• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.353-360
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• 2003

Immunodepression can be required for entomopathogenic bacteria to induce their potent pathogenicities to the target insects. Here, we raise a hypothesis that the capacity of a pathogenic bacterium to induce the target insect immunodepression has positive relationship with the degree of pathogenicity. X. nematophilus had 1,200 times as potent as another entomopathogenic bacterium, Staphylococcus gallinarum against the fifth instar larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori, when they were Injected into the hemocoel. Although both bacteria had significant cytotokic effect on the hemocytes of B. mori, X. nematophilus gave faster and greater cytotoxicity than did S. gallinarum. In cellular immune reactions, B. mori could form 20 hemocyte nodules against the bacterial injection with 5${\times}$10$\^$5/ cells. The number of the hemocyte nodules was significantly depressed when live X. nematophilus was inject-ed, but not in S. gallinarum. Activation of prophenoloxidase (proPO) was depressed in the bacterial injection. The depression of PO activation was significantly greater in X. nematophilus infection than in S. gallinarum injection. Lysozyme activity was induced by the injection of S. gallinarum at 4 h after the treatment, but not induced in X. nematophilus at all the time. These results showed that X. nemato-philus induced greater immunodepression against B. mori and resulted in higher pathogenicity than did S. gallinarum. Therefore, this study suggests that the immunodepression induced by entomopathogenic bacteria has positive relationship with their pathogenicity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.1027-1034
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• 2017

The immune system is a complex process within the body that protects against disease. Recently, many studies have attempted to discover immunomodulative compounds from natural sources. Pinus koraiensis (PK) cone shell is a by-product of PK. One of the major compounds of PK cone shell is dehydroabietic acid, which has bioactivity, including antiulcer and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, this study was performed to examine the immunomodulative effects of PK cone shell. The immunomodulatory effects of PK cone shell extracted with 20% ethanol (EtOH) in vivo were examined initially by measuring the natural killer (NK) cell activity, phagocytic activity, Th1/Th2 cytokines release, serum immunoglobulin, and T/B cell proliferation. The NK cell activity and phagocytic activity were increased significantly by a treatment with a 20% EtOH extract of PK cone shell. Th1 type cytokine and T cell proliferation increased and Th2 type cytokine, B cell proliferation and serum immunoglobulin A, G, and E decreased after a treatment with PK cone shell extract. The 20% EtOH extract of the PK cone shell normalized the unbalanced production of Th1/Th2 type cytokine. This suggests that a 20% EtOH extract of PK cone shell has great potential as a health food.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.708-714
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• 2007

In this study, the 163 edible plants that are permitted as foods by the Korea Food and Drug Administration, were extracted in methanol. Following extration, their macrophage immunostimulating effects (MIE) were examined using a macrophage from BALB/C mice at four different concentrations of plant extract, such as $10\;{\mu}g/mL$, $100\;{\mu}g/mL$, $500\;{\mu}g/mL$, and $1,000\;{\mu}g/mL$, in vivo. Forty-two samples significantly showed MIEs. Among them, 20 samples had increased MIEs at higher than 10%, as compared to the negative control group. Nineteen samples had increased MIEs at two of the plant extract concentrations, and 3 samples [Allium schoenoprasmum (chive), Aralia elata (fatsia), Capsosiphon fulvescens (seaweed fulvescens)] had increased MIEs at three of the concentration conditions. In particular, Dioscorea batatas (yam) showed MIEs at all concentrations, as well as slightly higher MIEs as compared to the positive control group. Therefore, Dioscorea batatas was evaluated to be an excellent MIE.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1629-1636
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• 2015

The edible mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill is known to have many physiological functions, including antitumor, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects. Aqueous extracts were obtained by extracting A. blazei in water at $90^{\circ}C$ for 15 h, followed by spray-drying with dextran at a 70:30 ratio. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory effect of A. blazei Murill water extract (ABM) in BALB/c mice. Mice were administered orally with 4, 20, and 100 mg/kg of ABM for 21 days. ABM-treated mice did not show significant differences in body and organ weights compare to saline-treated control mice. Splenocytes isolated from ABM-administered mice revealed similar levels of cellularity and proliferation compared to control mice, whereas they showed increased natural killer (NK) cell activity and decreased IL-4 and IL-12 production. Different from in vivo results, splenocytes isolated from normal mice showed increased proliferation and $INF-{\gamma}$ production following ABM treatment in vitro. In addition, ABM treatment enhanced macrophage proliferation and nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner. However, ABM had no effect on LPS-induced NO production. These results suggest that A. blazei modulates immune function by increasing NK cell activity and macrophage function.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2022

This study investigated the immunostimulatory effect of enzymatic porcine placental hydrolyzate (EPPH) in cyclophosphamide (Cy)-treated rats. This effect of EPPH prevented Cy-induced decreases in body, spleen, and thymus weights and natural killer (NK) cell activity. The numbers of immune cells, such as white blood cells, granulocytes, and lymphocytes, and mid-range absolute counts were significantly higher compared to the control group. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-12, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were notably reduced by Cy, while EPPH prevented these effects. Histopathological analysis of spleen samples revealed the protective effect of EPPH against Cy-induced immunosuppression. The findings demonstrate that EPPH can alleviate immunosuppression by cell viability, tissue damage, and regulation of the levels of cytokines. EPPH may have value as a component of immunostimulatory agents or an ingredient in functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.444-450
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• 2018

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that play a pivotal role in modulating both innate and adaptive immunity. This study examined the immunomodulatory activities of hot-water extracts of bee pollen (BPW) in bone-marrow derived DCs (BMDC) and mice splenocytes. BMDCs isolated from mice were treated with 250 and $500{\mu}g/mL$ BPW for 24 h. BPW, up to $500{\mu}g/mL$, did not display any cellular toxicity against BMDCs. In fact, it functionally induced BMDC activation via augmentation of CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I/II expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor; $TNF-{\alpha}$, interleukin; IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$) production. Interestingly, BPW treatment significantly increased the production of interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ in splenocytes, suggesting its possible contribution to Th1 polarization in immune response. Taken together, these findings suggest that BPW may regulate innate and adaptive immunity via DC activation and Th1 polarization in immune responses.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2003

아스코마이신(ascomycin)의 macrolactam 유도체인 피메크로리무스(pimecrolimus; 엘리델 [Elidel], SDZ ASM 981; Novartis Pharma AG, 바젤, 스위스)는 세포선택성을 지닌 염증성 사이토카인(cytokines) 억제제로서 아토피피부염, 알레르기성 접촉피부염, 자극성 접촉피부염 및 판형 건선 등 염증성 피부질환의 치료제로 개발되었다. T세포와 비만세포의 염증성 사이토카인 생산 분비를 억제하고 사전 형성된 염증성 매개물질의 비만 세포 분비를 저해한다. 국소 투여된 피메크로리무스는 알레르기성 접촉피부염(allergic contact dermatitis [ACD]) 돼지 모델에서 고역가 코르티코스테로이드 클로베타졸-17-propionate(corticosteroid clobetasol-17-propionate)와 동등한 효과를 나타낸다. 하지만 피메크로리무스는 클로베타졸과는 달리 피부 위축을 일으키지 않는다. 경구 투여시 피메크로리무스는 마우스와 랫트 ACD 치료에 있어서 타크로림무스(tacrolimus [FK 506])와 동등한 혹은 더 우수한 효과를 나타낸다. 또한 피메크로리무스는 아토피피부염 급성 징후 유사 모델인 저마그네슘 혈증 탈모 랫트(hypomagnesemic hairless rat)의 피부 염증과 소양증을 효과적으로 감소시킨다. 피메크로리무스는 랫트에서 다음과 같은 측면의 전신 면역반응 손상 효과가 타크로리무스 와 비교하여 낮게 평가된다: (1)국소 이식편대 숙주 반응, (2)양(sheep) 적혈구에 대한 항체 형성, (3)신장이식. 시험관내 평가시 돼지 피부를 통한 피메크로리무스 투과 속도가 타크로리무스보다 10배 낮게 측정되므로 생체에서 경피 흡수가 더 적게 될 것으로 판단된다. 상기 자료로 판단컨대 피메크로 리무스는 피부에 대한 항염증 활성이 높을 뿐 아니라 전신 면역반응 손상 부작용이 낮은것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 2002

The effect of allicin, the major component of garlic (Allium sativum), on the gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors was analyzed. DNA microarray which can detect expression signal of 862 genes revealed that allicin induced the expression of cytokine, chemokine, and immune-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In contrast, allicin repressed the expression of adaptive immune-related genes, which are expressed in T helper 1 Iymphocytes. Simultaneous inhibitory and stimulatory effects of allicin were found on inflammatory cells. It is likely that allicin down-regulated the expression of specific genes that were previously up-regulated in resting cells, suggesting a new mechanism by which they exert positive and negative effect. Considering the broad and renewed interest in allicin, the profiles we describe here will be useful in designing more specific and efficient treatment strategies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1564-1570
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• 2016

The present study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan on macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T cell-mediated factors. Effect of high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan on cytotoxicity in macrophages was investigated. Using macrophages, cytotoxicity of high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan was evaluated by MTT assay. We treated high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, and $250{\mu}g/mL$ in macrophages. High-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan did not affect macrophage viability. Phagocytic activity was assessed using zymosan. Activity of high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan on macrophages significantly increased as compared with zymosan. We treated high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan to murine NK cells co-incubated with YAC-1 cells. High-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan resulted in significantly increased activity of NK cells as compared with the control. In addition, treatment of macrophages with high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan resulted in significantly increased activity of T cell-mediated cytokine (IL-2, IL-12, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and $TNF-{\alpha}$) levels and CD4+/CD8+ T cells as compared with the control. In conclusion, high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan could enhance the immune response through activation of macrophages, NK cells, and T cell-mediated factors.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

In this paper, we propose temperature inference system for indoor and outdoor temperature of the Air-Conditioner with limited sensors. The proposed system based on the network theory of biological immune system consists of indoor and outdoor temperature inference process. It is designed that on-line temperature inference is possible. This system is admirable for unlearned data as well as given input data by making efficient use of previous information.