• Title/Summary/Keyword: 라이닝

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A Case Study on the Construction of Concrete Lining in Parallel with Blasting in a Long Tunnel (장대터널 굴착시 발파-라이닝 병행시공 사례연구)

  • Ryu Joung-Hoon;An Hyung-Jun;You Jin-O;Choi Byung-Hee
    • Explosives and Blasting
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.39-48
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    • 2006
  • The various alternatives to reduce the construction period and cost in the wide and long tunnel have been attempted recently. However, the concrete lining forming process after finishing tunnel excavation may delay construction period considering the specific conditions of the wide and long tunnel. The concrete lining is indispensible for the road tunnel. For this reason, the blasting-lining synchronizing study had been carried out to reduce construction period in the Gyea-Ryong Tunnel. Lining models were installed at four different distance conditions the floor of the tunnel. After model installation, hundreds of blasting vibration measurements and concrete material tests were performed to calculate the safe distance between blasting point and concrete lining form. The study also introduces a method which can obtain the better ability of construction by improving working environment with the ventilation and the relocation of tunnel equipments in the working places.

A Study on the System Identification of Tunnel Lining Using Static Deformation Data (정적 내공변위를 이용한 터널라이닝 손상 검출기법에 관한 연구)

  • 이준석;최일윤
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.153-160
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    • 2002
  • A new system identification method based on tunnel deformation data is proposed to find the damage in the lining structure. For this, an inverse problem in which the deformation data and dead load of concrete lining are known a priori is introduced to estimate the degree and location of the damages. Models based on uniform reduction of stiffness and homogenized crack concept are individually employed to compare the applicability and relative advantages of the models. Numerical analyses are peformed for the idealized tunnel structure and the effect of white noise, common in most measurement data, is also included to better understand the suitability of the proposed models. As a result, model 1 based on uniform stiffness reduction method is shown to be relatively insensitive to the noise, while model 2 with the homogenized crack concept is proven to be easily applied to the field situation since the effect of stiffness reduction is rather small.

Characterization of deterioration of concrete lining in tunnel structures (터널 콘크리트 라이닝 구조물의 성능저하 특성)

  • Kim, Dong-Gyou;Jung, Ho-Seop;Bae, Gyu-Jin;Shin, Hyu-Soung
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.387-394
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    • 2009
  • The objective of this study is to evaluate the durability and deterioration of concrete lining in the seven conventional tunnels. These tunnels were constructed about 40~70 years ago, and closed about 10~40 years ago. The field investigation and various laboratory testings were performed for this study. It was observed from the visual, examinations that the concrete linings of 7 tunnels were severely deteriorated, such as, cracks, leakages, desquamation, and exploitations. The compressive strengths obtained from rebound hardness method and uniaxial compressive strength test on core specimens largely differed depending on the locations in the tunnel. The maximum compressive strength of concrete lining was greater about 2 times than the minimum compressive strength of concrete lining in the same tunnel. The results of micro-structural analysis showed that the substances deteriorating the concrete lining, such as ettringite and thaumasite, were detected in the concrete lining of tunnel.

Hydraulic and structural interaction of a double-lined tunnel lining due to drainhole blockings (이중구조 라이닝의 배수공 막힘에 따른 수리-역학적 상호작용)

  • Shin, Jong-Ho;Nam, Taek-Soo;Chae, Sung-Eun;Yoon, Jae-Ung
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.243-254
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    • 2009
  • Tunnel problems relate to pore water pressure generally occur due to the restriction of groundwater flow into the tunnel which is generally caused by the deterioration of drainage systems. Previous studies have identified the problem as combined mechanical and hydraulic interaction occasions. In this study, detrimental effects of pore water pressure on the lining were investigated using the finite element method considering deterioration of the drainage system. Particularly, double-lined linings with drain-holes are considered. Deterioration of drainage system is represented as blockages of drain-holes. It is identified that the secondary lining ran be influenced by the deterioration of drainage system. It is shown that a tunnel with all drain-holes blocked moved upward, and unbalanced drain-hole blocking may result in torsional behavior of the tunnel which causes significant damages to the secondary linings.

Analysis and cause of defects in reinforced cement concrete lining on NATM tunnel based on the Precise Inspection for Safety and Diagnosis - Part I (정밀안전진단 결과를 활용한 NATM (철근)의 라이닝 결함 종류별 발생원인 및 분석 - Part I)

  • Choo, Jinho;Lee, Inmo
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.1-29
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    • 2019
  • Related to the previous paper on the typical crack pattern of tunnel lining with NATM, the characteristic defects in reinforced cement concrete lining of NATM tunnel have analyzed with the precise inspection with safety and diagnosis (PISD) by KISTEC. Depending on the reinforcing materials, steel rebar, steel fiber, and glass fiber have been implemented to reinforcing lining in various NATM tunnel constructions. Reinforcing lining with rebar are prevailed on NATM tunnel to countermeasure the weak geological circumstances, to pursuit the economical tunnel sections, and to resist the risk of tunnel deterioration. By the special act on the safety control of public facilities, the reinforced NATM tunnels for more than 1 km length are scrutinized closely to characterize defects; crack, reinforcement exposure, and lack of lining. Crack resistance by reinforcing is shown in comparison with the normalized crack to the length of tunnel. Typical exposed reinforcements in lining have exemplified with various sections. The lack of lining due to the mal-construction, spalling, fire, earthquake and leaching has been analyzed. The cause and mechanism with the field inspections and other studies has also been verified. Detailed cases are selected by the above concerns as well as the basic information from FMS (Facilities Management System). Likewise the previous paper, this study provides specialized defects in reinforced lining of NATM and it can be widely used in spreading the essential technics and reporting skills. Furthermore, it would be advised and amended for the detail guideline of Safety Diagnosis and PISD (tunnel).

Performance Evaluation of Organic and Inorganic Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Tunnel Lining Structure (유·무기 섬유 혼입 터널 라이닝 콘크리트 부재의 성능 평가)

  • Lee, Jong-Eun;Kim, Tae-Won;Kim, Su-Man;Jeon, Joong-Kyu
    • Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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    • v.13 no.3 s.55
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    • pp.110-118
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    • 2009
  • The tunnel structure is widely used for transportation in the mountain area. To reduce the duration of construction and thus the expense, a tunnel excavation is often performed simultaneously with a tunnel lining in in-situ. However, cracking of the tunnel lining may occur arising from the vibrating impact in the excavation process. The present study concerns the role of steel fiber and nylon fibers in tunnel lining concrete to reduce the vibrating impact. As a result it was found that both the nylon fiber and steel fiber improved the durability and physical properties of concrete.

Numerical study on the connection type of inner-slab in double deck tunnel (복층터널 내부슬래브의 연결형식에 관한 수치해석적 연구)

  • Lee, Ho-Seong;Moon, Hyun-Koo
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.18 no.5
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    • pp.441-451
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    • 2016
  • This study analyzed behavior of the segment lining considering connection type between inner-slab and segment lining for a double deck tunnel by Shield TBM. In order to establish the design requirements of inner-slab and segment lining in double deck tunnel, inner structure of double deck tunnel at each purpose was analyzed and compared connection type between inner-slab and segment lining. And analyses have been carried out through the beam-spring model by MIDAS Civil 2012. As a result of this study, inner-slab, connection type of between inner-slab and segment lining and Lateral earth pressure coefficients were analyzed to verify the significant design factors.

FPGA Implementation of the AES Cipher Algorithm by using Pipelining (파이프라이닝을 이용한 AES 암호화 알고리즘의 FPGA 구현)

  • 김방현;김태규;김종현
    • Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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    • v.8 no.6
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    • pp.717-726
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    • 2002
  • In this study, we analyze hardware implementation schemes of the ARS(Advanced Encryption Standard-128) algorithm that has recently been selected as the standard cypher algorithm by NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology) . The implementation schemes include the basic architecture, loop unrolling, inner-round pipelining, outer-round pipelining and resource sharing of the S-box. We used MaxPlus2 9.64 for VHDL design and simulations and FLEX10KE-family FPGAs produced by Altera Corp. for implementations. According to the results, the four-stage inner-round pipelining scheme shows the best performance vs. cost ratio, whereas the loop unrolling scheme shows the worst.

Investigation of the Lining Load Induced by Backfill and Consolidation Grouting (배면 및 압밀그라우팅에 의한 터널 라이닝 하중 연구)

  • 박동순;김학준;김완영
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.445-456
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    • 2003
  • Backfill grouting and consolidation grouting are major reinforcing methods that enhance the stability of tunnel by filling the gap between the tunnel lining and the ground and increasing the stiffness of the ground. However, the effect of the grouting on the tunnel lining is not well established. Field measurements such as pressuremeter test, Lugeon test, and lining instruments were peformed to analyze the grouting effect on the tunnel lining for a waterway tunnel. The elastic modulus was increased up to 5 times than that of original rock mass due to consolidation grouting. This study shows that only 10% of grout pressure was acting on the back face of the tunnel lining. The final results are expected to be used for the design of the concrete lining.

A study on behavioral characteristics of concrete lining based on the equations of relaxed rock loads (이완하중 산정식에 따른 콘크리트라이닝 거동특성에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Sang-Hwan;Park, Inn-Joon;Moon, Hoon-Ki;Shin, Yong-Suk
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.12 no.6
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    • pp.443-450
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    • 2010
  • A concrete lining of NATM tunnel had been considered as interior materials. But recently we consider it as structural materials. Therefore we must consider various loads. Relaxed rock load is a main load which decides thickness and reinforcement presence of concrete lining. In practice conservatively, Terzaghi's rock load theory has been accepted to estimate relaxed rock loads in urban subway tunnel design. This study investigates the equations of relaxed rock loads used in the design of NATM concrete lining. Structural analysis are executed based on various equations of relaxed rock loads, and concrete lining forces are compared.