• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2000

Background : Nowadays asthma is considered to be the inflammatory disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary eosinophilia, and mediated by Th lymphocytes expressing the Th2 cytokine pattern. In many recent studies, molecular biological methods have been used to investigate the role of cytokines in pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets of asthma. Objective : We aimed to identify the effect of Armeniacae Arnarum Semen and Platycodi Radix on the transcriptional activities of cytokine IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 involved in asthma model. Materials and Methods : RBL-2H3 cell lines were used. Cells were stimulated with calcium inophore for maximal gene expression. After 24 hours of Armeniacae Arnarum Semen and Platycodi Radix-treatment, total cellular RNAs were collected using Trizol solution method. Then transcriptional activities of IL-4, IL-S and IL-6 were measured by RT-PCR with electrophoresis. Results : In IL-4 study, Armeniacae Arnarum Semen treated group showed 48.4% of transcriptional activities compared to the control group and Platycodi Radix treated group showed 45.4% of transcriptional activities compared to the control group. In IL-5 study, Armeniacae Arnarum Semen treated group showed 52.7%of transcriptional activities compared to the control group and Platycodi Radix treated group showed 60.2% of transcriptional activities compared to the control group. In IL-6 study, Armeniacae Amarum Semen treated group showed 42.3% of transcriptional activities compared to the control group and Platycodi Radix treated group showed 69.1% of transcriptional activities compared to the control group. Conclusion : This study shows that Armeniacae Arnarum Semen and Platycodi Radix have the inhibitory effect on the transcription of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 gene expression in RBL-2H3 cell lines. Advanced studies are required to investigate the mechanisms of inhibition by herbal medicine in asthma model.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.111-150
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• 1998

1. Background and Purpose: I intended to understand the medical and pharmacological theory of Taeumin, through a study of the process through which Lee Je-ma discovered the Interior-Overheated-Disease of Taeumin and created the prescriptions for it. 2. Methods: I studied and analized the change in the medical and pharmacological theory, through a historical study on the quotations and prescriptions of "DongYi Soose Bowon". 3. Results: Through a literature study I could find that in the existing Oriental Medicine before Lee Je-ma, the difference of the Liver Febrile Disease of Taeumin and the Stomach Febrile Disease of Soyangin were recognized, and the prescriptions of the two diseases were a little distinguished, but the medical theories of those were not distinguished at all. And I found that the Liver Febrile Disease of Taeumin shows the pain in the eyes and the throat, and drying of the nose due to interior dry and heat, so it is different from the Stomach Febrile Disease of Soyangin that shows irritation of fever, headache, and the trouble in passing feces and urine. Also I could know that Radix Puerariae, Rhizoma Cimicifugae, Rhizoma Ligustici, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei are Taeumin's medicines because these medicines had been used for Taeumin's syndromes, and that Radix Scutellariae, Radix Platycodi, Semen Raphani, and Fructus Gleditsiae are Tae-Eum-In's medicines because these medicines are known as acting for lung.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.183-189
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• 2003

Platycodi Radix, the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, commonly known as Doraji, is used as a traditional oriental medicine. Extracts from the roots of P. grandiflorum have been reported to have wide ranging health benefits. We investigated the effects of an aqueous extract from the roots of P. grandiflorum (AEPG) on the cell proliferation of human lung carcinoma A549 cells in order to understand its anti-proliferative mechanism. AEPG treatment resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. This anti-proliferative effect of A549 cells by AEPG treatment was associated with morphological changes such as membrane shrinking, cell rounding up and inhibition of cell migration. DNA flow cytometric histograms showed that populations of both Sand G2/M phase of the cell cycle were increased by AEPG treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. AEPG treatment induced a marked accumulation of tumor suppressor p53 and a concomitant induction of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21 and p27. In addition, SSS treatment resulted in down-regulation of Cdk2 and Cdk4 expression. The present results indicated that AEPG-induced inhibition of lung cancer cell proliferation is associated with the blockage of S to G2/M phase progression the induction of apoptosis. Taken together, these findings suggest that P. grandiflorum has strong potential for development as an agent for prevention against human lung cancer.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the anti-obesity, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of Platycodi radix on obese type 2 diabetes mouse model. Methods: Obese type 2 diabetes mouse model was induced by Surwit's high fat, high sucrose diet for 8 weeks. Models were divided into 4 groups of normal diet (ND, n=10), high fat and high sucrose diet (HFD, n=10), high fat and high sucrose diet with Platycodi radix (PR, n=10), and high fat and high sucrose diet with Metformin (Met, n=10). Body weights were measured every week. After 7 weeks fasting, blood sugar and oral glucose tolerance tests were conducted. After 8 weeks blood samples were taken from mouse hearts and analyzed biochemically. Lipid profile, fructosamine, leptin and weight of epididymal fat pad and liver were measured. Adipose tissue macrophage percentage was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Results: Compared with the HFD group, body weight, glucose level, fructosamine, weight of epididymal fat pad and adipose tissue macrophage percentage decreased in the PR group. Conclusions: These results suggest that Platycodi Radix has anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects on obese type 2 diabetes mouse model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.647-653
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the contents of dietary fiber (DF), compositions of fatty acids in lipid fraction and amino acids in salt-soluble protein from the functional food source such as Platycodi radix, perilla seed, evening primrose seed and aloe vera. The contents of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber (N.D.F) , acid detergent fiber( A.D.F) . kignin, hemicellulose an dcellulose in evening primorse seed were higher than those of other samples, except the content of cellulose .The ration of polyunsaturated /saturated (P/S) fatty acid in total lipids was 6.31 in perilla seed, which was higher than those of other samples. The content of linolenic acid (n-3) in perilla seed was 55.47%. The content of linoleic acid (n-6) in evening primrose seed was 71.88% , which was higher than those of other samples. The fatty acid composition in neutral lipids were the same as those of total lipids. The PUFA contents of fatty acid in glycolipids were 61.76% in perilla seed. And also, the ratio of n-6/n-3 in evening primrose seed was 15.19. The fatty acid compositions in phospholipids were the sameas those of glycolipids. The contents of PUFA in Platycodi radix were 62.96% . The essential amino acid contents of salt-soluble protein were 47 mole % in Platycodi radix , which was slightly higher than those other samples. The ration of essential amino acid /nonessential amino acid (E/N) was 0.9 and 0.66 in Platycodi radix and aloe vera, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.172-176
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• 1999

The saponins are considered the main effective components in Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC.. In order to obtain the basic information for producing the high quality medicinal plant and processing, the crude saponin contents were analyzed with platycodi radix, the root of Platycodon grandiflorum by different cultivating years, parts, harvesting times and drying methods. The crude saponin contents were decreased by increasing cultivating years. The crude saponin contents were 2.74% in tail of root and 1.65 % in head of root, respectively. Besides, the contents of the crude saponin in cortex were 1.8 times more than that in core of root. The crude saponin contents in different harvesting times were 2.82% and 2.74% at March 10 and December 10, showing higher than that being harvested at June 10 and September 10. The crude saponin contents among drying methods were not significantly different at 5% level DMRT, but the hot air drying after steam showed the least crude saponin.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate enhancing the immunogenicity effects of Platycodon grandiflorum(PG) on adaptive immune system. Methods: To investigate the effect of PG as an adjuvant, we used the ovalbumin (OVA) as an antigen at first. The proliferation of lymphocytes, the antibody titer, the subisotypes of antibodies and the production of cytokines were measured. Results: The proliferation of lymphocytes and the antibody titer were increased after PG treatment. The increased subisotypes of antibodies were IgG2 and IgG3 induced from T1-helper cells. However IgE induced from T2-helper cells was decreased. The production of cytokines derived from T1-helper cells was increased but that from T2-helper cells was decreased. Conclusion: It is supposed that PG has an immunogenicity effect as an adjuvant on adaptive immune system.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 2002

Platycodin D was isolated from n-butanol extract of Platycodi radix(Platycodon grandiflorum and identified by the spectroscopic analysis using $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR techniques. A new method of analysis of platycodin D by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was established using a reversed phase system with YMC-Pack ODS-AM( 250 X 4.6 mm) column and 30% acetonitrile as a mobile phase. Evaporative light scattering detector was used as detector. The kinds of extraction solvents and methods were examined to determine the efficient extraction condition and HPLC analysis was carried out to establish the optimum drying condition for the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. The contents of Platycodin D was highest as 0.083% when platycodon roots were dried at $60^{\circ}C$ using dry oven.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.16-25
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• 2016

Objectives: Gilgyung-tang (GGT) has been used as one of the main multi-herb formulas to treat “Peo-ong” (lung abscess). In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of water extracts of GGT on cell migration and invasion, two critical cellular processes that are often deregulated during metastasis, in human bladder cancer 5637 cells.Methods: Effects on cell viability were quantified using an MTT assay. To analyze the anti-metastatic effects, we conducted a wound healing migration assay, an in vitro invasiveness assay, and a measurement of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). The expression of protein and mRNA were measured by Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively.Results: GGT markedly inhibited the cell motility and invasiveness of 5637 cells within the concentration range that was not cytotoxic. The inhibitory effects of GGT on cell invasiveness were associated with tightening of the tight junctions (TJs), which was demonstrated by an increase in the TER. The RT-PCR and Western blotting results indicated that GGT decreased the levels of claudin proteins. GGT also inhibited the activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 and simultaneously increased the levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and -2.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that GGT reduces both the migration and the invasion of 5637 cells by modulating the activity of TJs and MMPs.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.331-336
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• 2009

This study examined the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum(LP) cultured in Platycodi Radix decoction(LPPR) on the expressions of NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cell line. Cells were stimulated with LP or LPPR (0.1, 1, and 10 bacteria/cell) in all assays. More NO was induced in LPPR than LPM at 0.1 and 1 of a LP: cell ratio. The iNOS mRNA expression was also enhanced in LPPR stimulated cells. TNF-${\alpha}$ was increased in LPPR stimulated cells at the protein and mRNA level compared with LPM. In conclusion, LP fermented in Platycodi Radix decoction induced stronger activity in NO and TNF in mouse macrophages than LPM. These results suggest that fermentation by Platycodi Radix can be useful in enhancing the immunostimulatory activity of LP.