• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.343-354
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• 1995

A series of feeding experiments were conducted to study the possible utilization of blood meal as a dietary protein source in growing common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Diets were formulated on isonitrogenous and isocaloric basis of $40\%$ crude protein and 3,640 kcal/kg diet : diet 1 (100 FMP, control), $100\%$ fish meal Protein (FMP) : diet 2 (25 BMP), $75\%$ $FMP+25\%$ blood meal protein (BMP) : diet 3 (50 BMP), $50\%$ $FMP+50\%$ BMP : diet 4 (75 BMP), $25\%$ $FMP+75\%$ BMP : d;et 5 (100 BMP), $100\%$ BMP. As the dietary protein sources, $34.2\%$ of animal protein were supplied by FMP and/or BMP, and approximately $65.8\%$ of plant protein were used. In the first experiment, weight gain and feed efficiency were improved with increased level of blood meal protein in the diets. Weight gain and feed efficiency from fish fed diets 4 and S were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those from fish fed diets 1, 2 and 3. The second experiment was designed as a cross-over study to prove the first experiment's results. This cross-over study shows that weight gain from fish fed diet 5 is greater than that from fish fed diet 1. The third experiment was conducted to compare palatability between diet 1 (100 FMP) and 5 (100 BMP). The data from this palatability study indicated that the palatability of diet 5 was lower than that of diet 1 initially, however, the palatability of iiet 5 was improved and not worse than that of diet 1 within a week. Therefore, these findings may suggest that the fish meal can be replaced with blood meal completely in growing common carp diets.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.231-235
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• 2005

A 6-week feeding trial was conducted to determine optimum feeding frequency for growth of juvenile flounder Paralichthys. olivaceus during the summer season. Triplicate groups of fish (initial mean weight 3.7 g) were fed a extruded pellet with 5 feeding frequencies (one meal every 2 days, one meal a day, two meals a day, three meals a day and four meals a day) at $24.0\pm0.50^{\circ}C$ (mean$\pm$SD). Survival of fish fed one meal every 2 days was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the other groups. Weight gain, specific growth rate and daily feed intake increased with increasing feeding frequency (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in weight gain, specific growth rate and daily feed intake of fish fed among two, three and four meals a day. feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were not affected by feeding frequency. Whole body contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash were not significantly affected by feeding frequency. These results indicate that optimum feeding frequency is two meals a day for the optimum growth of juvenile flounder grown from 3.7 to 19.0 g under the experimental conditions.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.225-230
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• 2006

A long-term (26 weeks) feeding experiment was conducted to examine the essentiality and requirement of inositol in diets for olive flounder because no information is available in the species. Five casein-gelatin based semi-purified diets were formulated to contain four different levels of myo-inositol (0, 0+antibiotic, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/kg, designated as M0, M0+, M400, M800, and M1600, respectively). One (M0+) of the control diets contained tetracycline hydrochloride (0.4%, wt/wt) as an antibiotic to inhibit biosynthesis of inositol by micro-organism in intestine of fish. Olive flounder at the early juvenile stage (initial body weight 1.22 g) were randomly distributed into fifteen 35 L tanks (48 fish/tank) and fed with one of the experimental diets (3 replicates per diet). At the end of the feeding trial, the weight gain, feed intake, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed diets containing higher levels of myo-inositol (M800 & M1600) were significantly higher than those of fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). Feed conversion ratio, survival, hematocrits, and hemoglobin of fish fed experimental diets were not significantly different among all the fish groups. Whole body compositions of fish were not different except for lipid content. The lipid content was significantly different between M0 and M400 diet groups. These results indicate that juvenile olive flounder requires dietary supplementation of myo-inositol in diets for normal growth and its optimum level seems to be approximately 800 mg myo-inositol/kg diet.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.299-304
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of protein and lipid levels of extruded pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder. Six extruded dry pellets were formulated to contain two protein levels (50 and 55%) and three lipid levels (8, 12 and 15%). Triplicate groups of fish (initial mean weight 21 g) were hand-fed to apparent satiation two times a day for 9 weeks. Survival, weight gain and daily feed intake were not significantly affected by dietary protein and lipid levels. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.001) affected by dietary lipid level, and tended to increase as dietary lipid level increased. Feed efficiency ratio of fish fed the 55% protein diet with 15% lipid was not significantly different from that of fish fed the 50% protein diet with 15% lipid, but significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed the other diets. Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the 55% protein diet with 15% lipid was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed the 50% protein diet with 8% lipid and 55% protein diets with $8{\sim}12%$ lipids. The contents of moisture, crude protein and lipid in the liver was significantly (P<0.01) affected by dietary lipid level. The results of this study indicate that an increase in lipid level at 50-55% protein in extruded pellet can improve feed efficiency for juvenile flounder.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2007

The epidemiological study was performed to survey the prevalence of bacterial disease of cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus from October, 2004 to August, 2006 in Korea. A total of 1,271 of fish samples were collected at random includes fish exhibiting clinical signs of the disease in question. The total 331 samples among 738 cases of infectious diseases were infected with 366 bacteria isolates including Vibrio spp. (42.1%), Streptococcus spp. (16.9%), Edwardsiella tarda (12.3%), Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (8.2%), Pseudomonas spp. (2.2%) or others (18.3%). Vibrio spp. and P. damselae subsp. damselae were continually isolated through all seasons but Streptococcus spp. and E. tarda were mainly isolated from May to November. The 206 cases were showed mixed infection with other bacteria (3.6%), parasites (31.4%) or virus (41.7%); Vibrio spp. (n=21), Streptococcus spp. (n=13), Trichodina (n=76), Scutica (n=31), VNNV (n=112), VHSV (n=46).

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.199-211
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• 1993

In order to elucidate the effect of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3HUFA) on the changes of body weight and chemical compositions in the Korean rockfish during starvation, the fish were not fed for 9 weeks after fed different levels $(0\~1.5\%)$ of n-3 HUFA for 10 weeks. The higher level of n-3HUF A was contained in the diets, the slower body weight loss was resulted (P< 0.05). The decreasing rates of the body nutrients of the fish were significantly higher in the fish fed n-3HUF A deficient diets than those of the fish fed n-3 HUF A sufficient diets. Protein and lipid contents of the whole body were decreased with starvation whereas moisture content was increased. Decrease of lipid was mainly due to the decrease of nonpolar lipid. Amounts of polar lipid in the whole body were almost constant throughout the starvation, meaning not being affected by dietary n-3HUF A levels. Percentage of 22: 6n-3 was increased in the polar lipid fraction, but monoenic acids (16:1, 18:1), n-3 series (18:3, 18 4, 20:4) and n-6 series (20:2, 22:4, 22:5) were decreased with starvation. Fatty acid compositions of nonpolar lipid were not changed with starvation. These results suggest that all fatty acids of nonpolar lipid are equally utilized for energy during starvation.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.88-93
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• 2003

Diets containing 3000 kcal/kg at the crude protein (CP) level of 40% (Diet 1) and 4000 kcal/kg at the CP level of 50% (Diet 2) were fed to the juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (35.6 g) at 3-4% body weight for a period of 28 days. Diet 2 promoted significantly higher growth and feed efficiency than Diet 1. Oxygen uptake increased with increasing body weight. The oxygen uptake-body weight relationship of diets 1 and 2 were best expressed by y=0.3218 $e^{0.0592x}$ (R=0.8494) and y=0.3612 $e^{0.0532x}$ ($R^2$=0.8805), respectively. Assimilation efficiency (AE), gross growth efficiency ( $K_1$) and net growth efficiency ( $K_2$) of the fish fed on Diet 2 were 73.8, 16.0 and 22.6%, respec- tively. Fish fed on Diet 2 showed significantly higher AE, $K_1$ and $K_2$ than those fed on Diet 1. Hence Diet 2 con- taining 4000 kcal/ kg with crude protein of 50% is recommended for the Korean rockfish.kfish.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.177-186
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to examine possibility and suitability of forest by-product as a roughage source of deer. As a experimental diet, forest by-product silage(FPS) and commercial mixed ration(CMR) were prepared to compare dry matter intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and feeding behavior in feeding trials with spotted deer. The digestibility of dry matter was higher(P<0.05) in CMR than in FPS. The digestibility of crude protein was higher in CMR than in FPS and there was significant difference(P＜0.05). CMR had more digestibility of crude fiber than FBS but the difference was not significant. Dry matter intake were similar in both diets. Digestible dry matter intake was higher in CMR than FPS, however, there was no significant difference between experimental diets. Nitrogen intake, urinary and digestible nitrogen were significantly higher(P<0.05) in CMR than FPS. The efficiency of nitorgen utilization was higher for FPS than for CMR. Feeding behavior were similar in FPS and CMR. Consequently. It would be expected that FPS that composed with various feed sources can be used as a good roughage source of deer. Because it has high digestibility, dry matter intake and internal availability of nitrogen.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 1997

This study was conducted to evaluate the possible utilization and the replacing range of leather meal (LM) or meat and bone meal (MBM) as a fish meal replacer for the dietary animal protein source of growing israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio. Five different diets were formulated on isonitrigenous and isocaloric basis of 38.5% curde protein and 15.3 KJ/g diet. Percentage of the graded levels of replacement of white fish meal (WFM) by LM/MBM on the basis of crude protein were at follows : diet 1, 100% WFM (control) ; diet 2, 75% WFM+25% LM ; diet 3, 50% LM ; diet 4, 75% WFM+25% MBM ; diet 5, 50 WFM+50% MBM and LM or MBM, and approximately 64.5% of plant protein. After one week of conditioning period, fish averaging 10g were divided into five groups and fed one of the experimental diets for 12 weeks. In the first and the second 4 weeks of feeding trials, there were no significant differences in weight gain between two groups of fish fed diet 1 (control) and 2 (P>0.05), while fish fed diet 3, 4 and 5 had a significantly lower body weight gain than fish fed diet 1 (P<0.05). In contrast to those two periods, all diet groups were not significantly different compared to diet 1 in body weight gain during the third 4 weeks of feeding trial (P<0.05). These results indicated that LM and MBM could be used as a fishmeal replacer up to 50% in growing israeli carp.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.89-105
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• 1993

In order to investigate the effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3HUF A) levels on growth and body composition of the Korean rockfish, six experimental diets with various levels of n-3HUFA, which were adjusted by adding squid liver oil and/or soybean oil at $8\%$ dietary lipid level, were fed to the Korean rockfish (6.2g in mean body weight) for 10 weeks. Daily weight gain, feed efficiency and nutrient retention efficiency were the lowest in the fish fed a diet containing 0% n-3HUFA. These parameters were effectively improved by supplementation with n-3HUFA, and showed linear increase up to $1.2\%$ dietary n-3HUFA level (P<0.01). There was no additional response above this level. A higher concentration of nonpolar lipids in the liver was observed for the fish fed insufficient levels of n-3HUFA in the diets. However the liver glycogen content and hepatosomatic index were slightly deareased. The lipid contents of the whole body and vicera showed significantly higher in the fish fed sufficient levels of n-3HUFA in the diets (P<0.05). The fatty acid compositions of polar lipids in the whole body and liver were affected by dietary fatty acid compositions. The contents of n-3HUFA and 18:1 in the liver increased with increasing the n-3HUFA level in the diets, while the 18:2n-6 and 18: 3n-3 decreased. These results suggest that n-3HUFA plays an essential role for normal growth of the Korean rockfish, and the requirement of n-3HUF A is around $1.2\%$ of the diet.