• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.107-124
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• 2023

As getting in 4th Industrial Revolution Times, Continuing Education Enrolled Students(CEES) trying to find loophole for jepordized current life and need job transfer have surged their interest significantly on starting new business to bring up their post career after retirement through self-improvement. Government and university have actively initiated diverse policies of promoting startup for CEES in kicking off entrepreneurship courses and programs. However, relevant main policy, 'The 2nd University Startup Education Five-Year Plan (draft)' have too chiefly focused on theoretical start-up education rather than practical courses, causing the problem of inappropriate support for implementing real startup and business (Ministry of Education, 2018). This study is brought to empirically investigate the effect of self-efficacy as perspective of the impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention and behavior to come up with problem of poor entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurship education to CEES. As to empirical research, this paper deliver on-line survey to CEES from September to October 2022, collect 207 effective feedbacks, In order to verify the reliability of the scale, the Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient (Cronbach's α) was calculated, analyzed, and measured. For hypothesis test, this paper utilize the multiple regression analysis statistical analysis method and use the SPSS 22.0 statistical processing program. Empirical results show, first, it was found that self-efficacy had a significant effect on start-up education. Second, start-up education had a significant effect on the intention to start a business of adult learners. Third, start-up education had a significant effect on the start-up behavior of adult learners. Fourth, self-efficacy had a significant effect on the intention of adult learners to start a business. Fifth, self-efficacy had a significant effect on the start-up behavior of adult learners. Sixth, self-efficacy had a mediating effect in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and adult learners' intention to start a business. Seventh, self-efficacy had a complete mediating effect in the relationship between start-up education and adult learners' start-up behavior. This paper is brought three significant implications. First, main consideration developing entrepreneurship education tools for CEES need to falls on defining potential needs of CEES as segmenting as to coming up with diversity of CEES's characteristics such as gender, age, experience, education, and occupation. Second, as to design specific entrepreneurship education program, both practical training program of utilizing CEES's career field experience benchmarking best practice startup and venture cases from domestic and global, and professional startup program of CEES initiating directly startup from ideation to develop business plan with pitching and discussing. Third, entrepreneurship education for CEES should be designed to incubate self-efficacy to enhance entrepreneurial intention of implementing entrepreneurial behavior as a real, eventually leading solid support system of self-improvement for CEES' Retirement life planning.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.141-158
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• 2023

From the perspective of an entrepreneur, one of the most important factors for understanding the inherent limitations of a startup, reducing the risk of failure, and succeeding is the composition of the talent, that is, the founding team. Therefore, a common concern experienced by entrepreneurs in the pre-entrepreneurship stage or the early stage of startup is the choice between independent startups and co-founding start-up. Nonetheless, in Korea, the share of independent entrepreneurship is significantly higher than that of co-founding start-up. On the other hand, focusing on the fact that many successful global innovative companies are in the form of co-founding start-up, the success factors of co-founding start-up were examined. Most of the related preceding studies are studies that identify the capabilities and characteristics of individual entrepreneurs as factors influencing the survival and success of entrepreneurship, and there is a lack of research on partnerships, that is, co-founding start-up, which are common in the field of entrepreneurship ecosystems. Therefore, this study attempted a multi-case study through in-depth interviews, collection of relevant data, analysis of contextual information, and consideration of previous studies targeting co-founders of domestic startups that succeeded in opportunistic startups. Through this, a model for deriving the phased characteristics and key success factors of co-founding start-up was proposed. As a result of the study, the key element of the preliminary start-up stage was 'opportunity', and the success factors were 'opportunity recognition through entrepreneur's experience' and 'idea development'. The key element in the early stages of start-up is "start-up team," and the success factor is "trust and complement of start-up team," and synergy is shown when "diversity and homogeneity of start-up team" are harmonized. In addition, conflicts between co-founders may occur in the early stages of start-ups, which has a large impact on the survival of start-ups. The conflict between the start-up team could be overcome through constant "mutual understanding and respect through communication" and "clear division of work and role sharing." It was confirmed that the core element of the start-up growth stage was 'resources', and 'securing excellent talent' and 'raising external funds' were important factors for success. These results are expected to overcome the limitations of start-up companies, such as limited resources, lack of experience, and risk of failure, in entrepreneurship studies, and prospective entrepreneurs preparing for a start-up in a situation where the form of co-founding start-up is attracting attention as one of the alternatives to increase the success rate. It has implications for various stakeholders in the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.91-110
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• 2024

In this study, we compared and analyzed the influence of self-leadership on innovative behavior and the mediating effect of job satisfaction among R&D practitioners in manufacturing and information communication technology (ICT) industries. To accomplish this, we conducted an online survey using random sampling methods and collected data from 209 respondents. We employed exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and mediation analysis using SPSS 20.0 software to analyze the data and to compare differences between the manufacturing and ICT sectors. The research findings are as follows: Firstly, both in manufacturing and ICT sectors, self-leadership showed significant positive correlations with job satisfaction and innovative behavior. Secondly, in the analysis of the impact of self-leadership on innovative behavior, in the manufacturing sector, only natural reward strategy and constructive thought strategy showed significant positive effects, while in the ICT sector, behavioral-oriented strategy, natural reward strategy, and constructive thought strategy all showed significant positive effects. Thirdly, in the analysis of the impact of self-leadership on job satisfaction, in the manufacturing sector, only natural reward strategy and constructive thought strategy showed significant positive effects, while in the ICT sector, behavioral-oriented strategy and natural reward strategy showed significant positive effects. Fourthly, in the analysis of the impact of job satisfaction on innovative behavior, significant positive effects were observed in both manufacturing and ICT sectors, with manufacturing sector having relatively greater impact than ICT sector. Lastly, the results of the analysis on the mediating effect of job satisfaction indicate that in the manufacturing sector, only a constructive thinking strategy significantly influences, showing partial mediating effects. However, in the ICT sector, no mediating effects of job satisfaction were observed for any sub-factors of self-leadership. These research findings highlight differences in the mechanisms of action of self-leadership on innovative behavior and its mediating effects between the manufacturing and ICT sectors. Furthermore, the results suggest the importance of improving organizational strategies and culture towards promoting leadership, job design, and job satisfaction, considering the characteristics of each industry and research and development organization.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.384-395
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• 2023

Since transpiration plays a key role in optimal irrigation management, knowledge of the irrigation demand of crops like tomatoes, which are highly susceptible to water stress, is necessary. One way to determine irrigation demand is to measure transpiration, which is affected by environmental factor or growth stage. This study aimed to estimate the transpiration amount of tomatoes and find a suitable model using mathematical and deep learning models using minute-by-minute data. Pearson correlation revealed that observed environmental variables significantly correlate with crop transpiration. Inside air temperature and outside radiation positively correlated with transpiration, while humidity showed a negative correlation. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Polynomial Regression model, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Long short-term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) models were built and compared their accuracies. All models showed potential in estimating transpiration with R² values ranging from 0.770 to 0.948 and RMSE of 0.495 mm/min to 1.038 mm/min in the test dataset. Deep learning models outperformed the mathematical models; the GRU demonstrated the best performance in the test data with 0.948 R² and 0.495 mm/min RMSE. The LSTM and ANN closely followed with R² values of 0.946 and 0.944, respectively, and RMSE of 0.504 m/min and 0.511, respectively. The GRU model exhibited superior performance in short-term forecasts while LSTM for long-term but requires verification using a large dataset. Compared to the FAO56 Penman-Monteith (PM) equation, PM has a lower RMSE of 0.598 mm/min than MLR and Polynomial models degrees 2 and 3 but performed least among all models in capturing variability in transpiration. Therefore, this study recommended GRU and LSTM models for short-term estimation of tomato transpiration in greenhouses.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.35-48
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• 2024

This study analyzed the value empathy of environmentally sustainable fashion products, encompassing environmental, economic, and social values, drawing from existing literature. We sought to verify the relationship between empathic value and the likability and purchase intention towards these products. To validate these relationships, we formulated research hypotheses and conducted an online survey targeting female college students residing in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, who have experience purchasing environmentally sustainable fashion products. The survey was conducted from August 10th to August 20th, 2023, with a total distribution of 352 questionnaires. Among the collected responses, 313 valid responses were utilized for data analysis. The collected survey data underwent frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability and validity analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 26.0 software. The analysis yielded the following results. First, the empathy value of environmentally sustainable fashion products was classified into environmental protection values, economic values, and social values. Second, the economic and social values of environmentally sustainable fashion products were found to have a positive effect on favorability. Third, it was found that the environmental protection value and social value of environmentally sustainable fashion products had a positive effect on purchase intention. Fourth, it was found that Chinese female college students' favorability toward environmentally sustainable fashion products had a positive effect on their purchase intention. Based on these results, it is judged that companies need to emphasize the characteristics of products such as environmental protective value, economic value, and social value in order to promote consumers' purchase of environmentally sustainable fashion products. The purpose of this study is to help develop marketing strategies for environmentally sustainable fashion products by providing basic data, development ideas, and methods useful for environmentally sustainable fashion-related industries and companies by analyzing the relationship between empathy value, favorability, and purchase intention.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 1999

Purpose : The hospice movement began about 30 years ago in Korea. However, basic studies have seldom been conducted about the general public's knowledge concerning hospice care and their needs for it. The purpose of this study was to investigate the general public's knowledge of and attitude toward hospice, and their needs for hospice care, and to analyze the needs for hospice care in relation to their knowledge and attitude in residents from a specific community. Methods : The survey was conducted with 924 people randomly selected from a district in Seoul. The data were collected through a self-reporting questionnaire constructed by the authors. With 30 items given in the questionnaire, the level of hospice needs showed Cronbach's alpha .89 in a pilot study and .92 in this study and the items were classified into four areas by a factor analysis. The data collected were analyzed by means of t-test and ANOVA. Results : 1) The average age of the respondents was 38. The majority of the respondents were well-educated. 2) Regarding awareness of hospice care, 54%(501 people) indicated they have heard of hospice. About 74% thought that people should be able to prepare for death in advance. About 83% wanted to be informed when they have life threatening illnesses such as terminal cancer. Also, about 63% responded that patients with terminal diseases should be provided with physical, spiritual, and psychological care for minimizing pain and peaceful death. Regarding the attitude toward hospice care, 74% responded that they would use hospice care if needed. The number of the respondents who preferred home visitation by the hospice team to care for the terminally ill ranked first with 34%. Concerning needs for hospice care : 1) By needs area, physical need showed highest mean(M=4.37), followed by social need(M=3.96), emotional need(M=3.87), and the spiritual need(M=3.79). The overall need level showed the mean value of 4.00 which reflects a considerable need for hospice care. 2) By demographic characteristics, people age over 50, the married, and the unemployed indicated higher level of needs for hospice care. Women showed higher level of needs than did men, and Catholics demonstrated higher level of needs than believers of other religion(P<0.0001). 3) As for the knowledge of and attitude toward hospice rare, the level of hospice care needs was significantly higher in the following groups: those who have heard of hospice, those who are aware of death preparation, those who want information on terminal diseases, those who want to use every method to sustain life, and those who are aware of hospice needs(P<0.001). Conclusion : It is assumed that the findings of this study on the knowledge, attitude, and needs for hospice care in the public can contribute to planning a successful hospice care program. Furthermore, the findings of this study will serve as useful data for the promotion of home hospice care to improve the quality of life of community residents, and contribute to the development of hospice care as a whole.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to assess the mechanical stability and alignment of the patient positioning system (PPS) of Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion(LGK PFX). The alignment of the PPS of the LGK PFX was evaluated through measurements of the deviation of the coincidence of the Radiological Focus Point(RFP) and the PPS Calibration Center Point(CCP) applying different weights on the couch(0, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 kg). In measurements, a service diode test tool with three diode detectors being used biannually at the time of the routine preventive maintenance was used. The test conducted with varying weights on the PPS using the service diode test tool measured the radial deviations for all three collimators 4, 8, and 16 mm and also for three different positions of the PPS. In order to evaluate the alignment of the PPS, the radial deviations of the correspondence of the radiation focus and the LGK calibration center point of multiple beams were averaged using the calibrated service diode test tool at three university hospitals in Busan and Gyeongnam. Looking at the center diode for all collimators 4, 8, and 16 mm without weight on the PPS, and examining the short and long diodes for the 4 mm collimator, the means of the validation difference, i.e., the radial deviation for the setting of 4, 8, and 16 mm collimators for the center diode were respectively measured to 0.058 ± 0.023, 0.079 ± 0.023, and 0.097 ± 0.049 mm, and when the 4 mm collimator was applied to the center diode, the short diode, and the long diode, the average of the radial deviation was respectively 0.058 ± 0.023, 0.078 ± 0.01 and 0.070 ± 0.023 mm. The average of the radial deviations when irradiating 8 and 16 mm collimators on short and long diodes without weight are measured to 0.07 ± 0.003(8 mm sd), 0.153 ± 0.002 mm(16 mm sd) and 0.031 ± 0.014(8 mm ld), 0.175 ± 0.01 mm(16 mm ld) respectively. When various weights of 50 to 90 kg are placed on the PPS, the average of radial deviation when irradiated to the center diode for 4, 8, and 16 mm is 0.061 ± 0.041 to 0.075 ± 0.015, 0.023 ± 0.004 to 0.034 ± 0.003, and 0.158 ± 0.08 to 0.17 ± 0.043 mm, respectively. In addition, in the same situation, when the short diode for 4, 8, and 16 mm was irradiated, the averages of radial deviations were 0.063 ± 0.024 to 0.07 ± 0.017, 0.037 ± 0.006 to 0.059 ± 0.001, and 0.154 ± 0.03 to 0.165 ± 0.07 mm, respectively. In addition, when irradiated on long diode for 4, 8, and 16 mm, the averages of radial deviations were measured to be 0.102 ± 0.029 to 0.124 ± 0.036, 0.035 ± 0.004 to 0.054 ± 0.02, and 0.183 ± 0.092 to 0.202 ± 0.012 mm, respectively. It was confirmed that all the verification results performed were in accordance with the manufacturer's allowable deviation criteria. It was found that weight dependence was negligible as a result of measuring the alignment according to various weights placed on the PPS that mimics the actual treatment environment. In particular, no further adjustment or recalibration of the PPS was required during the verification. It has been confirmed that the verification test of the PPS according to various weights is suitable for normal Quality Assurance of LGK PFX.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.24 no.3 s.35
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• pp.363-372
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• 1991

We used the health screening data of some rural and urban residents to examine the cross-sectional association between leukocyte count and hypertension. The 206 male and 203 female rural residents were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method in Kyungsan-Kun area of Kyungbuk province in 1985 and 600 urban residents were selected by the same sampling method as the rural residents in Daegu city of the same province in 1986 compatible with age-sex distribution of Daegu city of 1985 census, but of whom 384 actually responded. The rest of 600 were replaced by age and sex with those who were members of the medical insurance plan visiting the health management department of the university hospital to get the biannual preventive medical checkups. Excluded in the analysis were those having hypertensive history, diseases and extreme outlying values of the screening tests, leaving 373 rural and 571 urban residents. Leukocyte count was measured with ELT-8 Laser shadow method and the unit $cells/mm^3$, Blood pressures were determined with an aneroid sphygmomanometer with pre-standardized method and hypertensives were defined as those showing systolic blood pressure more than 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure more than 90mmHg. Total residents pooled (N=944) showed a significant difference between hypertensives and normotensives ($6965.93{\pm}1997.01\;vs\;6490.61{\pm}1941.32,\;P=0.00$) and in rural residents was noted the similar significant difference (P=0.03). None of significant differences were noted in any stratum stratified by residency and sex. Compared to the lowest quintile of WBC, 2/5 quintile showed odds ratio 0.99 (95% Confidence interval, Ci 0.62-1.59), 3/5 quintile 1.41 (95% CI 0.90-2.21), 4/5 quintile 1.76 (95% CI. 1.14-2.72), and highest quintile 1.80 (1.15-2.82) in the total residents. Likelihood ratio test for linear trend for it indicated a significant trend ($X^2_{trend}=5.53,\;df=1,\;P<0.05$). There were no other significant odds ratios compared to the lowest quintile of WBC in strata stratified by residency and sex. The odds ratios in total residents which had showed significant odds ratios became nonsignificant and of reduced magnitude after controlling age, frequency of smoking and drinking with multiple logistic. regression. In each stratum, it changed magnitudes of odds ratios slightly and unstably. None of the trend tests showed any significant trend. These results suggest that the Friedman et al's finding of association between leukocyte count and hypertension may be due to an statistical type I error resulting from the data dredging in an exploratory study, in which more than 800 variables were screened as possible predictors of hypertension.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.212-224
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• 1989

This paper reports results of an investigation to determine properties of superplasticizered fly ash concrete. The mixture proportions of fly ash were 0, 10, 20 and 30%, by weight of cement, and superplasticizer was added as a percentage of fly ash, 0, 0.6, 12 and 1.8%. To investigate the effective use of the superplasticized fly ash concrete, the basic data were analyzed. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. The unit water content was decreased by 1%, 6% and increased by 2% to the ratio of addition of fly ash 10%, 20%, 30%, respectively, but in case of the superplasticized fly ash concrete, it was decreased by 3~16%, 4~14% and 10~17%, at 0.6, 12, and 1.8% dosage of superplasticizer, respectively. 2. In the properties of the fresh fly ash concrete, the slump loss was reduced with the ratio of replacement of fly ash increased, and with times went by. When using superplasticizer in fly ash substituting concrete, the fludity in the concrete was not decreased. 3. The compressive strength of fly ash concrete at early ages was lower than that of ordinary concrete. At the later age of 28 days, the compressive strength with 20% addition of fly ash was increased than that of ordinary concrete. In cased of 10%, 30% addition of fly ash, the compressive strength were reduced. From this, it was proved that the optimum amount of fly ash appears to be about 20%. The compressive strength at all ages of superplasticized fly ash concrete was significantly higher than that of fly ash concrete, with increasing fly ash content. 4. In case of the tensile strength, the effects of the increasing strength with the ages were similar to those of the compressive strtength, and at the later ages was seen a decreasing tendency of strengths. 5. The correlation between compressive and tensile strength of superplasticized fly ash concrete was highly significant. The multiple regression equations of compressive and tensile strength were obtained on a function of the mixture proportion of fly ash and the addition of superplasticizer. The relation between compressive and tensile strength is higher than for ordinary concrete. The strength ratio is 7~11, and it is higher than that of ordinary concrete, 8~10. 6. Bulk density was decreased by 1~3% compared with ordinary concrete with the mixture proportion of fly ash increased, 10~30%, and decreased by 1~2% with the superplasticizer added 0.6~1.8%.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.320-333
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• 2001

Background : Peak expiratory flow (PEF) provides a simple, quantitative, and reproducible measure of the existence and severity of airflow obstructions. Peak flow meters are designed to monitor the condition asthma patients. There are many reports showing the normal predicted value of PEF in other countries. Studies on healthy Korean adults have been performed in a relatively small sample number and a lower limit for the normal value was not reported. Therefore, an attempt to provide normal predictive PEF value with a lower limit was made. Method : The PEF(Mini-Wright Peak Flow Meter) measurements and spirometry were done in 233 men and 631 women without history of respiratory disease. All subjects were non-smokers with no respiratory symptoms. The normal predictive value and its lower limit were developed by multiple regression analysis. The result was compared with regression equations in other reports. Results : The regression equation for the normal PEF predictive value(L/min) is $25.117+4.587{\times}$Age(year)-$0.064{\times}Age^2+2.931{\times}$Height(cm) in men($R^2=025$), and 146.942-$0.011{\times}Age^2+1.795{\times}$Height(cm)+$0.836{\times}$Weight(kg) in women($R^2=0.21$). The regression equation for the lower limit of this value (L/min) is $25.117+4.587{\times}$Age(year)-$0.064{\times}Age^2+1.936{\times}$Height(cm) in men, and $146.942-0.011{\times}Age^2+1.232{\times}$Height(cm)+$0.481{\times}$Weight(kg) in women. The residuals were normally distributed. The PEF in Korean males was sililar to those reported in British and Japanese subjects. The PEF in Korean females was similar to that in British subjects, but higher than the PEF in Japanese subjects. The lower limit of normal value was 71% of normal predictive PEF value in men and 76% in women. Conclusion : The normal predictive PEF value and its lower limit was measured from 233 male and 631 female asymptomatic, lifelong non-smoking participants. The normal predictive value was different from those of other studies on Korean subjects. Therefore, further studies are required.