• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.75-102
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• 2006

Three experiments were conducted using a verification task to examine good and poor readers' generation of causal inferences(with because sentences) and contrastive inferences(with although sentences). The unfamiliar, critical verification statement was either explicitly mentioned or was implied. In Experiment 1, both good and poor readers responded accurately to the critical statement, suggesting that both groups had the linguistic knowledge necessary to the required inferences. Differences were found, however, in the groups' verification latencies. Poor, but not good, readers responded faster to explicit than to implicit verification statements for both because and although sentences. In Experiment 2, poor readers were induced to generate causal inferences for the because experimental sentences by including fillers that were apparently counterfactual unless a causal inference was made. In Experiment 3, poor readers were induced to generate contrastive inferences for the although sentences by including fillers that could only be resolved by making a contrastive inference. Verification latencies for the critical statements showed that poor readers made causal inferences in Experiment 2 and contrastive inferences in Experiment 3 doting comprehension. These results were discussed in terms of context effect: Specific encoding operations performed on anomaly backgrounded in another passage would form part of the context that guides the ongoing activity in processing potentially relevant subsequent text.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.364-388
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• 1995

Even though rarely recognized as a separate approach, the institutional approach in geography is defined as an attempt to seek an explanation of the phenomena of geographical interest through focusing on the effects of institutional structure and actions. It can provide interdisciplinary links with other works and can offer complementary explanations for geographical interests. The concerns for institutions in geography can be found in early studies, the study of the state, the managerial approach, and the regulation approach. The Korean financial systems can provide good examples to apply institutional concepts into creating spatial outcomes, as it has been regarded as a useful tool to promote Korean economic development. Behind the current spatial pattern of financial systems, four different stages of institutional changes are identified in Korea. Each stage has different institutional features reflecting unique spatial implication.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.39
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• pp.413-450
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• 2015

Although cartoons have been recognized for their great potential and value, they have failed to bloom in Korea. This is because wrong perception and irregular distribution of cartoons have been repeated for the last several years. Presently, however, cartoons are escaping from chronic problems they have had for long and welcoming splendid chances now. From the mid- and late-1990's, there have been large-scale events having cartoons as their theme, and social recognition on cartoons is becoming more and more positive. Their contents are diversified, readers are increased, and they are escaping from stereotypes through harmony with other media. Lately, either large or small exhibitions for cartoons are being planned, and Korean cartoons are going overseas and producing exhibitions there. Particularly, visitors' appreciative eye is getting keener, and they begin to see them not as a genre underestimated as low culture like in the past but as a kind of art on which independent research is being actively conducted. One of the biggest factors that have allowed cartoons to be positioned as visual art is the form of exhibitions that combine them with other genres artistically. Especially the cartoon exhibitions being held these days are aggressively introducing various elements of the cartoon genre through the medium of exhibitions not just as a mere tool of seeing to help understand cartoon writers or works. The genre of cartoons is now regarded as an active subject that can reflect its own unique essence in this rapidly changing cultural environment and extend the range of it itself. The latest cartoon exhibitions are characterized by trans-genre and complex aspects in terms of their direction or organization according to the contents, space, or theme. This trend of cartoon exhibitions implies that they are subdividing, analyzing, and planning various factors not in a horizontal way that was centered around image as in the past. It means that cartoon exhibitions are evolving as a form of mobilizing, combining, and reproducing various methods. Although a number of cartoon exhibitions are being held with a variety of themes, there is still lack of research on cartoon exhibitions concerning their forms and contents. Therefore, this researcher sees cartoon exhibitions as a factor that allows cartoons to escape from negative recognition and examines various cartoon exhibitions, from Seoul International Cartoon Animation Festival to the ones that are recently held, to figure out the meaning of Korean cartoon exhibitions. Furthermore, this researcher will find out the factors of planning and popularity in international exhibitions or personal cartoon exhibitions being presently held and figure out new directions and potentials for Korean cartoon exhibitions based on that. To meet the needs of visitors whose expectations have become even higher, it is needed to try not just previous methods but experimental and original planning as well constantly. To realize that, it is necessary to keep providing a field of opportunity where cartoon works, cartoon writers, and visitors can communicate as in an exhibition. It is expected that this study will trigger research on cartoon exhibitions to be performed multilaterally and produce new discourse on cartoon exhibitions afterwards.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.167-180
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• 1997

79 surgically managed mandibular condylar fracture patients included the 25 patients treated with Dr, Nam's method were analysed the postoperative resluts in Oral and Maxillofcial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University since 1993 to 1995. Mean patient's age is 32.5 years (range, 8 to 65 years), and follow-up periods were a minimum of 3 months to 28 months. 19% condylar fractures were associated with mostly symphysis portion. According to the patient's age, severity of condylar fractures, clinical signs and symptoms, radiographic findings, treatmenet plans had been performed. Rigid fixation have performed greatly, and then fragment removal of fractured mesial pole of proximal segment of the condylar and little cases of reshaping and eminoplasty and lag screw have been applied. Two cases of the both condylar resorption and deviated condyle posteriorly in Dr. Nam's method. None of infection or necrosis signs of treated condyle surgically. In my opinion, whenever possible, displaced condylar fracture can be managed surgically with rigid fixation, but not Dr. Nam's method. Usually if perform the surgical management of condylar fractures you should maintain maxillomandibular fixation for 2 weeks, or more and has to follow-up functional mandibular exercise should be kept continuously.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.55-64
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• 1993

The experiment was conducted to compare the effects of supplements of copper, vitamin I and selenium on growth and immune responses of broiler chicks fed cornsoy diets. The basal diet contained 21% crude protein, 2,800 kcal ME, 10 mg Vitamin E, 10 mg copper and 0.1 mg selenium per kg diet. Additions of the basal diet were copper (150mg and 250 mg/kg) or combination of vitamin I(200 mg/kg) and selenium(2 mg/kg). Serum immunoglobulin G(IgG) concentrations and body weight gain were determined weekly from hatching to 7 weeks of age. Additions of copper(150mg, 250mg) to the basal diet were showed, at the four weeks of age, 4.8% and 4.5% higher in body weight gain than that of control group, respectively. The active immune system of copper and (Vit. E＋Se) treated groups developed one week earlier than control group(basal diet). Negative correlation between IgG concentration and body weight gain was showed at the period from hatching to three weeks of age and, thereafter, positive correlation were identified (p＜0.01). Mortality rates were observed lower in all treated groups than that of control. In conclusion, the lower the levels of serum IgG, at the first two weeks of age, the lower in disease Infection and the higher in body weight gain.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.808-820
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• 2014

In this paper, we fabricated two on-wafer type DUT(Device-Under-Test)s; a 10-dB attenuator and an amplifier using commercially available MMIC and we proposed the measurement method of the noise parameters for the two fabricated DUTs. Since the 10-dB attenuator DUT is a passive device, its noise parameters can be accurately determined when its S-parameters are measured. In the case of the amplifier DUT, its noise parameters are available in the datasheet. Hence, the measured noise parameters using the proposed method can be assessed by comparing with the known noise parameters. The noise parameter measurement method having been presented by the authors requires the S-parameters of the 8-port network used in the measurement and limited to coaxial type DUTs. When on-wafer probes are included in the 8-port network, the 8-port S-parameters requires the measurements with different kinds of connectors. In this paper, we obtained the 8-port S-parameters using the Smart-Cal function in the network analyzer. The measured noise parameters shows about ${\pm}0.2dB$ fluctuations for $NF_{min}$. Other noise parameters with the frequency change show good agreement with the expected results.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.101-118
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• 2014

In the mid-2000s, Web 2.0 appears and is becoming a general cultural code with the keyword of participation, sharing, and openness. Web 2.0, in which consumption is being transformed by the participatory web culture, has evolved. However, associated with the evolution of Web 2.0, several significant concerns appears in a society. Among them, this study will focuses on the cyber-ethics issues. There are limitations to solve the cyber-ethics problems only in the technical and legal approaches. Therefore, the current article intends to consider comprehensively the antecedents of cyber-ethics such as individual characteristics, social influence, and cultural characteristics. Specifically, (1) Do individual characteristics(i.e., self-efficacy, locus of control) affect cyber-ethics in the Web 2.0 environment?, (2) Do social influence(i.e., subjective norm) have an effect on cyber-ethics?, (3) Do cyber -ethics have an impact on user participation in the Web 2.0 services(i.e., retrieval and creation)?, finally (4) Do international cultural difference have a moderation effect on the relationship between cyber-ethics and user participation? For testing empirically the hypothesized research model, this study collected questionnaires in South Korea as well as U.S.A. The results showed that individual characteristics and social influence affect cyber-ethics toward user's creative activities in Web 2.0 sites.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2014

This study is to reclassify the classifications or definitions of scientific literacy in scientific literacy researches since 1960s and grasp the classification trends of scientific literacy definitions. Sixteen articles have been selected among the articles that have been introduced in the two articles. Classification criteria are as follows: 1) "be learned," "competence," or "be able to function in society" as meanings of "literate," 2) "terms" or "description" as the ways of representing scientific literacy, 3) "singular structure," "hierarchical structure," or "parallel structure" as the inner structure of scientific literacy definitions. The results of this study are as follows: First, hierarchical structures in scientific literacy have almost always accompanied "terms" representing scientific literacy and also accepted the hierarchy between "be learned" and "competence," but not the definition of scientific literacy as functioning in society. All parallel structures in scientific literacy have accompanied the definition as functioning in society. And singular structure almost always appears in researches based on the views of scientific literacy in relatively recent times. Second, researches who have used "terms" as ways of representing scientific literacy have increased. Based on the results in this study, the meanings of scientific literacy have been emphasized in view of the ability of playing a role in a social context as well as learning and competence these days. To meet this movement in scientific literacy actively, science education community should get out of traditional teaching and learning scientific concepts and give emphasis on application in various context and social role of science learners.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1654-1661
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• 2011

We investigated the effect of Angelica keiskei ethanol (AKE) extract on cell death in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in the presence 125, 150 and 175 ${\mu}g$/mL concentrations of AKE for 24 hours. MTT assays demonstrated that mitochondrial dehydrogenase activities decreased in a dose-dependent manner in MDA-MB-231 cells (p<0.05). In contrast, the proportion of dual staining with Hoechst 33342/ethidium bromide(EtBr) for cell death increased in a dose-dependent manner in MDA-MB-231 cells (p<0.05). In particular, the levels of cell death caused by apoptotic program showed marked increases in the 150 and 175 ${\mu}g$/mL AKE groups, as revealed by flow cytometry. An apoptotic suppressor gene, Bcl-2, significantly decreased at the transcript level (p<0.05). The expression levels of proapoptotic genes, both Bax and caspase 3 significantly increased (p<0.05). Furthermore, the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax mRNA which is considered to be an important indicator of apoptosis, significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). These results taken together indicate that, the AKE extract used in this study induces cell death in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.141-163
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• 2011

The advancement of information technologies including the Internet has affected the way of social information processing as well as brought about the paradigm shift to the information society. Accordingly, it is very important to study the process of social information processing over the digital media through which social information is generated, distributed, and led to social consensus. In this study, we analyze the mechanism of social information processing, identify a process model of social consensus and institutionalization of the results, and finally propose a set of information processing characteristics on the internet media. We deploy the ethnographic approach to analyze the meaning of group behavior in the context of society to analyze two major events which happened in Korean society. The formation process of social consensus is found to consist of 5 steps: suggestion of social issues, selective reflection on public opinion, acceptance of the issues and diffusion, social consensus, and institutionalization and feedback. The key characteristics of information processing in the Internet is grouped into proactive response to an event, the changes in the role of opinion leader, the flexibility of proposal and analysis, greater scalability, relevance to consensus making, institutionalization and interaction. This study contributes to the literature by proposing a process model of social information processing which can be used as the basis for analyzing the social consensus making process from the social network perspective. In addition, this study suggests a new perspective where the utility of the Internet media can be understood from the social information processing so that other disciplines including politics, communications, and management can improve the decision making performance in utilizing the Internet media.