• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the species of 117 wooden elements which were used in the Daewungjeon Hall (National Treasure No. 805, constructed in A. D. 1659) of Bukjijangsa Temple, Daegu, Korea. Pillars were identified as 5 red pines (hard pines; most likely, Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), 2 Cerris section of subgenus Lepidobalanus (deciduous oaks) and 3 Tsuga spp. Hwalju columns were 3 Abies spp. and 1 red pine. Head-penetrating ties were 8 red pines and 1 Cerris sp.; Pyeongbang, 3 red pines and 6 Cerris spp. Purlins were identified as 17 red pines, 16 Cerris spp. and 1 Tsuga sp. Angle rafters were 3 red pines and 1 Cerris sp., and end angle rafters, 2 red pines, 1 Zelkova serrata and 1 exotic hard pine. All of brackets (31 woods), jangyeo (4) and deot-chunyeo (2) were identified as red pines. As a whole, red pines (70.1%) and Cerris (22.2%) were major species used in the Daewungjeon Hall of Bukjijangsa Temple. Tsuga, Abies and exotic hard pines seem imported woods used for recent repairs.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.123-138
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• 2004

This study was to investigate the planting arrangement of ornamental trees and shrubs that leads to an appropriate, type of templescape. Temples sampled for this study were Woljonsa, Sineunsa, Sinreugsa and Mitasa which fall all under the category of the level land. The results obtained were as follows : Open space of Daewoongjeon in all temples, a main Sanctuary among temple buildings, where Buddha is enshrined in, we could not find any kinds of trees/shrubs to be planted. But tere were Acer mono, Acer planmatum, Crataegus pinnatifidam Raododendron poukhanense, Texus cuspidata and Buxus mincrophylla to be planted, before Jeokkwangjeon, in which Buddha is exceptionally enshrined. In Geugragjeon of both temples of Sinheunsa and Sinreugsa, and Elysium building and Muryangsujeon of Woljeongsa temple, an immeasurable bliss building, in which an Amitabha is enshrined. was Taxus cuspidata planted numerously found. Particularly, Josadang, Muryangsujeon and Samsungkag of Woljeongsa temple commonly had Sciadopiys verticillata, which is known as one of Japanese-favorite trees. Syinga oblata Lindaley was also observed at Jeokkwangjeon of Woljeongsa temple and Keungnakjon of Sinheungsa temple, and Vidurnun opulus var. calvesvens, a symbolic flower tree imaging Buddha's head, was planted in Myungboojeon of Sinheungsa temple and Keugnakjeon of Sinreugsa temple. Juniperus chinensis which could be observed in both temples Sinheunsa and Sinreugsa was well arranged enough to be easily captured by human's eyes. In terms of templescape that might be considered in templescape, the correlation between trees/shrubs and temple buildings was thoroughly discussed. And, with the results obtained through precise studies, we presented here in this paper newly designed model of templescape in level land buddhist temples which is possibly applied for planting and arrangement of trees or/and shrubs.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.18-31
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• 2014

This study aims at identifying of characteristics and types of the pigments used for Dancheong(surface decorative and protective pigments) of Yaksajeon Hall in Gwallyoungsa Temple using a Micro-XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS and thereafter, comparing it with the pigments of the wall painting in the same building and with Dancheong pigments of Daeungjeon Hall. The results can be briefly summarized as two points. First, different types of pigments for red, green and white colours had been applied based on different parts of the building and more than two different pigments had been mixed to produce various colours in so me parts. Second, scientific analysis has confirmed that raw minerals for each colour groups are: Cinnabar, minium and Hematite for red; white clay and oyster shell white($Al_2O_3{\cdot}SiO_2{\cdot}4H_2O$) for white; Atacamite and Celadonite for green; carbon(C) for black; Yellow Ocher for yellow; and Lazulite for blue. Comparative analysis of such result with that of the wall paintings and of Dancheong of Daeungjeon Hall has revealed that similar minerals had been used in overall except that several different pigments had been added or removed for making green, white and yellow colour groups in some parts. In conclusion, the result has displayed that painters had used different ways of producing pigments by a type of painting or a building within the same period or for the buildings in the same buddhist temple compound.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2013

In Korea, only a few wooden pagodas are extant because some wooden pagodas were lost due to artificial environment like war. Fortunately, only Eight Depictions Hall(Palsangjeon) in Beobjusa temple and main hall of Ssang-Bong Sa the main temple are extant. Though main hall of Ssang-Bong Sa the main temple shows old style in construction and outstanding creativity, survey and investigation for the hall have been poor. Accordingly, this study investigated pillar part, bracket structure part, and roof part composing pagoda body section which actively reflects structure and design skill compared to floor or upper part. And for better understanding, in the part that is similar to pagoda body section of main hall or needs examples, wooden pagoda in China or Japan was referred. Through this investigation, it was known that unique skill applied to main hall of Ssang-Bong Sa the main temple is based on plane in one room ${\times}$ one room - Ssang-Bong Sa the main temple has common form of wooden pagoda in appearance.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.405-412
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• 2006

Among the various problems involved in the structural analysis of the Korean traditional wooden structure, the analytical model for the Kong-Po is controversial subject as usual. While some experiments are tried for establishing the basis of analytical models, most of these experiments are performed using scale down specimens. So, it is not possible to apply these experimental results to structural analysis of Korean traditional wooden structure directly. A numerical study for analogizing the stiffness of full scale Kong-Po structure is performed on the basis of experimental specimen. Some parameter studies using finite element method are made in this study. The finite element analysis used in this study is geometric material nonlinear analysis. The stiffness of Kong-Po structure found out in this study can be used for modelling the joints of the Korean traditional wood structure in frame analysis.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.7-16
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to find framework schema of early J usimpo-style Buddhist halls (Geungnakjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple, Muryangsujeon Hall of Buseoksa Temple, and Daeungjeon Hall of Sudeoksa Temple). Though the halls are known as built in the late Goryeo Period, they show the influence of the architectural style of the early Unified Silla Period. To find the adopted modules and proportions of these halls, this study conceived a schematic diagram based on the whole frame structure taking reference from the Cai-Fen system in Yingzao Fashi. In these three halls, the heights of each cross-beam (Dori) are made up by the layers of member and member units. This study computes the values of Cai, Zhi, and Fen which can apply to both the section and the plan. The vertical section structure is determined by combining the standard member heights (Cai) and the standard unit heights (CaiZhi). The bays of columns are made by multiples of the standard member width (Fen).

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.35
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• pp.160-184
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• 2002

The composition analysis of mural pigments at Daeungjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple(Treasure No. 55) and ancient tomb with mural pigments in Goadong(Historic site No. 165) were carried out by XRF and MXRD. The analytical result showed that red pigments were Red Lead($Pb_3O_4$), Cinnabar(HgS) at Daeungjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple and Cinnabar(HgS) in Goadong. The main composition identified in white pigments were Lead Carbonate Hydroxide[$PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$]. Green pigments were basic copper chloride[Paratacamite $CuCl{\cdot}Cu(OH)_3$], celadonite[$K(Mg,Fe,Al)_2(Si, Al)_4O_{10}(OH)_2$] at Daeungjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple and were basic copper chloride or basic copper carbonate in Goadong. Therefore it proved that mural pigments painted in use the mineral materials.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.58
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• pp.119-136
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• 2001

This study aims to analyze the sources of restoring of Geungnakjeon(極樂殿) and creation of the buddhist mural paintings(後佛壁畵) of Muwisa(無爲寺) in Gangjin(康津). Muwisa Geungnakjeon was constructed in 1430(in the twelfth year of King Sejong's(世宗)reign). At that

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.71-75
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• 2010

In this study, we have assessed the fire risk of Buddhist temples located in Youngdong area by means of fire loads of components. First, we categorized the components into Buddhist temples (Dae-Ung-Jeon, Pal-Sang-Jeon), Sam-Seong-Gak (Chil-Seong-Gak, San-Sin-Gak), a Buddhist temple dormitory (Sim-Geom-Dang, Seol-Seon-Dang), Lu, Il-Ju-Mun and then carried out a field survey. Then, we examined the area of each room, types as well as quantity and dimension of combustibles. The fire loads calculated in this way were 446.96 $kg/m^2$ for Buddhist temples, 331.71 $kg/m^2$ for Sam-Seong-Gak, 164.14 $kg/m^2$ for the Buddhist temple dormitory, 463.91 $kg/m^2$ for Lu and 1042.14 $kg/m^2$ for Il-Ju-Mun, thus showing Il-Ju-Mun with the biggest fire load. We speculate that this is because construction materials were similar in size and quantity to others albeit the area of Il-Ju-Mun is smallest.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.136-141
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• 2007

The UNESCO`s earth science division has developed the geoparks program to recognize earth scientific heritage sites worldwide. To respond to this movement, I suggest Byeonsanbando National Park (BNP) as the first geopark in Korea and provide, at the same time, a line of evidence supporting the designation of geopark. BNP has the best qualifications with geological, geomorphological, ecological, and cultural resources. In Chaeseokgang and Jeokbyukgang, there are many geological and geomorphological resources attracting the scientific importance. In addition, BNP has a total of 844 species of wild plants and 550 species of wild animals. Cultural properties abound in BNP, including Koryo bronze bell of Naesosa and Taeungjon hall of Kaeamsa. To be designated a geopark by UNESCO, a management plan of geotourism will be required in addition to the geological, geomorphological, ecological and cultural resources, which should be prepared by the Korea National Parks Service and related local government authority. If the above-mentioned conditions are met completely, Korea would enter the global network of geoparks for the first time.