• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.1043-1048
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• 2009

PES (Programmable Electronic System) is used by software development for the train control system. PES has been widely used in real world and consists of hardware, firmware and application software. The PES are easily apply to many applications because its implementation has high flexibility. Many safety critical functions are realized through software in safety critical system. Normally, it is difficult to detect failures for PES system because the PES is too sophisticated to identify sources of the failure. So, the reliability analysis is needed by using software fault tolerance techniques. Currently, there are the recovery block, distributed recovery block, N-version programming, N self-checking programming in fault tolerance techniques. In this paper, the models of recovery block and N-version programming in software fault tolerance techniques are suggested by using the Markov model. Also, the reliability in the train control system is analyzed through changing time. The fault occupancy rates of the program, adjustment test and voter are stationary. So, the relation between time and reliability is presented by using Matlab program. In the result of reliability, the reliability of recovery block is more high than N-version programming in case of the same number of substitution block.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.398-407
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• 2015

Compressive sensing (CS) has drawn much interest as a novel sampling technique that enables sparse signal to be sampled under the Nyquitst/Shannon rate. By noting that the block-based CS can still keep spatial correlation in measurement domain, this paper proposes to adapt sampling rate of each block in frame according to its characteristic defined by edge information. Specifically, those blocks containing more edges are assigned more measurements utilizing block-wise correlation in measurement domain without knowledge about full sampling frame. For natural image, the proposed adaptive rate allocation shows considerable improvement compared with fixed subrate block-based CS in both terms of objective (up to 3.29 dB gain) and subjective qualities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.225-228
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• 2011

동영상을 고효율로 압축할 수 있는 중요한 기술 중의 하나가 움직임 추정 기술이다. 움직임 추정 기술에서 가장 널리 사용되는 탐색 방식과 정합오차를 판단하는 기준은 각각 전역 탐색(FS: Full Search)알고리듬과 Sum of Absolute Differences(SAD)이다. 하지만, FS와 SAD를 사용한 움직임 추정기술은 인코더 전체 계산량의 50%이상을 차지하게 된다. 무선 통신 및 인터넷 환경에서 사용되는 응용프로그램에 대해서는 많은 계산량이 실시간 전송을 어렵게 만든다. 이러한 이유로, 동영상 압축 기술에서 계산량을 줄이는 방법이 중요하게 되었다. 그 결과로, SAD대신 다른 정합 오차 기준을 사용하여 움직임 추정기술의 계산량을 줄이는 알고리듬들이 제안되었다. 본 논문에서는 계산량을 줄이면서 하드웨어 구현 시 많은 이점을 가진 1비트 변환 (One-bit Transform, 1BT)알고리듬과 1비트 변환의 성능을 향상시킨 제한된 1비트 변환(Constrained one-bit transform, C-1BT)을 소개하고 C-1BT방법에 있어서 기존 방식의 빠른 인코딩속도를 유지하면서 PSNR을 증가시키는 알고리듬을 제안한다. 제안하는 알고리듬에서는 기존 C-1BT에서 고정해서 사용한 파라미터 D값을 대신에 현재블록과 동일한 위치에 있는 참조영역의 블록과 그 주변블록의 움직임벡터 정보를 이용해서 블록의 움직임 정도를 판단하고, 블록단위로 D값을 적응적으로 결정한다. 실험결과는 제안하는 알고리듬이 기존의 알고리듬과 비교하여 평균 0.11dB PSNR 증가를 보여 준다.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 2021

If we know the location of the hull block and the welding feeder in the shipyard, we can easily obtain the location information of the worker. That data is very useful for implementing a workplace safety monitoring system. However, it is difficult to apply a fixed communication network to the workplace due to the specificity of the hull structure and welding process. In this study, inductive power line communication, which can replace dedicated communication line, was reviewed. A ferrite core was used as an inductive coupler to be installed on the power cable of the welding machine, and a nano-crystalline core was applied as a coupler to be fastened to the support rod of the metal block. In order to visualize the operating principle of the proposed couplers, 3D modeling and finite element analysis were performed with the COMSOL AC/DC module. In the communication performance test using an aluminum profile, when the communication channel was formed by the contact of the welding electrode, the bandwidth was kept above 6 Mbps.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.402-410
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• 2006

This paper presents a method for feature based block motion estimation that uses multi -resolution image sequences to obtain the panoramic images in the continuous ultrasound image sequences. In the conventional block motion estimation method, the centers of motion estimation blocks are set at the predetermined and equally spaced locations. This requires the large blocks to include at least one feature, which inevitably requires long estimation time. In this paper, we propose an adaptive method which locates the center of the motion estimation blocks at the feature points. This make it possible to reduce the block size while keeping the motion estimation accuracy The Harris-Stephen corner detector is used to get the feature points. The comer points tend to group together, which cause the error in the global motion estimation. In order to distribute the feature points as evenly as Possible, the image is firstly divided into regular subregions, and a strongest corner point is selected as a feature in each subregion. The ultrasound Images contain speckle patterns and noise. In order to reduce the noise artifact and reduce the computational time, the proposed method use the multi-resolution image sequences. The first algorithm estimates the motion in the smoothed low resolution image, and the estimated motion is prolongated to the next higher resolution image. By this way the size of search region can be reduced in the higher resolution image. Experiments were performed on three types of ultrasound image sequences. These were shown that the proposed method reduces both the computational time (from 77ms to 44ms) and the displaced frame difference (from 66.02 to 58.08).

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.921-929
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• 2011

This paper describes an analysis of the decoding performance and decoding convergence speed of layered LDPC(low-density parity-check) decoder for mobile WiMAX system, and the optimal design conditions for hardware implementation are searched. A fixed-point model of LDPC decoder, which is based on the min-sum algorithm and layered decoding scheme, is implemented and simulated using Matlab model. Through fixed-point simulations for the block lengths of 576, 1440, 2304 bits and the code rates of 1/2, 2/3A, 2/3B, 3/4A, 3/4B, 5/6 specified in the IEEE 802.16e standard, the effect of internal bit-width, block length and code rate on the decoding performance are analyzed. Simulation results show that fixed-point bit-width larger than 8 bits with integer part of 5 bits should be used for acceptable decoding performance.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.349-355
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate marginal gap of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) fabricated by soft metal material with using dental computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system and to compare gap of its by a conventional method. Ten same cases of study models were manufactured and scanned for digital models fabricating. Ten FDPs were fabricated by soft metal material using dental CAD/CAM (SMB group). Then, ten FDPs were fabricated by cast metal using lost wax technique and casting method (LWC group). Marginal gap was measured by silicone replica technique. Gap was measured by digital microscope (${\times}160$). Mann-Whitney test for statistical analysis was executed (${\alpha}=0.05$). The mean (standard deviations) of marginal gap was $76.5{\mu}m$ (35.2) for the SMB group, and $82.9{\mu}m$ (22.1) for the LWC group. Statistically significant differences were not found between SMB and LWC. As results, FDPs fabricated by soft metal material were clinically acceptable range.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.68-74
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose an effective memory reduction algorithm to reduce the amount of reference frame buffer and memory bandwidth in video encoder and decoder. In general video codecs, decoded previous frames should be stored and referred to reduce temporal redundancy. Recently, reference frames are recompressed for memory efficiency and bandwidth reduction between a main processor and external memory. However, these algorithms could hurt coding efficiency. Several algorithms have been proposed to reduce the amount of reference memory with minimum quality degradation. They still suffer from quality degradation with fixed-bit allocation. In this paper, we propose an adaptive block-based min-max quantization that considers local characteristics of image. In the proposed algorithm, basic process unit is $8{\times}8$ for memory alignment and apply an adaptive quantization to each $4{\times}4$ block for minimizing quality degradation. We found that the proposed algorithm can obtain around 1.7% BD-bitrate gain and 0.03dB BD-PSNR gain, compared with the conventional fixed-bit min-max algorithm with 37.5% memory saving.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.2039-2044
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• 2008

The problem of an efficient hardware implementation of multiple constant multiplication is frequently encountered in many digital signal processing applications such as FIR filter and linear transform (e.g., DCT and FFT). It is known that efficient solutions based on common subexpression elimination (CSE) algorithm can yield significant improvements with respect to the area and power consumption. In this paper, we present an efficient specialized adder design method for two common subexpressions ($10{\bar{1}}$, 101) in canonic signed digit (CSD) coefficients. By Synopsys simulations of a radix-24 FFT example, it is shown that the proposed method leads to about 21%, 11% and 12% reduction in the area, propagation delay time and power consumption compared with the conventional methods, respectively.

• Composites Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.171-176
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• 2019

In this paper, the strength of the composite securement device was characterised by FE analysis. Preliminary frontal crash analysis for the vehicle, equipped with the conventional steel securement device, was carried out according to the ISO 10542 for special transportation to obtain loading data, which were applied to securement device during crash. The securement device consists of block, guide and rail and the weight fraction of rail was the highest among them, therefore, it is desirable to reduce weight of rail by applying carbon/epoxy composite. Also, it was found that 27% of lightweight effect was obtained by hybrid rail that bottom part was replaced by a composite compared to the conventional rail, i.e., made of SAPH 440, without sacrificing the structural strength.