and their correlation to the GRIP ice core, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 159, 203-214 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00085-7
  61. Sharma, S., Mora, G., Johnston, J. W., and Thompson, T.A., 2005, Stable isotope ratios in swale sequences of Lake Superior as indicators of climate and lake level fluctuations during the Late Holocene, Quaternary Science Review, 24, 1941-1951 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.11.009
  62. Skrzypek, G. and Jedrysek, M., 2005, 13C/12C ratio in peat cores: reocrd of past climates, in Lichtfouse, E. Schwarzbauer, J., and Robert, D.(eds.), Environmental Chemistry - Green Chemistry and Pollutants in Ecosystems, Springer, Berlin, 65-73
  63. Skrzypek, G., Kaluzny, A., Wojtun, B., and Jedrysek, M., 2007, The carbon stable isotopic composition of mosses: A record of temperature variation, Organic Geochemistry, 38, 1770-1781 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.05.002
  64. Street, F. A., 1980, The relative importance of climate and local hydrogeological factors in influencing lake-level fluctuations, Palaeoecology of Africa, 12, 137-158
  65. Street-Perrott, F. A., Huang, Y., Perrott, R. A., Eglinton, G., Barker, P., Khelifa, L. B., Harkness, D. D., and Olago, D. O., 1997, Impact of Lower Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Tropical Mountain Ecosystems, Science, 21, 1422-1426
  66. Takahara, H., Sugita, S., Harrison, S. P., Miyoshi, N., Morita, Y., and Uchiyama, T., 2000, Pollenbased reconstructions of Japanese biomes at 0, 6000 and 18,000 C-14 yr BP, Journal of Biogeography, 27(3), 665-683 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00432.x
  67. Talbot, M. R. and Johannessen, T., 1992, A high resolution palaeoclimatic record for the last 27,500 years in tropical West Africa from the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of lacustrine organic matter, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 110, 23-37 https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(92)90036-U
  68. Tarutani, T., Clayton, R. N., and Mayeda, T., 1969, The effect of polymorphism and magnesium substitution on oxygen isotope fractionation between calcium carbonate and water, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 33, 987-996 https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(69)90108-2
  69. Tiljander, M., Karhu, J. A., and Kauppila, T., 2006, Holocene records of carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of organic matter in annually laminated sediments of Lake Korttajarvi, central Finland, Journal of Paleolimnology, 36, 233-243 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-006-9059-9
  70. Turney, C. S. M., 1999, Lacustrine bulk organic $\delta$13C in the British Isles during the last glacial Holocene transition (14-9 ka C-14 BP), Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 31, 71-81 https://doi.org/10.2307/1552624
  71. Urey, H. C., Lowenstam H. A., Epstein S., and McKinney C. R., 1951, Measurement of palaeotemperatures and temperatures of the Upper Cretaceous of England, Denmark and Southeastern United States, Geological Society of American Bulletin, 62, 399-416 https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[399:MOPATO]2.0.CO;2
  72. Wang, R. L., Scarpitta, S. C., Zhang, S. C., and Zheng, M. P., 2002, Later Pleistocene/Holocene climate conditions of Qinghai-Xizhang Plateau (Tibet) based on carbon and oxygen stable isotopes of Zabuye Lake sediments, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 203, 461-477 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00829-4
  73. White, J. W. C., Ciais, P., Figge, R. A., Kenny, R., and Markgraf, V., 1994, A high-resolution record of atmospheric $CO_2$ content from carbon isotopes in pet, Nature, 367, 153-156 https://doi.org/10.1038/367153a0
  74. Wolfe, B. B., Edwards, T.W.D., Aravena, R., Forman, S.L., Warner, B. G., Velichko, A. A., and MacDonald, G. M., 2000, Holocene paleohydrology and paleoclimate at treeline, north-central Russia, inferred from oxygen isotope records in lake sediment cellulose, Quaternary Reserach, 53, 319-329
  75. Xu, H., Ai, L., Tan, L., and An, Z., 2006, Stable isotopes in bulk carbonates and organic matter in recent sediments of Lake Qinghai and there climatic implications, Chemical Geology, 235, 262-275 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.07.005
  76. Yoshioka, T., Lee, J-Y, Takahashi, H. A., and Kang S-J, 2001, Paleoenvironment in Dae-am san high moor in the Korean peninsula, Radiocarbon, 43, 555-559 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200041205
  77. Yu, G., Chen, X., Ni, J., Cheddadi, R., Guiot, J., Han, H., Harrison, S.P., Huang, C., Ke, M., Kong, Z., Li, S., Li, W., Liew, P., Liu, G., Liu, J., Liu, K.-B., Prentice, I.C., Qui, W., Ren, G., Song, C., Sugita, S., Sun X., Tang, L., Van Campo, E., Xia, Y., Xu, Q., Yan, S., Yang, X., Zhao, J., and Zheng, Z., 2000, Palaeovegetation of China: a pollen databased synthesis for the mid-Holocene and last glacial maximum, Journal of Biogeography, 27(3), 635-664 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00431.x
  78. Yu, G., Prentice, I. C., Harrison, S. P., and Sun, X., 1998, Pollen-based biome reconstructions for China at 0 and 6000 years, Journal of Biogeography, 25(6), 1055-1069 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1998.00237.x
  79. Zong, Y., Lloyd, J. M., Leng, M.J., Yim, W. W. S., and Huang, G., 2006, Reconstruction of Holocene monsoon history from the Pearl River Estuary, southern China, using diatoms and carbon isotope ratios, Holocene, 16, 251-263 https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683606hl911rp