• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 2021

For the past half century, the Journal of the Korean Landscape Architecture has been leading the landscape architecture research and industry inclusively. In this study, abstracts of 1,802 articles were collected and analyzed with topic modeling and network analysis method. As a result of this paper, a total of 27 types of subjects were identified. Health and healing in the field of environmental psychology, garden and aesthetics, participation and community, modernity, place and placenness, microclimate, tourism and social equity also have been continued as important research area in this journal. Modernity, community and urban regeneration is hot topics and ecological landscape related topics were cold topics. Although there was a difference by subject, the variability of the research subjects appeared after the 2000s. In Network analysis, it shows that 'Park' is a representative keyword that can symbolize the journal, and 'landscape' is also important a leading area of the journal. Looking at the overall structure of the network, it can be seen that the journal conducts research on 'utilizing', 'using', and creating 'park', 'landscape', and 'space'. This study is meaningful in that it grasped the overall research trend of the journal by using topic modeling and network analysis of text mining.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

This study attempted to examine the loving pigeon culture practiced in traditional gardens and to illuminate the aspect of pigeons as a landscape animal material. In order to understand the culture of enjoying old garden through pigeons, the contents were analyzed for the translated version of the old literatures and paintings. Pigeons have been used as Jeonseo-gu(傳書鳩) and also for medicinal purposes and food. Pigeons have various symbolic meanings such as abundance, hospitality, and longevity. From the Goryeo Dynasty to the early Joseon Dynasty, pigeons were raised in the palace and private garden. In the late Joseon Dynasty, temporary trend of ornamental pigeon culture occurred. Pigeons were synesthesia materials that enriched the forest. Various beautiful pigeons created a variable landscape of the primeval forest as a moving landscape material. The bell sounds that appear differently depending on the pigeon's movement led to a rich auditory experience of the landscape. The pigeon house was an ornamental element that enriched the old garden along with the pigeon. The owners of garden were involved in gardening through the act of buying a pigeon house and placing it in the garden or making a pigeon house themselves. In addition, the writers planted plum trees, peach trees, apricot trees, and hawthorn trees as a symbol of spring and a source of food for pigeons, and expressed them in poems and paintings. This study has a limitation in that the translation of the old text was used as an analysis data. The follow-up studies on specific cases of raising pigeons in the old garden, in modern and contemporary landscape spaces are urged.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.64-74
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• 2010

The study is based on an urban park design that is designed in consideration of the characteristics of Uijeongbu City, applied with adequate functions for the environment and showcasing the unique scenery in relation to the relocation of the US Air Force Camp Falling Water. The bases of the design are: the reasonable convergence of the square and park in consideration of the site characteristics; the application of an urban context as the park is located near a station; and the realization of an eco-friendly space. This study is based on foundation research regarding a review of urban square patterns, particular items in planning in relation to modern urban parks and the adaptability of the park in the future. Regarding space usage, the design is applied with notable ideas that allow the space to make its own characteristics through voluntary user activity in conjunction with the environment that will allow the park to cope with changes in the future, as opposed to a space that users experience through pre-determined programs. Below are the focal points of the design. First, the park is designed as an empty space which may accommodate the urban structural context of and usage patterns for being a field of the city ecology that changes and develops, beyond a passively-created square pattern. Such open spaces have a continuity which allows it to adapt to the development of the city. In addition, the design facilitates spontaneous processes through changes in usage pattern and time. Second, the design includes the message that the park and the city, natural things and artificial things, must communicate and network with each other. Hence the park shall not be an isolated green island within the city, but is an open space accommodating the demands for open area from nearby commercial, public and residential facilities; the park shall include a field that can accommodate a variety of programs. Third, the park is designed to encourage the effect of direct and indirect practical education by reflecting a physical plan as well as interesting experience design methods to lower carbon emissions and to create and maintain an eco-friendly space, the basis of a zero-emissions city.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.60-73
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• 2011

Since Jeju Ollegil opened in September 2007 and attracted the sensation of popularity throughout the country, the interest in 'Walking Trails' has increased, and the central ministries and the local governments composite and assign various 'Walking Trails'. Walking trails are not tours on which people go to see one spot and move to another spot by vehicle, but a long linear journey that leads people to see, to feel and to experience a region's landscape and culture while walking on the trail. 'Walking Trails' are efficient routes to discover and to use a former way and to link the various ecological regions' histories and cultural resources, so it is most important to select a route. Although the routes were selected by considering the various planning factors and giving each route a specified theme, some problems like the inconvenience of visitors caused by lack of facilities have occurred. After designation and construction of the trails, they were not properly evaluated by visitors. Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to suggest a better way to construct the trails by surveying visitor satisfaction and by analyzing the impact of planning a route on visitor satisfaction at Bukhansan Dulegil which was completed. For this study, with a questionnaire based on the literature review to identify the important planning factors for selecting a route, a survey was conducted on visitor satisfaction for each section and their intention to revisit and to recommend that trail. Based on the characteristics of each section that was identified in the field research, the trails were classified into five types and satisfaction of each type and each type was analyzed. In addition, analyzing the impact of planning factors on satisfaction, the impact of satisfaction on revisiting and recommending and visitors' perception of the theme, further improvement for better construction of the trail was presented. Satisfaction of sectors with strong natural elements was higher; 'walking comfort' was the highest planning factor affecting satisfaction. In addition, satisfaction was surveyed to have high influence on revisiting and recommending.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.52-64
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• 2015

This study was carried out investigation of characteristics palace gardens representing historical background, political and cultural identity in Korea, China, and Japan. It had been done a comparative analysis in formation, location and site layout, site composition, landscape elements and planning, landscape technique and vista for palace gardens in East asia's three countries. In order to process this study, Changdeokgung Palace in Korea, Summer Palace in China and Sento Imperial Palace in Japan were selected based on similar status. therefore it provide theoretical foundation to investigate the identity of palace gardens in three countries. Furthermore the study determined homogeneity(similarity) and heterogeneity(differentiation) of the characteristics between palace gardens in three countries through the in-depth comparative analysis in order to investigate identity of palace gardens in three countries and to present the value of Korean palace garden. Homogeneity and heterogeneity between palace gardens in three countries deducted from the study were summarized as follows; First, it shows indigenous style of Korean garden throughout adapting natural terrain without natural destruction. Second, various symbolic elements which ie reflected East asian ideologies present in the gardens. Chinese thoughts and technique were influenced in the development of palace garden in Korea and implemented in similar ways of China. Homogeneity of utilizing waterscape could be found in three countries. Lastly, Palace garden in Changdeokgung had played a role as cultural place with taste for the arts rather than representing authority of the throne. It appears to be similar in China and Japan. The reason how Korea, China and Japan established their own independent style is that each palace garden had been developed to embrace indigenous culture with introduced elements even though they were closely bound up with culture.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.57-75
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to find ways of evaluating the suitability of sites being considered for development of different types of parks in the vicinity of yangmock-myun kyoung buk, where a large project(as large as about14.0$km^2$) has been planned. The results are as follows. Three surveys for selecting the assessment indicators were performed. ${\cdot}$ The first survey analyzed the importance of 23 selected assessment indicators based on a review of existing literature review and an on-the-spot research. ${\cdot}$ The second survey selected assessment indicators for each park type. ${\cdot}$ The third survey computed additive values of selected assessment indicators by the park types. It used a method of standardizing the average importance of indicators by making their sum equal to 10. These additive values were then multiplied by each grade of indicators to make a final evaluation. An evaluation of the site-suitability of park types was performed twice. The purpose of the first evaluation was to figure out how much each type met the minimum requirements targeted for all landscape types. The minimum requirements were derived by using a relative comparison between the standard of value rating of the assessment indicators, which was over the medium magnitude on the importance analysis, and the result of field research. A second evaluation estimated the targeted sites that met the minimum requirements. Value ratings of second assessment indicators were quantitatively divided as 1 to 3 grade and the evaluation scores were added, giving an additive value for each assessment indicator. The evaluation score on each park type was rated on a scale of 1 to 3 according to their averages, (from lowest to highest). Since this evaluation model of the site suitability on park types only focused on the 'face' of space in this study, additional analysis is necessary for setting the evaluation model and incorporating the overall impact of space, network connection and other factors, considering 'spot', 'line' and 'face' aspects of space.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.907-914
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• 1996

To enhance the shelf-life and quality of baechu kimchi, the effects of CSP(crab shell powder) addition to kimchi was investigated. Overall qualities were deteriorated by fish odor, chewiness of particles, sharp pH increase at the early fermentation stage; therefore in order to solve these problems kimchi fermentation was carried out with kimchi containing 1, 3, 5% CSPB for salted baech weight at $10^{\circ}C$ for 300ays. Quality of kimchi was evalutated by the measurement of pH, acidity, colour L, a, and b value, the number of microbe and lactic acid bacteria, texture. Ten highly trained panelists were involved in the sensory evaluation. During the entire fermentation periods, pH, hardness, colour L, a and b value, the number of lactic acid bacteria of kimchi with CSPB were higher than those of control, but acidity was lower. Sensory quality showed that sour taste of control at 15-day fermentation was already strong. However, sour taste, crispness taste, and overall taste of kimchi with CSPB untill 20-day fermentation were good. Especially, overall taste of kimchi containing 3% CSPB at 30-day fermentation was good, but that of kimchi containing 5% showed fish odor from the early periods of fermentation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.11-22
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• 2017

A plaza represents the identity of a city, and that reveals a plaza's importance. Gwanghwamun Plaza and Seoul Plaza are two representative plazas where the citizens can freely express their opinions. Many major plazas in the center of Seoul were built under the Japanese occupation. Among these, the plaza of Joseon Bank has different characteristics than Gwanghwamun Plaza and Seoul Plaza. Even though this plaza was built in the center of the commercial, administrational, and cultural district during the Japanese colonial period, the research on this plaza has been limited. This study was conducted to verify the features of this plaza by analyzing its construction and transformation during the Japanese colonial period. The study's results outline how the plaza was constructed by the Japanese administration. The intention of the government is shown by the fact that it purchased land parcels and held a design competition. In the 1910s, the government purchased seven parcels of land during the expansion of roads as the place for the plaza. During the late 1930s, the government accepted a traffic circle to regulate the traffic and eliminate the conflict between crossing movements. In 1939, a fountain was built in the plaza's center, and its design was selected through a design competition. It was planned as a square, but gradually turned into a rotary. Furthermore, the plaza was a landmark and symbol of the power and modernity of Japan. As the main modal point of public transportation, the plaza became surrounded with largescale Western-style buildings, commercial advertising, and neon signs. The plaza became a place where people could experience the modern city. These spectacular displays showed that Japanese imperialism was perceived as a strange and peculiar landscape to the majority of Korean citizens. This study investigates the history and characteristics of the plaza, focusing on its beginning as well as the transformation of its form. As to the limitations of the study, it does not consider political and economic contexts within the transformation of Seoul and in relation to this plaza. Instead, that research remains for a future study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.50-66
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• 2016

This study attempts to understand and explain how "Directed Attention Restorative Environment (DARE)" is managed and fostered in "Gang-Hak (講學)" and "Yu-Sik (遊息)" spaces both inside and outside of Oksan Seowon Confucian Academy, Gyeongju. Directed Attention is a pivotal element in human information processing so that its restoration is crucial for effective thinking and learning. According to Kaplan & Kaplan's Attention Restoration Theory, an environment, in order to be restorative, should have four elements: 'Being Away,' 'Extent,' 'Fascination,' and 'Compatibility.' We could confirm OkSan Seowon Confucian Academy has an inner logic that integrates two basically different spacial concepts of "Jangsu" and "Yusik" and thus fosters the Attention Restorative Environment. Particularly, the Four Mountains and Five Platforms (四山五臺) surrounding the premises provides an excellent learning environment, and is in itself educational in terms of the Neo-Confucian epistemology with "Attaining Knowledge by way of Positioning Things (格物致知)" as its principle precept, and of its aesthetics with "Connectedness with Nature" as its central tenet. This study attempts to recapture the value of Korea's cultural heritage concerning the Human/Nature relationship; and it may provide useful insights and practical guidelines/grounds in designing today's schools and campuses, where the young people's needs for the Directed Attention- and Attention Restorative- Servicescapes seem to be greater than ever.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2022

The vegetation of historical sites has been a form of vegetation that has remained since some years ago, but in modern times, vegetation and terrain have been deformed or damaged due to urban development, which was followed by an industrialization. As a solution to this, it is necessary to establish a plan for restoration and management by referring to the vegetation and landscape remaining in the historic site as indicators. This study was conducted to provide basic data for vegetation and landscape management of Baekje Historic Sites in Seoul by comparing and analyzing location characteristics, existing vegetation, and remaining vegetation of past substitutional vegetation for Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong, Baekje Historic Sites in Seoul. As a result of the study, Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong are located near the main stream of the Han River, Pungnaptoseong is located on a flat land consisting of natural embankments and floodplains, and Mongchontoseong is located on a hilly area. In the case of existing vegetation, it has been confirmed that Pungnaptoseong mainly has ornamental trees planting sites, while Mongchontoseong has a distribution of residual species from the past that grow in villages and hilly lowlands. The Substitutional vegetation of Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong was synthesized based on the location characteristics and actual vegetation, it is estimated that the hilly areas may have been divided into "Quercus aliena Blume.", "Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb." and so on, "Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc." on dry land,"Salix koreensis Andersson.", "Juglans mandshurica Maxim.", "Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud." in rivers and tributaries, "Quercus acutissima Carruth." in the main part of the forest, "Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.", "Salix koreensis Andersson.", "Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino." as a divine tree in the beginning of the village. Since the 1960s, all substitutional vegetation in the past has disappeared due to the introduction of foreign species and the creation of urban areas in Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong, and the landscape has also been damaged. Fortunately, the substitutional vegetation was estimated in consideration of the species of residual trees distributed along the walls, climate, location characteristics, and times, but this study was conducted based on literature and existing vegetation surveys. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement the past target vegetation in Baekje historical sites in Seoul through quantitative experiments such as plant relic analysis in the future.