• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.205-211
• /
• 2019

This study surveyed mycotoxin contamination in grains and grain products, which were purchased from supermarkets and traditional markets from October 2017 to September 2018 in Gwangju (Metropolitan City). A total of 127 samples including adlay, sorghum, millet, rice, oats, barley, buckwheat, corn as grains, and rice flour, buckwheat flour, roasted barley and corn, as grain products were surveyed. The tested mycotoxins were aflatoxin ($AFB_1$, $AFB_2$, $AFG_1$, $AFG_2$), fumonisin ($FUB_1$, $FUB_2$), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZON). Mycotoxins were analyzed simultaneously with a UPLC-tandem mass spectrometry method. Fumonisin ($B_1+B_2$) was detected at the range of $4.8{\sim}738.5{\mu}g/kg$ in 35 samples and zearalenone at $8.4{\sim}507.6{\mu}g/kg$ in 20 samples, respectively. No other mycotoxins were detected. Risk assessment was evaluated by using estimated daily intake (EDI) and provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) in accordance with the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). When the hazard index (HI) was expressed as $(EDI/PMTDI){\times}100$, the HI (%) showed in the range of 0.0019~1.9526%. Based on these results, mycotoxin concentrations in the grains and grain products were within safe levels.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.53 no.4
• /
• pp.495-500
• /
• 2021

This study investigated the prevalence, serotypes, virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Listeria monocytogenes isolates collected from salmon products. A total of 16 out of 65 salmon products (24.6%) were positive for L. monocytogenes. Bacteria were most frequently identified in smoked salmon products (15/53, 28.3%). Serological tests revealed that serotype 1/2b (62.5%) was the predominant serotype of L. monocytogenes, followed by 1/2a (37.5%). All isolates harbored 10 virulence-associated genes (inlA, inlB, plcA, plcB, hlyA, actA, prf, fbpA, iap, and mpl), confirming their potential pathogenicity. The isolates of L. monocytogenes showed resistance to cefotetan (100%), cefotaxime (87.5%), cefepime (31.3%), erythromycin (6.3%), and tetracycline (6.3%); however, most of the strains were susceptible to antimicrobials except cephalosporins. These results provide useful information regarding the contamination of salmon products with L. monocytogenes, which may have implications for public health.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.59-74
• /
• 2022

We aim to explore how the COVID-19 affects commercial sales of traditional market in Seoul. We obtain data for commercial sales and several spatial variables that are related to commercial sales from the Seoul Open Data Plaza. In order to estimate the effect of COVID-19 occurrence on commercial sales, we employ fixed-effect panel data analysis models. Unlike our expectation, the empirical results show that the effect of the COVID-19 on commercial sales of traditional market is not significant. However, we found that the effects are significant in some types of businesses when we did the same analyses with subsamples. For example, service sectors are mostly negatively affected by COVID-19, and retail sectors are also second mostly affected by COVID-19. However, there is no significant relationship between COVID-19 and restaurant sectors. In addition, these effects vary by size of traditional market. Our results suggest that government should have a plan to help small businesses in traditional market because they do not have sufficient abilities to adjust to the unexpected economic shock, like COVID-19. Findings also suggest that strategies for helping them should be differentiated by business type and market size.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.197-210
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine a moderating effect of consumers'need for uniqueness and a store type in the relation between golf apparel consumers'shopping values and store loyalty. A total of 229 shoppers visiting golf shops at two department stores and four discount stores in Seoul was conveniently selected and responded to the survey questionnaire. Data analyses were conducted including frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and moderated multiple analysis with PASW 18.0. The results of this study indicated that (1) both utilitarian shopping value and hedonic shopping value affected store loyalty, (2) the impact of both shopping values on store loyalty was moderated by consumers' need for uniqueness, and (3) the impact of hedonic shopping value on store loyalty was moderated in terms of the store type, whereas the effect of utilitarian value on store loyalty was not moderated with the store type. Additional implications and directions for future research opportunities were discussed and suggested.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.537-543
• /
• 2023

This study monitored the caffeine content of ready-to-drink coffee and verified the appropriateness of the labeling. The caffeine content was analyzed using HPLC. The average caffeine content of cold brew coffee was 0.31-1.04 mg/mL, with an average of 0.55 mg/mL. The average content of product was 147.27 mg/bottle, and taking into account the recommended daily intake, an adult can consume 2.7 bottles. Americano coffee was 0.15-0.38 mg/mL, with an average of 0.28 mg/mL. The average content of product was 110.42 mg/bottle, and considering the recommended daily intake, an adult can consume 3.6 bottles. The caffeine content of decaffeinated cold brew coffee was 5.14 mg/bottle and compared to Americano coffee, more than 95% of the caffeine was removed. In addition, we verified the tolerance level of the total caffeine content in ready-to-drink coffee, and none of them exceeded 120%, signifying that all commercial products were effectively managed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.46-53
• /
• 2024

The common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), which is native to North America, started to be imported into South Korea as pets in the 1990s. The turtle was sold in supermarkets and pet shops nationwide at low prices such as 20 USD. These non-native turtles, with their large size and strong predatory nature, have been consistently discovered in the wild in South Korea beginning in 2014, and they were designated as an ecosystem-disturbing species (EDS) in October 2022. Until June 30, 2023, a collection system was implemented to reduce the abandonment problem of C. serpentina due to their designation as an EDS. In this study, we analyzed the impacts of the legal designation as an ecologically disturbing species and the collection system of C. serpentina on their abandonment and surrender. Our findings showed that designation as EDS did not affect the abandonment of C. serpentina. Meanwhile, the collection system led to cases of immediate surrender. Within 3 years of post-purchase, 41.8% of the turtles were surrendered, and 67.5% were surrendered when they reached 3kg. Determining the impact of the legal designation as an EDS may be currently limited due to the difficulty of detecting C. serpentina in the wild. On the other hand, cases of surrender through the collection system are considered to be effective as they have been shown to reduce the abandonment of this newly designated ecosystem-disturbing species.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.55 no.3
• /
• pp.220-225
• /
• 2010

Soybean sprouts produced at optimal temperature are placed or displayed for several days in market shelf of relatively cool temperature (ca. $13^{\circ}C$). During this period a number of changes occur including changes in color, smell, taste, nutritional quality, etc. In order to investigate the changes of these factors, soybean sprouts packed in plastic film bag (OPP+PE) were stored at the two different temperature ($3^{\circ}C$ and $13^{\circ}C$). Morphological characters, physicochemical changes and enzymes activity related to visible quality (color) of soybean sprouts were examined. The numbers of fine roots were greater and hypocotyls were longer in soybean sprouts stored at $13^{\circ}C$, although there was no significant difference in diameter, fresh weight and dry weight of hypocotyls between the two storage temperatures. Browning of hypocotyl, as an indicator of a typical deterioration in sprout quality, was highly dependent on the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Considering the low level of soluble protein in hypocotyls, the relatively higher activity of PPO suggested a critical role of PPO in stored soybean sprouts. PPO activity of sprouts stored at $13^{\circ}C$ was 2-fold higher than that of sprouts stored at $3^{\circ}C$ after 4 days. In sprouts stored at $13^{\circ}C$, the PPO activity was increased from day 0 until 6 days and since then, it was not detected. Crude protein content was increased to 30.9~35.4% based on dry weight with extended storage period. The change in crude protein was greater in sprouts stored at high temperature ($13^{\circ}C$). Total free amino acid content was increased in both temperatures. However, the changing rate of free amino acid was greater in sprouts stored at $13^{\circ}C$.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.629-636
• /
• 2008

In recent years, a large number of robots have been developed in several countries, and these robots have been built for the purpose to appeal to users by well designed human-robot interaction. In case of the robots developed so far, they show proper reactions only when there is a certain input. On the other hands, they cannot perform in a standby mode which means there is no input. In other words, if a robot does not make any motion in standby mode, users may feel that the robot is being turned-off or even out of work. Especially, the social service robots maintain the standby status after finishing a certain task. In this period of time, if the robots can make human-like behavioral patterns such like a person in help desk, then they are expected to make people feels that they are alive and is more likely to interact with them. It is said that even if there is no interaction with others or the environment, people normally reacts to internal or external stimuli which are created by themselves such as moving their eyes or bodies. In order to create robotic behavioral patterns for standby mode, we analyze the actual facial expression and behavior from people who are in neutral affective emotion based on ethnographic methodology and apply extracted characteristics to our robots. Moreover, by using the robots which can show those series of expression and action, our research needs to find that people can feel like they are alive.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.286-298
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study is to determine potential associations among consumer preference for American beef, consumers' involvement in selection of desired beef, and their intentions to purchase beef. In order to meet the above purpose, this study surveyed the visitors who shopped at 2 big discount stores selected in each of 3 metropolitan cities(Seoul, Daejeon and Daegu) from July 11 to 13, 2008. Total 278 sheets of the questionnaire were collected and used for final data analysis. As a result, it was found that the consumers responded most sensitively to the safety of food when buying beef but didn't care much about the amount of fat and beef brand. In terms of imported beef, it was found that Australian beef was considered reliable by consumers, and their preference for Korean beef was positively correlated with that for Australian beef. In addition, in regard to the attributes of beef selection, it was found that low involvement group had higher intentions to purchase American beef than high involvement group. In order to determine the potential effects of consumers' involvement in the attributes of beef selection on their intentions to purchase American beef, this study conducted data analysis in control of consumer preference for American beef. As a result, it was found that consumers' involvement in the attributes of beef selection had significant effects on their intentions to buy American beef. And sex was found to be one of the demographic characteristics associated with involvement in the attributes of beef selection, particularly associated with low involvement. Depending on sex, it was found that women had lower preference for American beef than men.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.810-815
• /
• 2008

Improving quality is a very important component of maintaining competitiveness of agricultural products. However, evaluation of 'high quality' indicates it is a very abstract concept and independent of some quality attributes, leading to differences in the perception of quality. Thus, there is a pressing need to objectively define 'high quality' and to develop basic technologies for its measurement, for application in the production, storage and distribution of competitive agricultural products. To objectively quantify apple quality, a survey was conducted on consumer preferences and awareness of quality attributes including color, taste, flavor and shape. The survey questionnaire targeted male and female adults (463 persons) ranging in age from 20 to 59 years. The questionnaire was based on purchases made at a wholesale market (50.1%) or a traditional market (18.8%). The majority of purchases were as small packets (62.0%) or as individual pieces (20.5%). Apples of moderate size (fist size, 60.5%) were preferred over small (4.3%) or large (32.6%) apples. The questionnaire provided consumer data on external quality attributes including color, shape and variety. Taste attributes were evaluated in relation to the balance between sour and sweet taste, and flavors peculiar to apples.