• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.242-252
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• 2021

Objectives: This study examined the current status of depression and related factors among children using community child center. Methods: A cross-sectional study selected children in grades 4-6 who used the Gwangju and Jeollanamdo community child center (n=224) using a convenience sampling method. General characteristics, family characteristics, children's emotional characteristics, children's school life environment and depression status were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire. Results: The average score of depression among children using community child center was 15.31±7.70 out of a total of 27. Fifty-eight (25.9%) children had depression above 22 points. Variables related to children's depression were shown as grade, subjective economic level awareness, after-school activities excluding local children's centers, presence of family members after school, and family structure. Conclusions: The depression prevalence of children using community child center was higher. Policy support such as children's psychological support programs would be needed to reduce children's depression, and community child centers are expected to be effective in reducing children's depression if continuous child psychological support services are developed for children's mental health.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.3
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• pp.113-113
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• 1992

• Journal of the Korean Physical Therapy Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 1989

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.167-173
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• 2018

The aim of the study is to examine the effects of the peer relationship promotion convergence program on self-esteem and sociality of children using a community child center. A nonequivalent control group pre-post design was used. Participants were 52 children (experimental group=26, control group=26), 4-6th grade in elementary school from 5 rural community child center. The experimental group participated in 12 sessions of the program for 50 min, once a week. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, a chi-square test, and an independent t-test using SPSS WIN 21.0 program. After completion of the program, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in self-esteem(t=2.43, p=.018) and sociality (t=2.03, p=.047) compared to the control group. The result shows that the program is beneficial for improving self-esteem and sociality of low-income, school-age children. Therefore, the program is recommended the intervention for improvement of self-concept and sociality of children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 1979

성장발육하는 시기에 영양과 성장하는 아동들의 체위와는 밀접한 관계가 있고 또한 영양부족과 그로 말미암아 자라나는 이학적 소견과도 불가분의 관계가 있기 때문에 그동안 우리나라에서 부분적, 단편적으로 연구 발표된 문헌을 중심으로 그를 검토 고찰하여 보았다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 우리나라 아동들이 출생후 6개월까지는 주로 모유에 의존하고, 약간이 인공영양에 의존하고 있는데, 이 시기에는 다른 선진제국의 어린이들의 성장발육과의 별 차이가 없었다. 그러나 이유기인 $6{\sim}30$개월 사이에는 우리나라 어머니들의 이유에 대한 지식이 빈약하고 이들 음식물을 그대로 아기들에게 적용하기 힘든 이유등으로 아이들에게 보급해서 주는 음식물이 빈약함으로 말미암아 다른 선진제국 아이들에 비해서 이 시기에 체위가 많이 떨어지고 빈혈현상을 나타내는 것을 볼 수 있다. 이때 고양군에서 농민의 아동들에 대해서 시행한 영양조사 내용을 보면, 전체 칼로리도 부족되고 특히 단백질, 철분, 칼슘, 비타민 A, B복합제가 전반적으로 부족되는 것을 알았다. 이는 어머니들의 육아와 이유식에 대한 지식의 결집도 중요한 역할을 했겠거니와 더욱더 중요한것은 우리나라 어른들의 식습관이, 민족적 전통적으로 짜고, 매웁고, 딱딱해서 이를 아기들에게 그대로 적응해서 먹이기가 힘든 것도 더 중요한 이유가 된다. 어른들을 위한 음식물에도 맵지 않고, 짜지 않으며, 아기들도 즐겨 먹을 수 있는 유동식 혹은 반유동식으로 된 영양가치가 좋은 음식물을 발전시켜 애용하도록 하는 것이 민족적인 긴급한 과제라고 하겠다. 그렇지 않으면 선진제국 모양으로 이유기에 있는 아이들을 위해서 아이들이 즐겨 먹을 수 있는 이유식을 크게 발전시켜서 이유기의 아이들에게 저렴하게 공급할 수 있는 생산공장과 제도의 마련이 긴급하다고 하겠다. 우리 민족의 체위를 향상 시키는데 영양학자와 영양사들에게 기대 하는 바가 크다. 육아하는 어머니의 교육정도와경제적인 면이 아기 체위에 주는 영향에 대한 연구에서는 교육정도가 높고, 경제적으로 좋은 위치에 있는 엄마가, 교육정도가 낮고 경제적으로 가난한 위치에 있는 어머니보다 아이들 체위에 훨씬 좋게 기를 수 있다는 것을 알았다. 특히 이유기에 들어간 6개월 이후에 체위 격차가 심한 것을 볼 때 보충해 주는 음식물의 적절한 보급이 얼마나 필요한가를 말해 주는 것이며 이에는 어머니의 교양과 열의와 경제적 뒷받침이 얼마나 필요하다는 것을 말해주는 것이다. 지역별로 서울에서 부유층 가정과 학교 아동, 농촌 지역 가정과 학교아동, 강원도 산간지역 가정과 학교 아등으로 나누어서 자라나는 아동들의 체위와 이학적 소친을 연구 조사한 바로는 서울 부유층이 제일 좋고 그 다음이 서울 빈한층, 강원도 산간지역 아동의 순으로 좋았으며 농촌지역 아종은 체위가 가장 떨어졌다. 구각증, 구내염등은 강원도 산간지역 아동에 제일 많고, 다음이 농촌지역, 서울 판자촌지역의 순으로 많으며 서울부유충지역이 가장 적어서 이는 산간일수록 또 는 빈한할수록 등물성단백질이 부족되는 것을 말해 주는 것이다. 지역별 혈색소치는 109gm/100ml 이하인 경우가 서울 빈한층가정 아동에 제일 많아서 51.7%나 되며 다음이 산간지역가정, 농촌지역가정의 순으로 많으며 서울부유층가정 아동은 2.2%에 지나지 않는다. 한국아등의 체위와 일본아동의 체위를 비교해 본 바로는 출생 후 약 12개월까지는 별차가 없지만 그후로는 점차로 그 격차가 심해져서 $12{\sim}15$세 사이에 평균체중면에서 5kg정도, 신장면에서 5cm정도의 큰 격차를 나타냈다. 그러나 그후로 성인이 되어감에 따라서 그 격차는 좁아졌다. 이는 일본국이 경제적으로 우리보다 우위에 있음에 따라서 아이들 성장에 필요한 영양분을 적기에 적당하게 공급해 주었기 때문이며 우리는 많은아이들이 가만하기 때문에 그 나이에 맞는 영양분 보급을 적당히 하지 못한 결과로 생각할 수 밖에 없다. 한국 아동의 발육표준치를 1965년초에 측정한 것과 1975년도에 측정한 것을 비교해 본 결과 1975년 치는 1965년도치에 비해 체중과 신장 면에서 상당히 증가하였다. 이는 우리라라 경제상태가 좋아지면서 굶는 아이들이 적어지거나 없어졌을 뿐만 아니라 식품 내용이 개선된 때문으로 해석된다. 따라서 민족의 체위가 개선되고 향상되려면 제일 먼저 해결되어야 할 문제는 국가의 경제력이 향상될뿐만 아니라 빈부의 격차가 적어져서 우리나라에 생을 받은 사람은 누구나 굶는 자가 없이 균형 있는 영양분을 충분히 섭취 할 수 있는기회를 갖도록 되어야 하겠다. 영양학자와 식품관리자들은 우러나라 아이들이 타고난 체위의 잠재성을 충분히 키우기 위해서 어떠한 음식물이 얼마나 필요한지 계산하여 이를 작물로 충분히 충당할 수 있도륵 계획해서 농수산물을 생산하도록 해야겠다. 영양학자들은 우리 민족의 음식물을 개선해서 아기들이 즐겨 먹을 수 있는 어른들의 음식물, 영양식을 발전시켜 이유기에 받는 우리 어린아기들의 수난을 조속히 극복하는 것이 바람직하다. 또한 영양에 대한 교육을 국민학교, 중학교 교과과정에 많이 넣어서 교육하고 영양에 대한 교육과 보급을 조직적으로, 신문, 라디오, 텔레비젼등을 통해서 성인교육을 강화해서 모든 국민들이 적은 돈을 가지고도 보다 나은 영양물을 구해서 섭취할 수 있는 지혜를 가지도록 해야겠다. 국민학교 재학중 및 졸업시기를 전후딘서 체위가 많이 떨어지며 그 영향이 일생동안 간다는 것을 감안할 때 국민학교에서 점심 한끼라도 영양식을 보급해서 우리 국민체위 향상을 위해서 나라에서 직접적으로 공헌하는 바가 있었으면 한다.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.2
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• pp.41-53
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• 1981

The purpose of this study was to find out conservation concept acquisition in children of pre-operational and concrete periods. The data in this study were obtained through experimental methods with 62 children(28 males and 34 females) of 3-11 ages in Korean rural areas. The Piagetian instruments devised by Gelman were used for the study ; length, liquid, quantity, mass, and volume conservation tasks. Percentile and $x^2$-test were applied for the statistical analysis of data: and the results of the experiment are as follows: 1) Most children aged 3-9 years did not appear to understand that the length of sticks stayed the same regardless of position. 2) In liquid quantity conservation, children centered their attentions on one aspect ; juice level or number of container. Their conservation concept was developed correlating with ages. 3) In the experiment of mass conservation by using play dough, only 7.1% of children of pre-operational period and 47.1% of concrete period affirmed that the amounts of play dough were same after changed shape. 4) In volume task, 29.4% children aged 7 to 11 years admitted to conservation. 5) It is found that girls acquired length conservation earlier than boys, while there was no significant difference between boys and girls in other conservation tasks.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.74-90
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to know the effects on school lunch service programme of elementary school in rural area, by using the group consisting of the sixth year students in the schools that have provided them with the lunch for six years or longer(male student:312, & female student:324), while using the comparing group consisting of the sixth year students in the schools that have not provided them with the school lunch under their similar living condition(male student: 306 & female student:322). In addition, this study was carried out by examining all continued information about their height and weight shown in the developmetal record for six years from the 1st to 6th year, and by checking their eating habits on the basis of questionnaires. The result of this study is summarized as follows. As the result of comparing the values of their height and weight grown for 6 years, it was shown that the height of the male group provided with school lunch is 27.8 cm while the male group without lunch is 27.1 cm. And the female group provided with school lunch indicated the growing value of 29.9 cm while the group without lunch did 28.4 cm. Then, it appeared that both male and female groups provided with school lunch show higher growing values of 0.7 cm, respectively, and 1.5 cm than these groups without lunch. Also, the weight of the group without lunch was 14.8 kg. Moreover, the weight of the female group provided with school lunch was 16.9 kg while the group without lunch was 17.2 kg. Then, it was shown that the male group provided with school lunch indicates heavier growing value of 0.9 kg than the group without lunch while the female group without lunch does heavier value of 0.3 kg than the group provided with school lunch. It's figure showed that although this distribution according to percentile in the 1st year is similar to the standard regular curve it is positioned in the upper group(more thatn 70%) divided centering around 50% in the 6th year, of which distribution of children provided with school lunch was higher. When comparing the values of physical status in the 6th year, it was also shown that male children with school lunch are better than these children without lunch in jumping, throwing, chinning and lifting while female children are better than these children without lunch only in jumping, which were a significant difference. In addition, the group provided with lunch showed distribution of the higher physical grade. The result of analysis on their breakfast indicated that the children with every morning breakfast account for 67.6% of the group provided with school lunch while the group without lunch for 57.8%. Regarding the reason that they do not have the breakfast, the group with school lunch answered "Because of habits"(50.7%) while the group without lunch did "Because they have no appetite"(58.9%). When comparing the degree of preference for hot or salty food, it was apparent that these children with school lunch generally tend to prefer less hot or sailty food. With respect to the frequency and place of their eating between meals, it was shown that about 70.0% of both groups has the eating between meals, more than one time a day. Then, the group with school lunch had the eating between meals at home(45.2%) while the group without lunch did it in the process of returning to home(48.4%). Regarding the degree of their preference for a certain food, it was shown that more children of the group with school lunch do not prefer a food to others. Also, their eating attitude indicated that such children as eating the food with chat after completely swallowing food and with T.V watching are larger and lower among the group with school lunch, which showed a remarkable defference from the group without lunch. With respect to their sanitary habits such as hand washing and toothing, these children who always wash their hand before eating, accounted for 84.4 % of the group provided with school lunch while the group without lunch did for 63.6%, of which the female group with school lunch indicated a remarkable difference. The actual condition of their nutrition education showed that these children who answered "Received this education" accounted for 78.0% of the group with school lunch while the group without lunch accounted for 57.5%.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.151-157
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• 1988

For the detection of the active cariogenic factors contributing to caries development, some practical methods such as the Snyder test, estimation of salivary flow rate and salivary buffering capacity test were evaluated statistically by comparing DMFT and DMFS indexes. Total 122 children (62 male and 60 female ; 64 rural and 58 urban) were selected ramdomly from the 6th grade of the primary school and their salivary cariogenic factors were analysed and evaluated. Among the total 122 children, 78.7% was positive in the snyder test in which the marked, moderate and slight caries activities were 29.5%, 30.3% and 18.9%, respectively. In the Snyder test, 74.45% was positive in urban children while 84.48% was positive in rural children. DMFT and DMFS indexes were markedly lower in negative group than positive group of the Snyder test (p<0.01). The mean and standard deviation of stimulated salivary flow rate was 6.97$\pm$2.57 in male and 6.34$\pm$2.54 in female but no significant difference was observed in sexuality. The stimulated salivary flow rate of urban children was slightly higher that of rural but there was no significant difference between them. However, the group that showed below average in the stimulated salivary flow rate was markedly higher in DMFI and DMFT indexes than the group of above average. The mean and standard deviation of stimulated salivary buffering capacity was 7.65$\pm$2.19 in male and 6.80$\pm$1.67 in female. This difference was significant statistically(p<0.05). Stimulated salivary buffering capacity of urban children was higher than that of rural. Increases in stimulated salivary flow rate and buffering capacity had reduced the onset of dental caries of 14-year-old permanent tooth.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.419-437
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to compare on the productive activities and life satisfaction between rural and urban elderly. Economic activities and caring labor activity had a negative effect on life satisfaction. but, community participation had a positive effect. In other words, the concept of productive activities in life satisfaction has multidimensionality. Therefore, using multiple indicators to measure is inappropriate. And, according to Chow test, coefficients that describe the structure of life satisfaction were different between the elderly living in rural and urban. The self-actualization needs of the elderly can be interpreted as due to be implemented differently, because of the different cultures of urban and rural areas. And, In life satisfaction, we have found that individual volunteer activity is more effective than volunteer through groups.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.188-201
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• 2009

Objectives: This study compared the welfare level and leisure activities of children and the youth in urban areas with rural areas, and examined factors affecting their life satisfaction. Methods: The fourth wave of the Youth Panel data collected by the Korea Youth Policy Institute has been utilized. A total of 3,145 sample was drawn, and the average age of the sample was about 17 years old (a sophomore in high-school). T-test and multiple regression has been employed. Results: In almost all welfare related variables including life satisfaction, leisure satisfaction, parent attachment, and relationship with teachers and peers, the rural children and youth showed lower scores than their urban counterparts. The only factor whose score was higher to the rural children and youth was community factor including community attachment and guidance. In terms of leisure (satisfaction) level which was the most influential factor of predicting the variance of life satisfaction, the rural children and youth revealed unfavorable condition, as their accessibility to the facilities was low and there were less facilities in rural areas in the first place. Conclusions: As a way to improve the welfare and cultural level of rural children and youth, this study proposed to make investment to the rural areas by providing them with welfare and leisure infra structure and various welfare and leisure programs. To improve the outdoor leisure activities of the urban children and youth, setting up a sisterhood between urban and rural schools has been suggested.