• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.4-17
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• 2000

Purpose : This study aimed to investigate and to evaluate the present conditions of hospice programs in Korea for supplying data useful in making policy in hospice, which is not institutionalized yet. Method : For this purpose we surveyed 59 hospice programs regarding the general characteristics, manpower, patients, services, financial conditions, and facilities. Thirty-seven hospice programs answered the questionnaires. Result : They were 11 tertiary hospitals, 11 other hospitals, 3 clinics, 12 home care hospice, and 1 freestanding hospice. Only 9 hospice programs have all of the essential professionals: physicians, nurses, social workers, clergies, and volunteers. In some hospice programs, volunteers who had not been trained for hospice provided services to terminal patients. More than half of the hospice said they provided services to the patients who lost their consciousness and were not suitable for hospice care. 16% of the hospice said they did not keep the patients' record. Some hospitals including tertiary hospitals provided such intensive care as radiotherapy, TPN, injections to hospice patients. Many hospice programs other than hospitals didn't charge patients for hospice care. 60% of the hospice said they suffered from financial problems. Most of the hospice wards were not built for hospice use at first. So they did not have such supplementary facilities as dayroom, waiting room, special bathing facilities etc. Conclusion : For improving the quality of terminal patients and promoting the cost effective use of health care resources, it is necessary to consider the institutionalization of hospice. The institutionalization of hospice programs can improve the quality of hospice care and the standardization of the hospice program can hasten its institutionalization.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.81-120
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• 2018

To promote the aviation safety reporting system that is operated to enhance aviation safety and to utilize related information, it should first be preceded by standards for non-punishment and data protection. It is because the purpose of collection and analysis of aviation safety related data through the aviation safety reporting system is to prevent recurrence of accidents by investigating their causes through collection and analysis of diverse types of information related to aviation safety. Both mandatory and voluntary reporting systems are in operation for aviation safety under the current Aviation Safety Act. It is said that they were introduced to survey causes for accidents and to prevent recurrences. In fact, however, it is hard to expect active implementation of the reporting system for aviation safety unless the reporters are firstly exempted from punishment. Therefore, the system should be improved so that it can satisfy its purpose and the purposes of data collection concerning aviation safety through examination of the purposes of the reporting system. One of the matters that needs to be considered to promote the reporting system should be the scope of aviation safety hindrances presupposed under the current institution. The voluntary aviation safety reporting system differs from the systems of ICAO or the key advanced countries, including the USA and the UK as it limits the target accidents subject to reporting to minor aviation safety hindrances only. That being said, improvements should be made by requiring mandatory reporting of aviation safety hindrances based on their severity while recognizing a greater variety of aviation safety concerns like international standards. Safety actions and sharing of information based on collection and analysis of diverse data related to aviation safety will greatly contribute to enhance aviation safety as the purposes of the reporting system are to explore causes for accidents and to prevent their recurrences. What is most important in this regard is strict data protection and non-punishment principles; compliance with them should be secured. We can hardly expect the successful operation of the system unless the reporter is exempted from punishment and the relevant data is protected as promotion of voluntary reporting is an essential factor for enhancing the safety culture. Otherwise, the current system may induce hiding of relevant facts or data to evade punishment. It is true that the regulation for enhancing safety tends to have limitations or blind spots; nevertheless, it should still be enforced strictly and completely. Technological progresses and mistakes of operators appear in different forms based on individual cases. The consequential damages may amount to a truly severe level. Therefore, we have studied and suggested to the methods of activiation and amendments on the aviation safety reporting system, which is referred for one of the proactive safety management systems. The proposed improvement of the reporting system and introduction of non-punishment for collection of aviation safety data for deploying a preemptive prevention system would serve as the backbone for enhancing aviation safety in Korea.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.300-306
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• 2010

Purpose : Recent changes in the population structure of Korea, such as rapid decline in birth rate and exponential increase in old-aged people, prompted us to prepare a new health improvement program in children and adolescents. Methods : We reviewed current health screenings applied for children and adolescents in Korea and other developed countries. We collected and reviewed population-based data focused on mortality and morbidity, and other health-related statistical data. We generated problem lists in current systems and developed new principles. Results : Current health screening programs for children and adolescents were usually based on laboratory tests, such as blood tests, urinalysis, and radiologic tests. Almost all of these programs lacked evidence based on population data or controlled studies. In most developed countries, laboratory tests are used only very selectively, and they usually focus on primary prevention of diseases and health improvement using anticipatory guidance. In Korea, statistics on mortality and morbidity reveal that diseases related to lifestyle, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, are increasing in all generations. Conclusion : We recommend a periodic health screening program with anticipatory guidance, which is focused on growth and developmental surveillance in infants and children. We no longer recommend old programs that are based on laboratory and radiologic examinations. School health screening programs should also be changed to meet current health issues, such as developing a healthier lifestyle to minimize risk behaviors—or example, good mental health, balanced nutrition, and more exercise.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.183-221
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• 2013

While in the early stages of space activities only a few states engaged in the use of outer space, as is well known, commercial space activities have grown dramatically in recent years. Both states, state institutions, and international governmental organizations as well as many private enterprises are engaged in such commercial use of outer space by now. This development is not reflected in the present state of space law. The existing international instruments of space law were developed and finalized before this development and thus only provide very few and sometimes unfitting provisions for the commercial use of outer space and particularly the use by private enterprises. Law formulated in an era when the word "privatization" had not even been coined cannot contain potential problems caused by the increasing commercialization of outer space. For the promotion and further development of such commercial use of outer space it is necessary to clarify and establish the legal framework for such use, because participants will need this information for their future investments in this field. The purpose of this paper is to research and make an analysis of the contents and international regulation of international space commerce, which is rapidly proliferating and to review the process of improvement on national legislations relating to the commercialization of outer space in a few main space advanced countries to make the sustainable progress of commercial space activities project in international society. The legal implications of matters such as international commercial launch services, the liability aspects of such services, intellectual property rights, insurance, product liability insurance and materials processing could one day will be subject to regulated by international space law as well as domestic law. In fact, the question of commercialization is linked to the question of sharing benefits of space activities, and this currently is an agenda item in the Legal Subcommittee of UN COPUOS. Most of developed countries have enacted the national legislation for commercial space activities relating to the development of our space as follows : The National Aeronautic and Space Act of 1958 and the Commercial Space Act of 1998 in the United States, Outer Space Act of 1986 in England, Establishment Act of National Space Center of 1961 in France, Canadian Space Agency Act of 1990 in Canada, Space Basic Act of 2008 in Japan, and Law on Space Activity of 1993 in Russia. Becides there are currently three national legislations relating to space development and commercial space activities in Korea as follows : Aerospace Industry Development Promotion Act of 1987, Outer Space Development Promotion Act of 2005, Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008. Commercial space great promise for the utilization and expansion of human outer space activities but aspring commercial actors must recognize that foreign policy, as well as obligations to the international community as a whole, ensure that commercial space activities will not operate in a legal and regulatory vacuum. As commercial space matures the law and accompanying regulation will most certainly evolve and choose to become participants in the inevitable evolution of law and regulation.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2020

The current tariff return system requires tax officials to calculate tax amount by themselves and pay the tax amount on their own responsibility. In other words, in principle, the duty and responsibility of reporting payment system are imposed only on the taxee who is required to calculate and pay the tax accurately. In case the tax payment system fails to fulfill the duty and responsibility, the additional tax is imposed on the taxee by collecting the tax shortfall and imposing the tax deduction on For this reason, item classifications, together with tariff assessments, are the most difficult and could pose a significant risk to entities if they are misclassified. For this reason, import reports are consigned to customs officials, who are customs experts, while paying a substantial fee. The purpose of this study is to classify HS items to be reported upon import declaration and to indicate HS codes to be recorded on import declaration. HS items were classified using the attached image in the case of item classification based on the case of the classification of items by the Korea Customs Service for classification of HS items. For image classification, CNN was used as a deep learning algorithm commonly used for image recognition and Vgg16, Vgg19, ResNet50 and Inception-V3 models were used among CNN models. To improve classification accuracy, two datasets were created. Dataset1 selected five types with the most HS code images, and Dataset2 was tested by dividing them into five types with 87 Chapter, the most among HS code 2 units. The classification accuracy was highest when HS item classification was performed by learning with dual database2, the corresponding model was Inception-V3, and the ResNet50 had the lowest classification accuracy. The study identified the possibility of HS item classification based on the first item image registered in the item classification determination case, and the second point of this study is that HS item classification, which has not been attempted before, was attempted through the CNN model.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 2004

It was 1988 when people pay attention to an importance of the facilities for the handicapped, with Seoul Paralympics. In early 1990s, regular efforts were made to improve a physical environment for the handicapped, which results in reforming the Welfare Law for the Handicapped all over the surface. However, keeping pace with the expansion of the western universal design concept, it is required to evaluate a new concept in which way the facilities for the handicapped must be installed. That is, any physical environment, which regards the handicapped as an independent subject, tend to isolate them from normal people rather than satisfy their needs. making the handicapped feel more discriminated. All the facilities for the handicapped has to reflect a general idea that the facilities are opened for all the people including the handicapped. Being recently reformed and enacted in order to reflect this essential point, 'the raw of contributing to the convenience of the handicapped, aged men, pregnant women and nursing mother(1998)' even covers the aged men, pregnant women and nursing mother, not to mention of the handicapped. In addition, the law states clearly that all the handicapped can share all the facilities with the normal people, inducing the handicapped to more actively participate in society. Consequently, the handicapped are acquiring their rights by directly demanding for correction of varied discrimination. Though even more facilities have been provided, most of them are deficient in the quality, setting limits to the handicapped person's living field as well as social activities. Especially, most public buildings in our country rarely provide the adequate facilities for the handicapped, aged men, pregnant women and nursing mother. Therefore, this study is focused on developing the list of actual condition research that can effectively detect the inadequacy of facilities in public buildings. Then it will find the aspects to be improved in a systematic and scientific way to propose a practical method to improve the facilities in public buildings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2011

The landscape of Seoul was dynamically changed and developed with the rapid post-war economic growth. Seoul city designated a height regulation district to preserve and manage the city landscape and protect it from haphazard construction. The designation of a maximum height regulation district has obvious purpose and simple regulations which makes the implementation and management easy to apply yet the altitude restriction lacks an objective basis for its enforcement. Many studies have been done and the current uniform height regulation requires more objective and logical guidelines. This study selected the Bukhan Mountain area, a National Park designated to protect the environment, to present a new landscape height guideline to minimize environmental degradation and to harmonize the artificial and natural landscapes of the area. Document research was done to identify the regulation types(absolute height regulation, view line regulation, oblique line restriction regulation) and principles for height regulation district establishment, acknowledge the current status and issues of the Bukhan Mountain area's maximum height regulation district. Gangbuk-Gu was chosen as the site and survey was conducted on outstanding view points and view corridors of residents. From document research, an appropriate landscape height guideline was selected and applied to Gangbuk-Gu. According to the guideline, suitable heights for buildings were suggested. These were then applied to three-dimensional simulations and a final guideline was suggested.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.38
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• pp.5-35
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• 2018

This paper discusses this seminar's theme, 'Classic Literature Enjoyment Methods and Education,' with a focus on the genre of classic poems. However it does not focus on any individual method by discussing a specific genre or enjoyment method but focuses on a fundamental discussion. The importance of a functional relationship between the classic poetry genre and its enjoyment method is raised avoiding a generalized discussion. There are things that researchers often forget about classic poems. They forget that most classic poems are not ordinary poems but songs that are to be sung, and thus they should, in principle, be expressed in Korean language. These two facts about classic poems, indicate that their enjoyment method should be given importance. Compared to modern poems, Chinese classic poems, folk songs, and other forms of verse, only classic poems have the aforementioned conditions unique to them. In addition, classic poems include several types of poems, Japga (literally, miscellaneous songs), and Siga (literally, poem-song) genres representing each era, so it is important to discuss the characteristics of such poems with respect to their times periods and genres. Even based on such characteristics, the enjoyment situation where works are created and sung in the genre of classic poems is very important, and thus the enjoyment method issue should be closely linked with the study of works and genres. This study examines how the topics of enjoyment methods for classic poems is reflected in the current middle education curriculum. To improve the current situation, it outlines the issues that arise when enjoyment methods for classic poems are applied to textbooks or classes, set as textbook unit goals or criteria for achievement, and presented as measures designed to plan the composition of works and learning activities. Future studies on literary educational methodologies are expected to further examine the enjoyment methods for poems in class discussed herein.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.44
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• pp.611-653
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• 2013

An whistle-blowing is recognition of acts of misconduct or corruption by individuals(laborers) or party which belongs to a certain organization and it refers to the act of informing to the senior organization or to the outside public agency to avoid jeopardies that could be potentially lead against benefit of the public. These whistle-blowings can be a Ansatz that improve corporation's transparency and accountability by prevention of enterprise's misconduct as well, it has been recognized as an important role for the establishment of corporate ethics, moreover, social justice. What to be treated primarily as labor law problem is arousing some controversies of the possibility that the public announcement could be whether a disciplinary punishment or not because it brings some mischievous effects for the honor and the reputation to the company which conducted the illegal actions and the action of the contrary to the social value. And futhermore, recently, the matter of compensational responsibility according to the arrangement conversion, bullying followed by the informant has been brought up. The fundamental standpoint of precedent related with the judgement of justification for the punishment as reason of the whistle-blowing ought to do the sincere duty for the labor contract which is the employees are supposed to consider the employer's profits. For that reason, if the emploee release the inside fact to the public and give any damages to employer's secret or confidence or honor, it will be a causing reasong of the disciplinary punishment, but in specific cases, the relevant and level of punishment limitation can be judged by the contents of public announcement and the truth, the purpose of the acts and details and the way of announcement. Precisely, on the assumption that there are necessity of the characteristic profit or the freedom of expression for the informant, with overall consideration whether or the basis part of the informant is true or there is a fair reason which make the informant believe is true or the purpose of informant has the public profit or the contents of the whistle-blowing are important for relevant organization or the means and the way was suitable, if the whistle-blowing are approved to be resonable, the organization are not permitted the reprimand or dismiss Futhermore, to find the solution for the issues of the disciplinary punishment and the treatment of all sorts of disadvantages, for the reason of whistle-blowing, since the protection law for public declarer which was enacted in last 2011 have the position as the general law, the purport of the equal law has to be considered sytematically and also the judicial precedent which is related to the justification of whistle-blowing are needed to be considered as well.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.90-111
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• 2021

Seojangdaeyajodo is a drawing of Jangyongyoung's military night training on February 12 (lunar leap month), 1795. Focusing on the Seojangdaeyajodo, the positions and roles of the low-ranking soldier belonging to Jangyongyoung, and the composition and characteristics of military uniforms for each role were examined. The results ascertained by the historical research on the military uniforms are as follows. Deungronggun, noeja, sunryeongsu and daegisu who were placed in front of the king's Seojangdae were the low-ranking soldiers belonging to Jangyongyoung. The soldiers who escorted the king around Seojangdae were lowranking soldiers belonging to Jangyongyoung. The military uniform of the deungronggun was consisted of a jeolrip, a black heopsu, red gweja, indigo jeondae, white haengjeon and black shoes. The low-ranking soldier's heopsu suggested that it could also be a sochangui. He carried a sword and a red lantern. Noeja were divided into a sinjeonsu and a jujangsu. The military uniform of the noeja was consisted of a Jujeolrip, a black heopsu, red gweja, indigo jeondae, white haengjeon, and black shoes. Sunryeongsu were divided into a sinsigisu and a younggisu. The military uniform of the sunryeongsu was consisted of a jeongeon, a black heopsu, red gweja, indigo jeondae white haengjeon and black shoes. He carried a sword and a red lantern. The military uniform of the daegisu was consisted of a jeongeon, a black heopsu, blue gweja, indigo jeondae, white haengjeon and black shoes. He carried a sword and a flag. The soldiers surrounding Seojangdae and the seongjeonggun defending the fortress were the Chogun. The military uniform of the chogun was consisted of a jeolrip, a black heopsu, houi, indigo jeondae, white haengjeon and straw shoes. Houi was applying the five directional colors: the east is blue, the west is white, the south is red, and the north is black. He carried a sword and a gun. It was presented as an illustration of costumes that could produce contents by reflecting on these historical results. The basic principle of the illustration was to present the standards for 3D content production or actual production. Samples of form, color, and material according to the times and status were presented. The front, the side, and the back of each costume and the feature were presented, and the colors were presented in RGB and CMYK.