• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and β-glucan content of extracts extracted by varying the temperature at 30, 55 and 80℃ after hot air drying or freeze drying of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii. For the analysis antioxidant activity of each mushroom, β-glucan, total phenol, flavonoid contents, and DPPH·ABTS⁺·Nitrite assay were measured. Also, the β-glucan content, total flavonoid content and ABTS⁺ scavenging activity increased with freeze drying rather than hot air drying, and increased with increasing extraction temperature in both mushrooms. However, the total phenol and nitrite scavenging activity increased with hot air drying rather than freeze drying, and decreased with increasing temperature in both mushrooms. DPPH scavenging activity was not significant in both mushrooms, but decreased with increasing extraction temperature. Pearson's correlations between total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities were r=0.719~0.753 (p<0.01). As a result, the β-glucan content, total flavonoid content, and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity were highest during freeze drying and extraction at 80℃. And the highest total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and nitrite scavenging activity were obtained during hot air drying and extraction at 30℃.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.367-376
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• 2022

One of biopolymer, β-glucan (BG) chains were crosslinked by citric acid under the heating condition for the adsorption of Pb and Cu ions in the aqueous solution. The variation of functional groups on BG itself and crosslinked β-glucan (CBG) with their surface adsorption characteristics were investigated by FTIR and SEM-EDX. Adsorption kinetic results showed that adsorption of Pb and Cu onto the CBG followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and intra-particle diffusion model. The Langmuir adsorption model was depicted better adsorption characteristics than the Freundlich model. The adsorption capacities of Pb and Cu onto the CBG estimated by the Langmuir model were 59.70 and 23.44 mg/g, respectively. This study suggested that CBG may act as an eco-friendly adsorbent for the adsorption of Pb and Cu in the aqueous solution.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1509-1513
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• 2003

Antifungal activities of the extracts from 26 medicinal plants were investigated utilizing paper-disk diffusion method and (1,3)β-glucan synthase inhibitory assay. (1,3)β-glucan synthase is considered as valuable target in the development of antifungal agents. Among the screened extracts, the ethyl acetate extract of Equisetum arvense, the ethyl acetate extract of Polygonum aviculare, the butanol extract of Crataegus pinnatifida and the n-hexane extract of Saussurea lappa showed significant antifungal activities on Candida albacans in both disk diffusion and enzyme assays.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.967-973
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• 2020

The fungal cell wall is a major target of antifungals. In this study, we report the antifungal activity of an ethanol extract from Aucklandia lappa against Candida albicans. We found that the extract caused cell wall injury by decreasing chitin synthesis or assembly and (1,3)-β-D-glucan synthesis. A sorbitol protection assay demonstrated that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the A. lappa extract against C. albicans cells increased eight-fold from 0.78 to 6.24 mg/ml in 72 h. Cell aggregates, which indicate damage to the cell wall or membrane, were commonly observed in the A. lappatreated C. albicans cells through microscopic analysis. In addition, the relative fluorescence intensities of the C. albicans cells incubated with the A. lappa extract for 3, 5, and 6 h were 92.1, 84.6, and 79.8%, respectively, compared to the controls, estimated by Calcofluor White binding assay. This result indicates that chitin content was reduced by the A. lappa treatment. Furthermore, synthesis of (1,3)-β-D-glucan polymers was inhibited to 84.3, 79.7, and 70.2% of that of the control treatment following incubation of C. albicans microsomes with the A. lappa extract at a final concentration equal to its MIC, 2× MIC, and 4× MIC, respectively. These findings suggest that the A. lappa ethanol extract may aid the development of a new antifungal to successfully control Candidaassociated disease.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 2015

${\beta}$-Glucan is a polysaccharide that is widely used as an adductive in fish feed to facilitate immune stimulation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ${\beta}$-glucan on immune responses in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. For this purpose, three groups of R. philippinarum were exposed to 0%, 0.1%, or 1% ${\beta}$-glucan in sea water for 1 hr/day for 2 weeks using an immersion method. Thereafter, two immune parameters-phagocytic rate and antibacterial activity-were measured. R. philippinarum exposed to 1% ${\beta}$-glucan showed an approximate 30% significant increase in phagocytic rate. In addition, ${\beta}$-glucan significantly limited the growth of the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio tapetis, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. ordalii. Moreover, the mortality rates of ${\beta}$-glucan-treated clams decreased during a 17-day experiment. Our study suggests that treatment with ${\beta}$-glucan significantly increases the immune responses in R. philippinarum, and that immersion is a simple and effective method for immune stimulation in this species.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.906-912
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• 2016

${\beta}$-Glucan is a natural compound contained in cell walls of yeast or fungi, and cereal's fiber. It is also known to boost the immune system in human. Aureobasidium is a producer of water-soluble ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan. In this study, natural killer (NK) cell and macrophage activity were tested to investigate the effects of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan isolated from A. pullulans on immune activity. Activation of NK cell was increased about 63-39% by the treatment of $10-200{\mu}g/mL$ ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan than control. Besides, only $10{\mu}g/mL$ of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan was enough to boost activation of NK cell. Phagocytosis of macrophage was increased to 15~21% by the treatment of $10{\sim}200{\mu}g/mL$ of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan than zymosan-treatment. In LP-BM5 proliferating inhibition test, relative mRNA level of LP-BM5 virus was decreased in ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan-treated cell about 36~74% than control. The decline of LP-BM5 mRNA level appeared to depend on the concentration of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan. These results suggest that pure ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan from A. pullulans might be contributing to enhancement of immune activity through the activation of NK cell and phagocytosis of macrophage. Moreover, treatment of the ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan could increase the resistance to virus infection such as LP-BM5 through the restraining of the multiplication.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.219-228
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• 2008

The effects of dietary yeast β-glucan administration on growth, nonspecific immune responses, serum lysozyme, skin mucous lysozyme, NBT (nitroblue tetrazolium) reduction by phagocytes, and disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica were evaluated. Fish were fed the diets supplemented with 0%, 0.1% and 0.5% of yeast β-glucan to a commercial diet for 6 weeks. The body weight gain from the fish fed on the 0.5% supplemented diet for 6 weeks was significantly higher than the control. Both serum and skin mucous lysozyme were significantly higher in the all experimental groups except 2 weeks of 0.5% group. The bactericidal activity of serum was slightly increased at 6 weeks. Also, The intracellular superoxide anion production of kidney phagocytes was significantly higher in the all experimental groups. The diet supplemented with 0.1% were also found to raise the relative percent survival (RPS) of Japanese eel after an artificial challenge with 1×107 cells of Edwardsiella tarda per fish. The results suggested the potential of yeast β-glucan to activate some innate immune responses and to improve the growth in Japanese eel.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.601-607
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the changes of total and soluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents, purity and physicochemical characteristics of alkali hydrolyzed barley varieties: Saessalbori (SSB), Saechalssalbori (SCSB) and Hinchalssalbori (HCSB). The barleys were hydrolyzed at different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (0.2~1.0 N) for 12 hours. Total ${\beta}$-glucan contents of raw SSB, SCSB and HCSB were 8.40, 7.77 and 8.28%, and soluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents were 4.80, 4.16 and 4.61%, respectively. The total ${\beta}$-glucan contents after alkali hydrolyzed at 1.0 N NaOH were 7.54, 6.89 and 7.54%, also soluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents were 4.82, 4.30 and 4.55%, respectively. The degree of purity of soluble ${\beta}$-glucan in SSB, SCSB, and HCSB were 35.79, 30.91 and 33.90%, respectively. They were increased to 74.02, 75.28 and 81.41% after hydrolyzed at 1.0 N NaOH, respectively. The molecular weight and viscosity of soluble ${\beta}$-glucan solutions were decreased as sodium hydroxide concentration was increased. The re-solubility of raw barley ${\beta}$-glucan was about 50%; however, it was increased to approximately 87% as sodium hydroxide concentration was increased.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.871-877
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• 2012

This study investigated the effects of temperature, solvent concentration, and pH on the ${\beta}$-glucan extraction. Oat bran ${\beta}$-glucan was extracted with different extraction conditions, using various combinations of experiment factors, such as temperature (40, 45, 50, 55, and $60^{\circ}C$), ethanol concentration (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%), and pH (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9). Under the various extraction conditions, ${\beta}$-glucan extraction rate and overall mass transfer coefficient of oat bran ${\beta}$-glucan, and viscosity of oat bran extracts were investigated. As increasing the extraction time, the extraction rate of ${\beta}$-glucan increased. The overall mass transfer coefficient of ${\beta}$-glucan ranged from $3.36{\times}10^{-6}$ to $8.55{\times}10^{-6}cm/min$, indicating the lowest at the extraction condition of $45^{\circ}C$, 15% and pH 8, and the highest at $50^{\circ}C$, 0% and pH 7. It was significantly greater with increasing extraction temperature and decreasing ethanol concentrations of extraction solvent, except for solvent pH. There were positive correlations among the overall mass transfer coefficient, the extraction rate of ${\beta}$-glucan, and the viscosity of extract.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.610-617
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• 2016

Candidiasis has posed a serious health risk to immunocompromised patients owing to the increase in resistant yeasts, and Candida albicans is the prominent pathogen of fungal infections. Therefore, there is a critical need for the discovery and characterization of novel antifungals to treat infections caused by C. albicans. In the present study, we report on the antifungal activity of the ethanol extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza against C. albicans and the possible mode of action against C. albicans. The increase in the membrane permeability was evidenced by changes in diphenylhexatriene binding and release of both 260-nm-absorbing intracellular materials and protein. In addition, inhibition of cell wall synthesis was demonstrated by the enhanced minimal inhibitory concentration in the presence of sorbitol and reduced (1,3)-β-D-glucan synthase activity. The above evidence supports the notion that S. miltiorrhiza has antifungal activity against C. albicans by the synergistic activity of targeting the cell membrane and cell wall. These findings indicate that S. miltiorrhiza displays effective activity against C. albicans in vitro and merits further investigation to treat C. albicans-associated infections.