• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.168-182
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• 2014

Several Sungsi Gardens were built up in Old West Village during the period of the Joseon Dynasty. Most of them were painted as True-View landscape painting. This study aims at examining original locations of representative gardens of the Old West Village by empirical investigation of related True-View landscape paintings. It seeks to demonstrate the garden landscape in True-View landscape painting by utilizing ArcGIS, 3D topographic modeling to observe geographical locations and landscape more realistically. After forming 3D topographic modeling of estimated locations of the gardens, location of objects at composition of 3D modeling similar to True-View landscape painting was found by shifting viewpoints. And by overlapping the cadastral map on the modeling, we could verify the current lot number of the garden sites. The interpretation of processes and results are as follows. In the early stage, Chungpunggye garden was built at the very end of Mt. InWang valley. The site is hidden from the outside, and appeared as 'Enclosed Landscape'. In the middle stage, Chunghuigak garden was built between Okryu-dong valley and the surrounding ridge. It appeared as 'Semi-Opened Landscape'. In the late stage, Seowon garden was built at the highest level of the ridge among the research areas. It appeared as 'Prospective Landscape'. In the last period, Songsukwon garden, was built at a point of contact of the ridge end and surrounding residential area. So it appeared as 'Opened Landscape' to the town. In other words, the location, landscape and social function of the gardens in Old West Village had been gradually opened in Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.74-86
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to deduce the landscape evaluation indices that can be applied from the preparation for the registration of major national farm/fishery heritages to post-management. For this purpose, the Delphi survey was performed on experts. From August to November in 2014, the primary open survey, secondary open survey, and tertiary closed survey were performed to gather opinions from 28 experts, 25 experts, and 29 experts, respectively. As a result, the landscape evaluation indices for farm/fishery heritage consisted of five areas of evaluation, ten items of evaluation, and 40 indices of evaluation. The areas of evaluation were rurality, authenticity, aesthetics, tourism potentials, and locality. Rurality was classified into rurality of farm/fishery towns and nostalgia. Authenticity was classified into objective authenticity and existential authenticity. Aesthetics was classified into attractiveness and harmony. Tourism potentials were classified into value of resources and value of usability. Locality was divided into physical originality and cultural identity. The study made the following findings: first, the general grounds of farm/fishery landscape evaluation cannot be applied when evaluating the quality of landscapes of farm/fishery heritage, as their value as a cultural heritage should be considered. Second, the new indices valued emotional factors in addition to the physical factors considered by the existing farm/fishery landscapes. The new indices involved a more expanded concept of landscapes as it also considers everyday or temporary activities, including the farm/fishery activities of local people or participation in festivals and experience programs. Third, farm/fishery heritage focuses on the lives of local people, as it involves both the synchronic and the diachronic perspectives to see what is currently visible and what is no longer visible. This brings into consideration not only the farms and the natural environments but also their relationships with the villages, especially the residential areas. Finally, the indices reflected both the farm/fishery heritage's value as cultural heritage and its value for tourism. They derived temporary and dynamic landscapes, including the trading activities of local specialty markets in relation to the production landscapes. However, further studies should be conducted as this study could not rate the relative importance of indices or compare the total scores of landscapes without the weight of each item.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.24 no.2 s.88
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• pp.7-18
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• 2006

The Purpose of this study is to develop landscape Preference and define elements of difference in landscape preference of the 1-span Steel Box Girder Bridge by Bridge Shape Parameters(BSP) through Design of Experiments. Lately, the 1-span Steel Box Girder Bridge is dominations much component ratio and the Steel Box Girder Bridge has strong Points that is economically Profitable and management has easy when construct. but landscape preference of the 1-span Steel Box Girder Bridge was evaluated low because impression of landscape is being surfeited and dulled. Do to consider optimization in design that give change to Bridge Shape Parameters(BSP) to supplement this shortcoming in this study. Therefore, this study changes Bridge Shape Parameters(BSP) and extract elements that influence in landscape preference of the 1-span Steel Box Girder Bridge. and based on the design that consider landscape Preference of the 1-span Steel Box Girder Bridge, some essential guidelines for rational design of the 1-span Steel Box Girder Bridge suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.61-68
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of utilizing the immersion stereoscopic image with a curved-screen-display as a tool for evaluating the landscape. The curved-screen-display ensures the continuity of the image and can be simultaneously evaluated by many people. Fifty-meter-wide Gangnamdaero Boulevard in Seoul was selected for this study, and the simulation was done using computer graphics. With the computer simulation, a questionnaire on landscape preferences was conducted according to different visual environments (immersion, non-immersion) and different projection types(stereoscopic or plane image). In the results of this study, the landscape preference was largely dependent on the immersion environment. Using the immersion-type simulation, the observer can easily evaluate the preference with higher judgment power. The stereoscope or plane projection type does not have any significant result in terms of its judgment power. This result implies that it is very important to strengthen the sense of immersion by expanding the screen into an angled view in which the observer can become immersed while making and projecting the simulation to evaluate the landscape. As a landscape evaluation tool for examining the efficiency and usefulness of immersion simulation, this study has limitations in that it controls many factors in street landscape that adversely affect judgment. Accordingly, a detailed comparison and verification of the stereoscopic image in various environments, including street width and building height ratio, must be conducted.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2009

This research is an introductory study that hopes to interpret the cultural scenic landscape by analyzing Korea's mountains, streams, topography, color, light, human behavior, and more based on real landscape paintings. It places its purpose on understanding our intrinsic cultural scenic landscape by investigating the changed topography and the differing life patterns caused bythe active national land development after the modern era. With Seoul, which is now difficult to find images of its past, and the surrounding areas of the Han riverbed, the interpretation related to its original topography, landscape, climate, weather, and human behaviors was observed while the main focus was placed on the climate of the perception held by people regarding Mt. Geumgang and other ranges which are not fully opened to the public yet. In order to comprehensively analyze the figures of features and appearing landscapes including color, light, and more, it was described through the concept called climate. Hereupon, the real landscape paintings by Gyunjae(Jeong-Seon), mainly bearing features of existing Korean mountains, wereutilized as visual historical material. However, not having all his works, other pieces with representative characteristics were utilized such as "Gyeong-Gyo-Myeong-Seung-Chup(a painting with picturesque sceneries around old Seoul)" and "Hae-Ak-Jeon-Shin-Chup(a landscape painting including even the spirits of the seas and mountains)" which contain the regions' distinct scenery. As a result, the old cultural scenic landscapes of Korea are regarded as containing diverse mountains and where the conceptions of the treatment of mountains were reflected.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.49-63
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• 2012

The popular landscape paintings in Jaseon Dynasty had become the prototypes of the paradise of people and played the essential role in making the typical types of garden in those times. The representative types of the paintings include , , and etc. They made ways to produce the typical types of Joseon landscape gardens such as 'Dowon Type Gardens', 'Gugok Type Gardens', 'Prospect Type Gardens' and 'Gilji Type Gardens' etc. The types of garden above showed their landscape characteristics corresponding with the types of painting respectively. The 'Dowon Type Gardens' mostly located at the mountain valley showed enclosed landscape suited for refuge it corresponds with the composition of . The 'Gugok Type Gardens' mostly located at the long and winding valley composed of sequential sceneries with open and enclosed views corresponding with the composition of . The 'Prospect Type Gardens' located mostly m the hilly sites holds open views contrasting with the earlier types, and activated with the influence of . The 'Gilji Type Gardens' influenced by extended their territory beyond the main garden and made the vicinity areas, including the whole village, a paradise in respect with feng shui. Most of the garden types in Joseon Dynasty have alternated the bipolar characteristics of Prospect and Refuge in time and area respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.72-85
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• 2009

This study attempts to examine the principles of landscape composition for a 'Suhwon(書院)' and the meaning and value of its traditional landscape architecture, in order to apply the results to the design of modern landscape architecture. A 'Suhwon' is a vital space containing the form and meaning of human activity. This study analyzes the characteristics of landscape composition in the construction of the Namgea Suhwon, located in Hamyang, by examining the form and meaning of its area and composition. The Namgea Suhwon was constructed with a suitable configuration and harmony in a good location, neither field nor mountain, and which encompasses transcendence and a return after passage through a period of birth and abundance. Its appearance means 'life existence and hidden death(生居死幽)'. Its spatial system is a reflection of the idea of Samshinoje(三神五帝: The three abilities of Providence and its five subjects) connected with Ilsangje -Samshin -Ohje. It was built based on the idea of Biryebudong(非禮不動) meaning that one should follow only good decorum and avoid discourtesy, complying with "the frame of decorum" developed by the family rites of Chu Hsi. The environmental design of the Namgea Suhwon was interrupted by the material confrontation between mountains and water and a binary code system, such as front to rear, length to breadth, and movement to stillness. The design did not adhere to stiff axes, but pursued the harmonic principles of asymmetric balance in the building and the yard, which are very naturalistic. The name 'Namgea Suhwon' is closely related with the view of placement(置) and harmony(和), which are unified with the function and meaning formed by connecting Sung Confucianism with the Pungsu-Sasinsa structure in the layout of the grounds. When examining the D/H ratio of the building and yard, it can be seen that the spaces of Ganghak, Yusang and Jehyang were built appropriately, according to the natural characteristics of each space, such as a sense of openness, enclosure, tension, relief, enhancement, and hierarchical order. The spaces also reflect human scale concepts that take advantage of auditory features. The transition process after the construction of 'Namgea Suhwon' reveals the intentions of the builder to create an ecological landscape composition based on Placement and Harmony. Placement embodies' a purposeful space in which nature and the building are connected naturally, 'incomplete open space pursuing completion', and 'potential beauty in which tension and relaxation are repeated'. Harmony embodies 'order and continuity having a sense of unity with the natural environment' and the 'sharing of daily life and memory'. 'Namgea Suhwon' contains many ideas for landscape planning, land use and the design of a campus environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.67-77
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• 2022

In South Korea, U-type girder development was attempted as a means to increase the length of I-type girder, but due to the large self-weight according to the post-tension method, the application of rail bridges of 30m or less is typical. There are not many examples of application of pre-tension type girder. This study does not limit the post-tension method, but applies the pre-tension method to induce a reduction in self-weight and materials used due to the reduction of the cross-section. In addition, we intend to apply the on-site pre-tensioning method using the internal reaction arm of the U-type girder. The prestressed concrete U-type girder bridge is composed of a concrete deck slab and a composite section. Compared to the PSC I-type, which is an open cross-section because the cross section is closed, structural performance such as resistance and rigidity is improved, the safety of construction is increased during the manufacturing and erection stage, and the height ratio is reduced due to the reduction of its own weight. Therefore, it is possible to secure the aesthetic scenery and economical of the bridge. As a result, it is expected that efficient construction will be possible with high-quality factory-manufactured members and cast-in-place members. In this paper, the introduction of the pre-tension method on-site and the analytical performance verification of the anchoring block for tension are included.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2006

This survey was carried out to investigate the occurrence of reproductive disorders in Korean native cattle (Hanwoo). The general management status such as barn type, feed intake, parity and type of reproductive disorders were examined in the Hanwoo farms. In this survey, the total incidence of reproductive disorders that was assessed from 54 Hanwoo farms was 11.6% (73/ 631). We first examined the incidence of reproductive disorders following herd size per farm. The rates of reproductive disorders in under 10 heads, 10 to 20 heads and over 20 heads were 25.2%, 9.4% and 8.3%, respectively (P<0.05). The rate of reproductive disorders in tie stall barn was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in free stall barn (14.9% vs. 8.1%). The major types of reproductive disorders were follicular cysts (21.8%), fat necrosis (21.8%), and repeat breeding (17.8%). The rate of reproductive disorders assessed by the parity tended to decrease as the parity increased. The relationship between incidence of reproductive disorders and body condition score (BCS) was investigated in 203 Hanwoo. The incidence of reproductive disorder was 80.0%, 8.8%, 9.4%, 10.0%, 33.3% and 57.1% at 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 of BCS, respectively. These data show that the increase of herd size, barn type and BCS affect the incidence of reproductive disorders such as follicular cysts, fat necrosis and repeat breeding in Hanwoo.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 2014

Hybrid Truss Bridge (HTB) uses steel truss webs instead of concrete webs in prestressed box girder bridges, which is becoming popular due to its structural benefits such as relatively light self-weight and good aesthetics appearance. Since the core technology of this bridge is the connection system between concrete slabs and steel truss members, several connection systems were proposed and experimentally evaluated. Also, the selected joint system was applied to the real bride design and construction. The research was performed on the connection system, since it can affect the global behavior of this bridge such as flexural and fatigue behaviors as well as the local behavior around the connection region. The evaluation study showed that HTB applied to a curved bridge or an eccentrically loaded bridge had a weak torsional capacity compared to an ordinary PSC box girder bridge due to the open cross-sectional characteristic of HTB. Therefore, three types of girders with different joint system between truss web member and concrete slab were tested for their torsional capacity. In this study, the three different types of HTB girders under torsional loading were simulated using FEM analysis to investigate the torsional behavior of HTB girders more in detail. The results are discussed in detail in the paper.