• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.27-69
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• 2009

This paper studies the logic of fiscal constraints and fiscal autonomy in a political agency model with both moral hazard and adverse selection. The electoral process not only disciplines incumbents who may act against the public interest but also opts in politicians who are most likely to act along voters' interests. We characterize perfect Bayesian equilibria under shared tax system and fiscal autonomy with fiscal constraints for local public good provision. It is shown that the local voters' expected welfare under fiscal autonomy is higher than under shared tax system if the same fiscal constraints are applied. In order to examine the effects of party's candidate selection processes on the behavior of local politician and national politician, we extend the model to an environment where local politician can compete for the candidacy of national assembly with incumbent national politician. If local politician wins majority of votes against incumbent national politician, then he can move on to serve as a national politician. Otherwise, his political career will end as a local politician. It is the gist of this primary system portrayed by this setup that local politician and national politician compete to garner more votes. Therefore, primary system as a candidate selection mechanism enhances local residents' welfare compared to top-down candidate selection processes.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.255-262
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• 2008

It is settled in the economic arena that electronic commerce which used the Internet is new recently by explosive increase of the rapid development and Internet use of the information and communication technology. The problem that is legitimate at a point called the business of the form that the electronic transactions to set together if I drift are new of the times is the situation caused a lot. However, the use custom of construction and electronic transactions of the maintenance that is the legislation thief who can do rules of electronic transactions is the fact that it was not able to be still established It may not be just applied to the Internet electronic transactions that an exchange promise between our characters does against unspecified number of the general public person in the property even if I say that the conclusion of the purchase agreement is concluded in Internet electronic transactions by EDI method. That can have the approval of contract in the main legal problem of such an Internet electronic transactions contract. We civil law sorts it by a contract between the talks characters and a contract between the remote area people and all the adopted children are equal and must decide the formation of contract time in a principle of Empfangstheorie because it may be said that the rule of the civil law that it be heated and decides to be able to be available is irrational.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2012

Cabotage means transportation of cargoes or passengers between two points within same country by vessel or aircraft which registered to foreign country. Cabotage regulation has justified by the protectionism in economic aspect and by national security in the defence of a country, thus most world's major countries including United States of America, Japan and European Union(outside EU) are executing cabotage. Even though Korean's controlled fleet ranked to 5th in the world, shortage and ageing of Korean domestic seafarers came to the restricted factor in the Korean domestic shipping. Resultingly Korean government permitted 530 Myanmarese and Indonesian seafarers to come on board in domestic vessel. In regarding to the Korean law, there are no direct relationship between boarding foreign crew in domestic vessel. However the baxic concept of cabotage will be spoiled by boarding foreign crew under the regulation of cabotage, so special treatment should be needed to cover the problems in coastal shipping arose form them. To minimize the problems derived from foreign crew, following actions are recommended; first, management skills of foreign crew are needed to overcome differences of communication and culture; second foreign crew supporting center should be established to counsel their difficulties; third, high level of manning companies should be promoted; forth, stabilized crew supply should be guaranteed by improving employment condition; finally, memorandum of understanding should be concluded between two countries to prevent seceders.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.78-89
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• 2009

As 'design for all' and 'adaptable design', universal design is highly demanded to be adopted in neighborhood forest trail. The research areas were Mt. Doeum in Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk Province and Mt. Anma in Chuncheon, Gangwon Province which were equipped based on 7 principles of universal design. The purpose of this research is providing baseline data for effective formulation of forest trail using universal design through visitors' evaluation on forest trail facilities by importance-performance analysis. Visitor's evaluation was achieved through questionnaire survey, and total 247 pieces of subjects were used for the analysis, 114 pieces from Mt. Doeum in Pohang and 113 pieces from Mt. Anma in Chuncheon. The residential areas of the respondents were mainly near each mountain - Mt. Doeum and Mt. Anma. According to the responses, nature study and education were the biggest reasons for the respondents' visits to Mt. Doeum, and so was the health to Mt. Anma, which are representative types of visiting behavior to nearby forest trails. The mean of importance was shown to be 3.87 while that of performance was 4.04, being a little higher than importance's, in importance-performance analysis of Mt. Doeum. This result suggests that the responders placed positive value on the forest trail applying universal design. It is necessary to improve the safety and convenience of guidance-safety handrail, make information sign easy to understand, and introduce an interpretive sign meeting the visiting purposes of visitors. Also, the management to make the road surface flat is in demand for the accessibility to forest trail. The mean of importance was 3.92 and that of performance was 3.99 in Mt. Anma, which suggests the necessity of improvement in safety of pavement material and boundary safety facilities.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.167-192
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• 2012

The purpose of the study aims to analyse the judgement criterion of arrived ship under voyage charterparty with the Merida Case. A ship is an arrived ship if she is in port and either able to proceed immediately to a berth or in such a position that she is at the immediate and effective disposition of the chaterparty. Identification of the specified destination-whether berth or port-impacts on the incidence of loss occasioned by delay in loading or discharging, when the delay is due to the place at which the vessel is obliged by the terms of the charterparty to load or discharge her cargo being occupied by other shipping. The Merida case is an appeal by the charterers from a final Arbitration award of two very experienced arbitrators, dated 20th April, 2009. The arbitrators held that a voyage charterparty, dated 5th February, 2007, of the vessel, The M/V Merida, entered into between charterers and the owners, was a port rather than a berth Charterparty. The Primary relevance of this distinction does to the allocation, as between owners and charterers, of the risk of delay caused by congestion at load and discharge ports. The question of law arising in this appeal is whether the arbitrators were right to conclude that the charterparty was a port and not a berth charterparty. The arbitrators additionary placed some reliance on a post-contractual e-mail from the agents, which suggested that charterers did not dispute the validity of the NOR-and, hence, that this was a port charterparty.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.99-108
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to profile actual conditions of personal information protection systems operated in overseas countries and examine major considerations of personal information that security service providers must know in the capacity of privacy information processor, so that it may contribute to preventing potential occurrence of any legal disputes in advance. Particularly, this study further seeks to describe fundamental idea and principle of said Personal Information Protection Act; enhancement of various safety measures (e.g. collection / use of privacy data, processing of sensitive information / personal ID information, and encryption of privacy information); restrictions on installation / operation of video data processing devices; and penal regulations as a means of countermeasure against leakage of personal information, while proposing possible solutions to cope with these matters. Using cases among foreign countries for this study. Possible solutions proposed by this study can be summed up as follows: By changing minds with sufficient legal reviews, it is required for security service providers to 1) clearly and further specify any purposes of collecting and using privacy information, if possible, 2) obtain any privacy information by legitimate means as it is necessary to collect such information, 3) stop providing any personal information for the 3rd parties or for any other purposes except fundamental purposes of using privacy information, and 4) have full knowledge about duty of safety measure in accordance with safe maintenance of privacy information and protect any personal information from unwanted or intentional leakage to others.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.21-44
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• 2011

It is important to consider an equitable allocation framework for domestic GHG emission reduction. First, the study established criteria and indicators for the National Allocation Plan (NAP) based on the principles of cost-efficiency and social-acceptance, and performed a case study of the sectoral effort sharing method, using the effort sharing index. The equity analysis of effort sharing based on sectoral preferences and inter-sectoral equity using a Lorenz Curve are performed. The equitable method is more likely to be suitable than the economic one which considers just reduction potential. Equitable effort sharing reflects a higher level of equity than economic effort sharing. At the same time, the equitable effort sharing method is essential for reflecting equity and establishing criteria for equity because evaluation with the equitable effort sharing method depends in particular on the weight of equity criteria. The result suggests the importance of consideration of equity and the establishment of equity criteria. In conclusion, it is critical to consider not only cost-efficiency but equity in policy decision making in terms of the sectoral effort sharing for national GHG reduction target.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 1999

Because of the oocIear family due to the rapid industrialization and the growth of husband and wife bah working, the base of the tradition that the parents, all of the famly or the hamet oonmunity bring up the infants together in the important time to the infarts has been collapsed in Korea. Because working mothers camot bring up their children by themselves they got stressed and housewives do not have the oonfidence in rearing their infants and the fathers are isolated from home and the chikten instead of being exempted from the responsibility of rearing children. Therefore the common and comprehensive rearing system should be made for solving the child-rearing problem. For solving these problems and for the desirable infant-rearing and education, the joint irlart rearing, whidl compensates for the life, education and furthermore the sdlool edJcation through the volur1ary participation, has been prepared altematively. Compared to the traditional rearing system, joint infant-rearing is not only operated by the residents with the dues paid by the union members but also makes children experience the life force of natu"e in themselves. So the preparation of the standard of the suitable environment design for the joint infant-rearing is required which is diffrent from the traditional standard of the environmertal facilities for the traditional rearing system. The concept of joint infant-rearing was defind in this study through the reference and the ooncept of infant edJcation which is in operation suocessfully in Italy and Sweden in order to understand how the ooncept of infant education has changed as the ages have dlanged. And the basic principals for the formation of physical envirorvnert and the spare design and the envirorYnertal oondition for the practical environmental design was also studied through the reference. And after study about the concept. figure and physical environmental suggestion, the concept, standard and element of joint infant-rearing environment design was suggested. And as the final conclusion, the design requirement of the envirorvnertal design for the joint infant-rearing was suggested.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.3 s.61
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• pp.95-104
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• 2005

Although the volume and complexity of available information have increased, our ability to process such volume of complex information has not been met with corresponding development. Information designers have been given the responsibility to address such unbalanced progress by developing effective visual systems to deliver and communicate such information to the masses in a manner that is quick and easy to process and understand. This study originated in recognition of these issues. This study seeks to find a solution to these issues in rhetorics in order to proliferate visual communications in recognition of the increasing importance of information and visual communication. Rhetorics, a field of study with a long history of analyzing the delivery of communication, provides numerous possibilities for the re-establishment of importance placed on visual information communication. Included in this study are (i) a thorough analysis of the principals of expression and logic offered by rhetorics, as applicable to information design (ii) a proposal to the solution to the above-mentioned issues encompassing the rhetoric process and methods of expression of information design and (iii) the practical application of these design principals to social activities. In order to provide an example of the practical use of the rhetoric methodology Presented in this study, we applied the rhetoric methodology to the 'Information Design for Public Transportation of Seoul.' and developed a new map and a guidebook. The raw data necessary for the foregoing were obtained through the analysis of the information designs that are currently in use in connection with mass transportation in Seoul and the survey evaluation conducted among Seoul residents. We modulated the infrastructure of Seoul by using 48 TAZs, computed the routes that are most likely to be used, and proposed the predictable information analysis process. The design proposed on this study encompasses color coding and use of combined information, and application of style and sequential information analysis process.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.474-483
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• 2003

The secret sharing is the basic concept of the threshold cryptosystem and has an important position in the modern cryptography. At 1995, Jarecki proposed the proactive secret sharing to be a solution of existing the mobile adversary and also proposed the share renewal scheme for (k, n) threshold scheme. For n participants in the protocol, his method needs O($n^2$) modular exponentiation per one participant. It is very high computational cost and is not fit for the scalable cryptosystem. In this paper, we propose the efficient share renewal scheme that need only O(n) modular exponentiation per participant. And we prove our scheme is secure if less that ${\frac}\frac{1}{2}n-1$ adversaries exist and they static adversary.