• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.211-238
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• 2012

Using data from Korean Longitudinal Study on Aging (KLoSA), this study examines how continuity and change of marital status is associated with health over time among older women, focusing on the moderating effects of age and parent-child relationships. KLoSA data set has two waves of interviews, and for this study, 2046 women aged 65 and over were selected. To analyze data, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used. The major findings are as follows. First, there was no statistically significant difference in health between continuously married older women and continuously single older women. However, older women who had transition from being married to being single showed lower physical health than continuously married and continuously single older women. Second, there were statistically significant differences in the effect of marital status on mental health according to the age of older women. Older women who had transition from being married to being single showed lower mental health than continuously married elders when older women were younger. Third, contact with children moderated the effect of marital status on physical health. Older women who had transition from being married to being single showed lower physical health than continuously single and continuously married older women when older women had less contact with their children. The findings imply after the loss of marital role, older women's relationship with adult children plays a significant role in promoting health. In conclusion, the findings of this study show the different pathways through which marital status is associated with health for 3 different groups of older women, being continuously single, being continuously married, and making transition from being married to being single.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.5031-5041
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• 2014

Purpose: The influence of the hoping number of children, the policy of childbirth, and the causes of reduced childbirth to the perception of childbirth, which will be the subject of future childbirth, was surveyed by health-line college students. Results: In terms of the attitude to the perception of childbirth, the quality of personal life, childcare, insufficient support of childbirth, and breeding of descendants had the largest influence on childbirth, and in terms of the attitude to the hoping number of children, economic reasons, childcare expenses, and education expenses had the largest influences. Second, when the causes of social demographic properties influencing childbirth was analyzed, sex showed significance to all the factors on the hoping number of children in terms of growing areas, to all the factors excluding childbirth policy in terms of the economic level, and hoping number of children in terms of the parents' jobs. Third, when the correlation was analyzed, a correlation was found in every area excluding the hoping number of children in terms of the causes of childbirth reduction and economy, childbirth policy in terms of the personal causes, personal factor in terms of the causes of childbirth policy, and family factor in terms of the causes of childbirth reduction and economy. Fourth, when the influences of the causes of hoping number of children, childbirth policy, and childbirth reduction to perception of childbirth were analyzed, the case hoping no or one child, the case hoping 2 or more children, childbirth policy, and childbirth reduction had a positive significant influence on the perception of childbirth. Conclusion: The childbirth rate will be improved if the following occur: childbirth policy and laws are established at the level of government, education programs are developed and operated for the formation of the value of perception of childbirth, and a new support policy is established after analyzing the current childbirth support policies. To change the perception of childbirth in college students who are future subjects of childbirth, successive studies will be needed to verify the effect of aforesaid measures.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.179-209
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• 2011

This study explored the relationships among such variables as work-family compatibility, gender attitude, reasons for low birth rate, and education level, using a sample of 2,678 from the '2009 National Survey for Marriage and Birth Trend'. The purpose of this study was to identify the ideas about how to support married couples' work-family balance, and how to change gender attitude to promote childbirth. The results are as follows. The type of ideal work-family balance was different by education level, but not by gender. Low level of education was associated with choice of the full time work without a child. Male singles, compared to female singles, preferred the role of a man as a bread winner, and a woman as a house worker. Female singles had the higher level of hope for husband's capability of caring children. This trend was intensified by choice of the full time work with 2 children. Singles who prefer working as a full time worker with 2 children worried more about low birth rate in Korea than singles who prefer working as a part time worker with one or two children. The most frequently cited reason for low birth rate was 'high cost of both child care and education'. The next was 'difficulty in buying a residence, followed by 'increase in the number of career woman'. Female singles who want to work full time with 2 or more children worried more about the burden of child caring and education than male singles. Implications and suggestions were provided based on the results.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.67-98
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• 1997

This study examines multi-level factors geographic proximities between elderly parents and their children in the United States and Japan. Despite their similar economies, the United States and Japan show a significant difference in their patterns of generational proximity. In 1993, half of US non-Hisapnic white parents aged 70 or over lived separately but within 10 miles of their nearest children and a majority of them lived far from their non-nearest children. The family geographic network for Japanese elderly parents is more hierarchial. In 1989, 74 percent of Japanese parents aged 70 and over lived with their nearest children but most of them lived far from their non-nearest children. To explain this distinctive pattern of inter- and intra-family differences in generational proximities in the two societies, this study employs a multi-level analysis which compares the relative importance of life course conditions of elderly parents and their children and economic and ecological characteristics of elderly parent's places of residence in influencing generational proximities.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.307-328
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of parental overprotection on Korean college students' moral behaviors. To test the prediction that overprotected participants will show more immoral behaviors in moral dilemma situations, we measured perceived parental overprotectiveness and morality. Participants were 113 college freshmen. Two types of modified experimental paradigms were used to assess participants on their levels of justice-oriented and prosocial morality. Based on whether they displayed moral behavior (i.e., honest or helping behavior) or not, participants were included in either moral or immoral group. Second, the levels of perceived maternal overprotectiveness and paternal overprotectiveness were assessed using Korean-Parental Overprotection Scale (K-POS) and were compared between moral and immoral group. For justice-oriented morality, the results showed that the immoral group reported a significantly higher level of perceived maternal overprotection compared to the moral group (t = 2.16, p < .05). On the contrast, paternal overprotection was not related to participants' honesty. The results indicate that participants who experienced overprotective parental care are more likely to act immorally in moral dilemma situations dealing with justice. Meanwhile, for prosocial morality, both maternal and paternal overprotection levels did not result in significant difference between two groups. More Implications and limitations were discussed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.384-394
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• 2022

This study aimed to examine how COVID-19 affected life and health of welfare recipients by comparing groups associated with sex, living with children, and household type and suggest directions for welfare policy and services. Researchers collected a random sample of 500 recipients from 𐩒𐩒gu, Seoul who are registered in Haengbok E-eum, the social security information system and conducted a survey on overall life domains and physical and mental health. For data analysis, t-test, Anova and chi-square test were used. The results showed that factors of sex, living with children, and household type made significant differences in difficulties of employment status, child care, leisure and cultural activities and overall social activities. In terms of health status, mental health status and life satisfaction have been decreased after COVID-19. There were statistical differences in COVID blue and thinking about death among different groups. Based on these findings, this study suggested directions for welfare services for the future New Normal society.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.1-26
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• 2006

This paper examines the interplay among changes in socioeconomic conditions, population policies, and fertility decline during $1960{\sim}2000$ in South Korea. Period-parity-progression-ratios (PPPR) are calculated using 2% samples of Population Census with the implied distribution of completed family size. The total fertility rate based on PPPR declined from 5.21 in 1960 to 2.76 in 1980, and 1.69 in 2000. The family planning programs were successful in meeting the needs of families that wanted to prevent further childbearing after having achieved the desired family size during $1960{\sim}1970$. The 1980s mark two important landmarks: achievement of replacement fertility and emergence of high sex ratio at birth. In the 1990s the "quality and welfare" approach was emphasized. In 2000s, South Korea's fertility is one of the lowest in the world. In response to this, in 2005, the Government adopted a new population policy with the goal of increasing the total fertility level to 1.6 by 2010. The results of this study indicate that proportion of women who would have no children at all throughout their reproductive life span increased substantially from 10% in 1995 to 16% in 2000, with a sharp increase since 1997. Thus, pro-natal programs need to address the problems associated with marriage and having the first child. Towards that, it is important that work and family life become more compatible.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.56-67
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to recognize and compare the concrete factors(perception of painless delivery, Strength of labor pain, the time of labor, APGAR score, satisfaction of painless delivery) on primiparae with and without painless delivery. The subjects were 100 primipara with painless delivery and 100 without painless delivery who had delivered at K university's general hospital in Daegu city. The data that were collected from May. 20, 1998 to July. 30 analysed by the SPSS program. The results of the study were summarized as follow; 1) As a result of the perspective of the painless labor, the mean of primiparae with painless labor was higher than primiparae without painless labor. It was statistically significant(t=-2.63, p=0.0093). 2) As a result of the strength of labor pain, the mean of primiparae without painless labor was higher than primiparae with painless labor. And it was statistically significant(t=17.074, p=0.000). 3) As a result of comparison to the time of labor, In the 1st stage, Without painless labor group was higher than the other (t=256, p=0.0114). In the 2nd stage, with painless labor group was higher than the other(t=-2.13, p=0.0346). But in the 3rd stage, there was no significant differences between two groups. 4) As a result of measuring APGAR score, there was no significant differences. 5) As a result of measuring the satisfaction of painless labor in painless labor group, 'satisfied with painless labor' is 77%, but 'unsatisfied with explanation from health care giver' was 33%. On the basis of above findings, the following is suggested ; It is needed a extended study which are designed for multiparae. And also we suggested that independent nursing-intervention program has to be developed for controlling the labor pain that must lead to positive labor experiences.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.25-43
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• 2016

This study focused on the time use of a dual-earner working group with preschool children on working and nonworking days using 2014 time-use survey data provided by Statistics Korea(KOSTAT). We collected the time-use data recorded in a 2,158 time diary. We divided the time use into 4 parts ; paid work, household labor work (including caring work), leisure and living essentials. For the statistical analysis, we used SPSS 18.0 packages, i.e., descriptive statistics, T-test, Anova with Duncan test and regression for the impact off the independent factors. The results verified gender differences in time use and recognized the usefulness of the time-allocation analysis for the diagnosis of Work and Life Balance(WLB). In the conclusion, we suggest increasing men's time allocation for household labor as a crucial solution to the WLB of dual-earner working groups. And the follow-up study should include the various factors that affect the time allocation of dual-earner groups, such as type of labor and job and children's ages.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-34
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• 2004

최근 한국사회에서는 출산율의 저하로 인한 사회경제적 영향을 우려하여 대책방안을 강구하여야 한다는 논의가 증대되고 있다. 그런데 국가정책을 개발${\cdot}$추진하기 이전에 반드시 요구되는 것은 저출산 현상의 올바른 인식과 철저한 원인규명이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 출산율 변화의 원인을 다각적으로 살펴보고, 향후 변화방향을 전망해 보고자 한다. 먼저 자녀출산의 변화를 결혼상태 변화와 유배우부인의 출산율 변화 부분으로 나누어 살펴본 결과, 과거와는 달리 최근의 출산율 저하는 유배우 부인에 의해서가 아니라 미혼자의 결혼연장 또는 독신생활에서 기인되는 것으로 나타났다. 이들 두 요인에 영향을 주는 변수로는 경기침체 및 직장불안정, 결혼가치관의 변화와 초혼연령의 상승, 자녀양육 관심증대, 자녀양육비 부담, 가정과 직장의 양립을 위한 사회적 인프라 부족, 여성의 자아욕구 및 사회참여 증대, 자녀효용가치 감소, 이혼 등 가족해체의 증대, 그리고 불임부부의 증대 등인 것으로 판단된다. 향후 출산율 변화를 전망해 보면, 저출산을 일찍 경험한 서구 선진국의 경우와는 달리 정책의 추진에 한계가 있어 선진국보다 더 낮은 출산율을 회복하는 데는 많은 어려움이 있을 것이라는 판단이다. 더군다나 젊은 미혼남녀의 가치관이 개인주의화 되는 경향이 있다는 점을 감안한다면 출산율 회복정책을 추진한다 하더라도 한계가 있을 수밖에 없을 것이다. 수년간 실시된 각종 실태조사를 분석한 결과에 의하면 현재의 경기침체가 회복될 경우 약 20%의 출산율 상승 가능성이 있으며, 이 때의 합계출산율은 약 1.43명 수준이 될 수 있을 것으로 예견된다. 또한 종합적 체계적 출산회복정책을 효과적${\cdot}$효율적으로 추진한다면 약 10년 후에는 합계출산율이 약 1.6 수준으로 회복될 것이라는 낙관적 견해를 가져본다. 그렇지만 정책의 강도에 따라서 회복수준은 현저하게 상이할 것이다.를 진단, 치료함에 있어 진행성 신질환의 가능성을 시사하는 예후인자가 없다면 신생검보다는 지속적이고 정기적인 추적관찰만으로도 충분할 것으로 생각된다도 등은 양군 사이에 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 발견 당시 혈청 $C_3$치의 감소는 모두 11명(61.1%)에서 관찰되었는데, 증상군에서는 7명(87.5%), 집단뇨검사군에서는 4명(40%)으로 증상군에서 혈청 $C_3$치의 감소가 보다 현저하였다. 그러나 추적관찰 기간 동안 증상군에서는 7명 중 4명, 집단뇨검사군에서는 4명 중 1명에서 혈청 $C_3$치는 정상범위로 증가하여 최종 관찰시점에서는 6명 (33.3%)에서만 혈청 $C_3$치의 감소가 지속되고 있다. 혈청 $C_3$치의 감소를 보인 경우를 다시 병리조직학적 분류에 의해 세분하여보면 발병당시에는 I형 8명(61.5%), II형에 1명(100%), III형 2명(50%)에서 관찰되었는데, 최종 시점에서는 I형 4명(30.8%), II형 1명(100%), III형 1명(33.3%)이었다. 또한 증상군에서 세포성 반월체형성과 세뇨관위축의 빈도가 높았으며, 사구체 혈관벽 비후와 사구체 간질의 증가의 정도가 집단뇨검사군에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다. 결론: 무증상성 요이상을 가진 환자에서 신장조직검사 실시 후 MPGN으로 진단되는 증례가 증가하고 있고, 오히려 증상을 동반하는 경우보다 빈도가 증가한다는 사실은 집단뇨 검사에서 소변의 이상소견이 발견되어 신장 조직검사를 실시할 경우 혈청 $C_3$치의 감소 여부에 관계없이 MPGN도 진단적 고려 대상이 되어야 한다고 생각한다.신장 조직검사를 시행한 결과 진행성 경과를 취할 수 있는 막 증식성 사구체 신염과 매우 희귀한 증례인 신유전분증 등으로 진단됨으로써 지속성 단백뇨의 경우 정확 진단적 접근이 필수적임을 알 수