• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.459-485
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• 2011

This paper examines the seller's obligation to deliver documents conforming to the terms of the sales contract as set forth in articles 30 and 34 of the CISG. Article 30 obliges the seller to band over documents relating to the goods. This obligation to band over documents is further elaborated in article 34. According to article 34, the documents must be tendered at the time and place, and in the form, required by the contract. If the seller has delivered non-conforming documents before the agreed time, he has the right to remedy the defects if this would not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or expense. However, the buyer can claim any damages suffered despite the seller's remedy. Specific emphasis is placed on the interplay between the CISG and Incoterms. Incoterms contain detailed rules governing the obligations of the seller to provide for documents. Incoterms constitute international trade usage under articles 9(1) and 9(2) CISG and supplement construction of CISG with UCP under L/C transaction. In the event of failure by seller to deliver the necessary documents, the buyer has certain remedies available, such as the right to claim damages, the right to demand specific performance, and the right to repair. Furthermore, the failure to deliver the required documents under contract constitute a fundamental breach of the underlying sales contract as defined by article 25 of the CISG by the seller, and thereby enable the buyer to avoid the contract entirely article 49. However, it is stressed that since one of the main principles of the CISG is the preservation of the contract, the avoidance of the contract should remain a remedy of last resort.

• 월간 기계설비
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• no.11 s.208
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• pp.29-40
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• 2007

국가계약법 시행령이 개정됨에 따라 재정경제부는 공사계약 일반조건, 입찰조건, 입찰유의서 등 회계예규를 개정하고 지난 10월 12일부터 시행에 들어갔다. 개정된 시행규칙은 공사계약일반조건에서 설계서와 물량내역서 등의 범위에 대한 정의규정 보완/손해보험 관련 손해공제 포함/설계변경 관련 조문정리/설계변경 계약금액조정 제한대상 추가 및 입찰금액조정 규정 마련/특정규격의 자재별 가격변동에 따른 계약금액조정 관련 등이 개정되었고, 공사입찰유의서에는 입찰에 관한 서류의 열람 및 교부/입찰무효사유 보완/낙찰자가 부적격자로 판명된 경우 낙찰자 결정 방법 개선/조문정리 등이 개선되었다.

• 월간 기계설비
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• s.242
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• pp.19-21
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• 2010

공정거래위원회가 하도급계약 추정제에 따른 통지나 회신 방법 규정, 기술재료의 정의 등을 골자로 하는 '하도급거래공정화에관한법률시행령' 개정안을 마련하고 지난 7월 26일부터 시행에 들어갔다. 하도급계약 추정제는 하도급거래에서 수급사업자를 보호하기 위해 수급사업자가 구두로 맺은 계약에 대해 확인을 요청할 때 원사업자가 15일 이내에 이를 부인하지 않으면 계약이 있었던 것으로 추정하는 제도이다. 공정위는 또 수급사업자가 원사업자에게 위탁을 받은 작업의 내용과 하도급대금, 위탁받은 일시, 원사업자와 수급사업자의 사업자명과 주소 그밖의 원사업자에게 위탁한 내용 등으로 정했다. 개정된 하도급법에는 원사업자가 수급사업자에게 기술자료를 제공하도록 강요하지 못하도록 기술자료의 범위도 정했다. 또한 상습적으로 법을 위반하는 사업자의 명단을 공개하는 기준도 마련됐다. 명단 공개 기준은 최근 3년간 벌점이 4점을 초과한 자로서, 사업자명과 대표자, 사업장 주소 공개와 함께 공정위 인터넷 홈페이지에 이를 게시할 때는 그 기간을 1년으로 했다. 이와 함께 입찰명세서와 낙찰자결정 품의서, 견적서, 현장설명서, 설계설명서 등 하도급대금결정 관련서류를 의무적으로 보존토록 하고 하도급대금 지급보증기관에 소방산업공제조합을 추가해 원사업자의 지급보증기관 선택 범위를 확대했다.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.29-52
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• 2017

This research employed a comparative legal analysis to explore the rules of CISG, Incoterms 2010, Chinese Contract Law, and Korean Civil Act with precedent researches and present customs in the international sale of goods. The results of this study show that there are some differences in the provisions of seller's delivery obligation to those regulations, such as the time and place of delivery goods, the conformity of goods on the contract, and delivery of documents. Therefore, the parties of contract, especially between Korean and Chinese traders, must be aware of the differences in the provisions of those selected regulations in order to reduce disputes between them, out of or in relation to or in connection with their sales contract.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.51
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• pp.187-210
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• 2011

International transactions have the threat of non-payment by the buyer or non-performance by the seller. Parties tend to search for additional means of securing performance and payment beyond the mere agreement in the contract. Such security may be achieved by means of a letter of credit. When contracting parties have agreed to pay by means of a letter of credit, the buyer's bank takes upon itself the obligation to pay the purchase price when the seller tenders the documents that are stipulated in the letter of credit. The documents must comply strictly with the terms of the credit.. The documents play a crucial role in letter of credit transaction. The principles of abstraction, separability and strict compliance governing the letter of credit transaction are considered. The concept of fundamental breach of Article 25 CISG was discussed. This article examines whether a failure to deliver documents conforming to the terms of the letter of credit can constitute a fundamental breach of the sales contract as defined by Article 25 of the CISG by the seller and thereby enable the buyer to avoid the contract. For letter of credit transactions it should be accepted that the delivery of non-performing documents constitutes a fundamental breach, if the result of this breach is that the bank refuses to pay the price for the goods. On the other hand, in the interpretation of Article 25 CISG, it should be noted that if the parties have agreed to payment by means of a letter of credit, they have simultaneously agreed to apply the strict compliance principle to the delivery of documents in the sales contract. Finally the parties should ensure that inconsistency between the requirements under the documentary credit and the requirements under the contract of sale is avoided, since the buyer may be in breach of his payment obligation if the seller cannot get paid under the documentary credit when his documents conform with the contract of sale.

• 월간 기계설비
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• no.10 s.219
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• pp.48-50
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• 2008

해외건설공사를 성공적으로 수행하기위해서는, 낙찰통보전 낙찰가능시점부터, 현장소장을 비롯한 현장준비팀을 조직 운영하여, 계약서류상의 각종 요구사항, 승인사항, 인 허가사항, 현지법,공법,계약조건, 공정계획, 인원소요계획, 장비소요계획 등을 검토 한다. 또 현장답사 등을 통하여 견적시에 계획되고 작성된 모든 내용을 검토 보완, 수정 및 Update함과 동시에,선발대를 현장에 투입해 발주자로부터 현장을 인수하고 가설공사를 시작하며 조기착공에 서두른다. 단, 현장투입 전 발주자로부터 접수한 Letter of Intent(낙찰/계약의향서)상의 착공관련 조건을 확인하거나 Notice to Proceed(착공지시서)의 접수를 확인해야 한다. 시공자의 입장에서 건설공사의 궁극적인 목표를 이익의 극대화로 볼 때, 공사초기에서의 신속한 동원이야말로 목표달성에 이르는 지름길이며, 발주자 및 감리자로부터 신뢰를 받아 공사 전반에 걸쳐 순조로운 현장운영을 가능케 하는 것이다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to analyze the problem of confusing the names of Chinese granite used in Korean construction work and suggest the improvement plans for them. Interviews of the experts from the stone company, studies on the existing research literature, and analyses of construction work documents of the 23 construction works which used Chinese granite were carried out to analyze the real condition of name confusion of granite stone. In the analytical result of the real condition, name confusion was classified into 4 types and problems derived from it were done into 4 ones. An additional survey was carried out targeting 34 masonry experts to draw the improvement plans based on the analytical results of the real condition of name confusion. The results show that the most fundamental solution is to continue to make efforts to use exact names when main agents related to construction works communicate with each other regarding Chinese granite stone and the process to make out construction contract documents.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.47
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• pp.49-78
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• 2010

The seller has to deliver goods and hand over documents as required by the contract. It is very important that ownership of goods shall be transferred by the documents from the seller to the buyer. Where terms of payments is made under documentary payment such as negotiable order Bill of lading or any transport documents for symbolic delivery of goods shall be more important between the parties concerned. The buyer may withdraw or cancel the contract where the buyer accept the foul Bill of Lading and demand damages where the buyer accept the other documents which are not in accordance with requirements by the buyer. Withdraw or cancel of contract can be made where discrepancy of documents comes into fundamental breach of contract. In conclusion transport documents by the seller will be used to determine appropriation of transport document to the contract. Therefore the seller has to deliver the proper shipping documents to the buyer. Where the breach of the seller's obligations to deliver documents the buyer has the right of requiring performance, contract avoided, claiming damage to recover the contract under CISG. The significance of transport documents has been focused in this study and careful examination of documents shall be needed to prevent any dispute or differences between the parties.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.205-225
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• 2017

The study attempts to verify the case related to the notice of payment refusal by issuing bank regarding discrepancy in transport document under L/C(Letter of Credit) transaction. Considering the high portion of trade between Korea and China, Korean companies and banks in L/C transaction should be careful about many unpredictable situations. The case of this study is that Chinese seller(beneficiary) initiated a civil suit against Industrial Bank of Korea to Chinese court and Chinese courts in the first and second trials judged that the notice of payment refusal by Industrial bank of Korea doesn't satisfy Article 16, (c) (ii) (iii) in UCP 600. However, Industrial Bank of Korea implements the judgement even though the judgement is highly biased to Chinese seller. Considering the judgement by Chinese courts, the study suggests some countermeasures to Korean companies and banks which opened L/C. First, the issuing bank should describe the contents of discrepancy specifically based on Article 16, (c) in UCP 600. Second, it is necessary to insert a clause regarding governing law in the L/C contract like sales contract. Third, considering the biased judgement by Chinese court and difficulty in execution of foreign judgement in China, it is recommended to using arbitration as a method of dispute resolution such as ICLOCA and DOCDEX Rules which are international system operated by international instruments because it has legal effects to parties in L/C contracts if the issuing bank inserts arbitration clause in L/C.

• Venture DIGEST
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• s.129
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• pp.56-57
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• 2009

얼마전 관세조사를 받게 된 수입업체 사장님의 다급한 전화를 받은 적이 있다. 관세조사의 경우 보통 사전에 통지가 이루어 지는데 이 업체의 경우에는 통지도 없이 세관에서 사무실로 바로 와서는 수입과 관련된 계약서와 선적서류, 외환자료를 모두 압수해 갔다는 것이다. 업체 사장님은 엄청난 자신감을 보이며 관세에 관한 한 잘못한 것이 하나도 없다고 주장했다. 다만 중국에서 수출한 물품에 대해서 지급했던 위약금에 대해서 "걸린다(?)"고 하며 관세를 물어야 하는지 문의해 왔다. 이번호에서는 수출물품에 관한 위약금에 대한 판례를 곁들여 알아보도록 하자.