• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.221-226
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• 2011

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of MA packaging materials on quality and storability of tomato in long distance export condition. We found that the fresh weight loss in perforated film was higher than other breathable films. The fresh weight of tomato (cv 'Madison') packaged with breathable films, such as 5,000 cc, 10,000 cc, $20,000cc/m^2{\cdot}day{\cdot}atm$ oxygen permeable films, reduced less than 0.6%, but perforated film that already being used for packaging horticultural crops showed 1.4% fresh weight loss during $5^{\circ}C$ storage for 20 days and then $20^{\circ}C$ storage for last 5 days with 85% relative humidity. The carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration in tomato packages showed proper level for MA storage in $20,000cc/m^2{\cdot}day{\cdot}atm$ $O_2$ breathable film treatment at $5^{\circ}C$ storage. Although at $20^{\circ}C$ storage, the carbon dioxide concentration increased sharply, the oxygen concentration decreased remarkably, the change of these gases concentration was the lowest in 20,000 cc film treatment. The ethylene concentration was sharply increased at $20^{\circ}C$ from $21^{st}$ day to $25^{th}$ day after $5^{\circ}C$ storage for 20 day, and the concentration was lower in 20,000 cc film treatment among the breathable film treatments. Until 20 days, at $5^{\circ}C$ storage all treatments did not exceed the marketability. However, the last 5 days during at $20^{\circ}C$, the fruit appeared fungal rots and the quality rapidly decreased. The $20,000cc/m^2{\cdot}day{\cdot}atm$ $O_2$ permeability treated tomato performed higher firmness (9.56 N), vitamin C (16.31 mg/100 gFW), and soluble solids ($7^{\circ}Brix$) than other breathable films at final storage day. The results suggest that the $20,000cc/m^2{\cdot}day{\cdot}atm$ $O_2$ permeable film treatment of tomato (cv 'Madison') performed the highest quality and storability of tomato for long distance exporting.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.259-271
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• 1985

The purpose of this study was to develop supplementary foods for infants and young children in order to improve their nutritional status. Three formulas composed of rice, soybeans, fish, dry skim milk and sesame in varying proportions were studied. The three formulas, $RS_{1}S_{2}$, $RFS_{1}S_{2}$, and $RMS_{1}S_{2}$, were consisted of Rice(R), Soybean$(S_{1})$, Sesame$(S_{2})$ (60 : 35 : 5) , Rice, Fish(F), Soybean, Sesame (60 : 10 : 25 : 5) , and Rice, Dry Skin Milk (M), Soybean, Sesame (60 : 10 : 25 : 5), respectively. A proximate analysis and amino acid determination were made on the developed formulas. In the animal assay, growth rate, PER and FER were evaluated and biochemical analyses were also carried out. A storage test and the cost evaluation were also conducted. The summarized results are as follows : 1) The proximate composition of the three formulas were 7.3-7.4% of moisture, 15.9-21.5% of crude protein, 7.8-9.6% of crude fat and 2.5-2.8% ash. 2) The result of amino acid analysis showed that the 1st limiting amino acids of $RS_{1}S_{2}$ and $RFS_{1}S_{2}$ were lysine (amino acid score, 76.6) and threonine (amino acid score, 93.3), and that of $RMS_{1}S_{2}$ and the commercially prepared formula were sulfur containing amino acids (amino acid score, 82.0 and 54.4). When the contents of the amino acids of the three formulas were compared with mother's milk and cow's milk, the balance of the amino acid of each formula was superior to mother's milk but inferior to cow's milk. 3) In the animal assay, the growth rate of all groups increased gradually during the experimental period. 4) The C- PER, which was corrected on the basis of the casein PER of 2.5 was 2.99, 3.38 and 3.10 in the $RS_{1}S_{2}$, $RFS_{1}S_{2}$ and $RMS_{1}S_{2}$ respectively. The C- PER of $RFS_{1}S_{2}$ and $RMS_{1}S_{2}$ were Significantly (P<.05) higher than that of the casein. 5) The FER of the casein, $RS_{1}S_{2}$, $RFS_{1}S_{2}$, and $RMS_{1}S_{2}$ were 0.37, 0.39, 0.43 and 0.39, respectively. The FER of $RFS_{1}S_{2}$ and $RMS_{1}S_{2}$ were also significantly (P<.05) higher than that of the casein. 6) The concentrations of hematocrit, hemoglobin, total protein and albumin in the serum of the rats of all groups were not significantly different among groups. 7) The storage stability test showed that the total plate count (TPC), the coliforms count and the bacterial spore count in the ingredients were quiet low. However, after 30 and 60 days storage, the count in $RFS_{1}S_{2}$ increased and were higher at room temperature than refrigerated temperature. 8) In the cost evaluation, the cost of the developed formulas was \1,826-2,626 / kg. This was less than that of the commercially prepared formula (\3,300-4,073 / kg) and that of the imported formula (\4,250-8,720 / kg).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.152-157
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• 1997

From August 1986 until June 1995, single aortic valve replacement was performed in 65 patients at the Chonnam National University Hospital. worthy-eight were male and 17 were female patients, ranging from 19 to 68 years of age(median : 43 years). The causes of the valve lesions were rheumatic in 29 patients (44.6%), bicuspid aortic valve in 6 patients (6.2%), endocarditis in 6 patients(6.2%), unknown in others. Concomitant surgical procedures were performed in 10 patients : repair of congenital defect in 5, pericardiectomy in 1, coronary artery bypass grafting in 1, noncoronary sinus plication in 1, Valsalva sinus aneurysmectomy in 1, subaortic membrane resection in 1 Used valves were 51. Jude-Medical valve in 42, Duromedics valve in 22, Bjork-Shiley valve in 2, Carpentier-Edward valve in 1. There were 3 hospital deaths (4.6%), and 2 late deaths (3.2%). Follow-up was 95.2% complete. The 10-year acturlal survival rate was 85.3%. Postoperative complications were low cardiac utput in 8, arrythmia in 5, valve related hemolysis in 1, cerebral infarction in 1, and gastrointestinal bleeding in 2. Reoperation was performed in 4 for surgical bleeding, in 3 for paravalvular leak. The mean improvement in New York Heart Association functional class is from 2.79 $\pm$ 0.66 preoperatively to 1.25 $\pm$ 0.49 postoperatively(p < 0.001) The change of cardiothoracic ratio from preoperative to postoperative is 0.57 $\pm$ 0.06 to 0.54 $\pm$ 0.05 (p < 0.05). The left ventricular ejection fraction change is not significant perioperatively. There are no mechanical failures. This early and intermediate-term follow-up suggests that in adults in whom valve repair is not possible, the mechanical valve is a reliable and durable prosthesis with good hemodynamic function and a low rate of thromboembolic event.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.392-398
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• 2011

Background: The tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia (PA) and a ductus-dependent pulmonary circulation (no major aorto-pulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs)) has been treated with staged repair or primary repair depending on the preference of surgeons or institutions. We evaluated the 19-year outcome of staged repair for this anomaly to find out whether our surgical strategy should be changed. Materials and Methods: Forty-four patients with TOF/PA with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) who underwent staged repair from June 1991 to October 2010 were included in this retrospective study. The patients with MAPCAs were excluded. The average age at the first palliative shunt surgery was $40.8{\pm}67.5$ days (range: 0~332 days). Thirty-one patients (31/44, 70%) were neonates. The average weight was $3.5{\pm}1.6$ kg (range: 1.6~8.7 kg). A modified Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt was performed in 38 patients, classic BT shunt in 4 patients, and central shunt in 2 patients. Six patients required concomitant procedures: pulmonary artery angioplasty was performed in 4 patients, pulmonary artery reconstruction in one patient, and re-implantation of the left pulmonary artery to the main pulmonary artery in one patient. Four patients required a second shunt operation before the definitive repair was performed. Thirty-three patients underwent definitive repair at $24.2{\pm}13.3$ months (range: 7.3~68 months) after the first palliative operation. The average age at the time of definitive repair was $25.4{\pm}13.5$ months (range: 7.6~68.6 months) and their average weight was $11.0{\pm}2.1$ kg. For definitive repair, 3 types of right ventricular outflow procedures were used: extra-cardiac conduit was performed in 30 patients, trans-annular patch in 2 patients, and REV operation in 1 patient. One patient was lost to follow-up after hospital discharge. The mean follow-up duration for the rest of the patients was $72{\pm}37$ months (range: 4~160 months). Results: Ten patients (10/44, 22.7%) died before the definitive repair was performed. Four of them died during hospitalization after the shunt operation. Six deaths were thought to be shunt-related. The average time of shunt-related deaths after shunt procedures was 8.7 months (range: 2 days~25.3 months). There was no operative mortality after the definitive repair, but one patient died from dilated cardiomyopathy caused by myocarditis 8 years and 3 months after the definitive repair. Five-year and 10-year survival rates after the first palliative operation were 76.8% and 69.1%, respectively. Conclusion: There was a high overall mortality rate in staged repair for the patients with TOF/PA with PDA. Majority of deaths occurred before the definitive repair was performed. Therefore, primary repair or early second stage definitive repair should be considered to enhance the survival rate for patients with TOF/PA with PDA.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2007

This study was carried out to monitor feed-nutritional components, toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb and As) and pesticide residues through three cultivation stages (1st initial culture stage, 2nd mycelial growth stage, and 3rd fruit body-harvested stage) of king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) produced by bottle type cultivation and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus osteratus) produced by vinyl bag type cultivation. For both cultivation types, compared with the initial culture, the weight reduction rate in spent mushroom substrates (SMS) after fruit body harvest was 29% for total wet mass, 21～25% for dry and organic matters and 19 ～22% for neutral detergent fiber. Two thirds to 3/4 of organic matter degraded and utilized by mycelia and fruit bodies was originated from fiber, of which the primary source (50～70%) was hemicellulose. The effect of mycelial growth stage on chemical compositional change in culture was little (P>0.05) for bottle type cultivation of king oyster mushroom but considerable (P<0.05) for vinyl type cultivation of oyster mushroom. Culture nutrients uptake by fruit bodies was very active for the bottle type cultivation. Compared with SMS, harvested fruit bodies (mushrooms) contained higher (P<0.05) crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrate, and crude ash and lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber. Regardless of stages, no culture samples were contaminated with toxic heavy metals and pesticide residues. In conclusion, the increase of fiber (neutral and acid detergent fibers) and indigestible protein contents and the decrease of true protein content in SMS indicated that the feed-nutritional value of SMS was significantly reduced compared with that of the initial culture and they were safe from toxic heavy metals and pesticide residues.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2006

This experiment was carried out in order to examine the winterhardiness, heading date, fresh and dry matter yeild of Festulolium braunii, a hybrid of Festuca pratensis and Lolium multiflum, which is newly introduced in Korea. This experiment was performed at National Livestock Research Institute in Suwon and Namwon from September 2004 to July 2005. The results are as follows. 'Fleurial', 'Boxer', and 'Perun' showed stronger winterhardiness than 'Hwasan 101', which is one of the strongest in the winterhardiness hybrids. Therefore, we do not see there is any problem in winterhardiness when these hybrids are cultivated in Korea. The hybrids are turned out to be mid and late maturing hybrid. The average heading dates of the three hybrids were May 25 in Namwon and May 27 in Suwon. These dates are lower($1{\sim}3$ days) than that of Hwasan 101. They showed $91{\sim}96cm$ in leaf length at 1st cutting times which are comparatively long. This experiment also disclosed that their lodging and regrowth are strong and excellent. We also found out that there are significant difference between regions and hybrids in the total fresh yield per ha. The average fresh yield of Suwon was 83,222 kg/ha and that of Namwon was 69,139 kg/ha. We could not see any difference in the dry matter yield affected by region, however, there were significant difference in hybrids(p<0.05). The crude protein contents of the three hybrids indicated very high figures. the crude protein cotents of Perun, Fleurial and Boxer are 18.0% 17.4% and 16.7% respectively. However the ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber) shows $28.1{\sim}29.2%$ which is less contents than 33.2% of Hwasan 101. We found out from this experiment that these three hybrids have excellent feed quality because the NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber) is decreased by $7{\sim}3.8%$ comparing that the NDF of Hwasan 101 is 58.3%. Also each hybrids contains more crude fat by 1%, a little more chemical composition and less ash contents. Thus we can tern that chemical composition contents of these hybrids are also fittable.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.124-134
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the MBTI personality type, emotional intelligence, and stress coping strategies of nursing students and to examine the influence of these factors on their level of college adjustment.The subjects were 267 nursing students who are located in Chonnam city. The survey was conducted from March 6th to March 31st, 2017. The level of college adjustment showed a close correlation with the emotional intelligence(r=.29, p<.001) and stress coping strategies(r=.27, p<.001), and the level of MBTI personality type was not statistically insignificant in the nursing students. It was found that the effect of the emotional intelligence and stress coping strategies on the college life adjustment was 17.5%(F=8.03, p<.001). According to the results of this study, it is necessary to develop a systematic management program to integrate the educational curriculum and extra-curricular activities(in order to enhance the) emotional intelligence and stress coping strategies in nursing students. In addition, the type of psychological function and psychological temperament of the MBTI personality type were found not to have influenced the level of college adaptation of the nursing students and this should be confirmedin a large scale sample.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2008

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between advanced stage endometriosis and polymorphisms in $\alpha$2-Heremans Schmidt glycoprotein (AHSG) gene in Korean women. Methods: One-hundred thirty women with endometriosis stage III and IV, and 224 women without endometriosis were enrolled. In these patients, we determined AHSG gene polymorphisms by PCR and RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis. Results: The genotype distribution of the AHSG gene polymorphism in the endometriosis group was not different from that of the control group (AHSG 1*1/AHSG 1*2/AHSG 2*2 frequencies were 56.2%/37.7%/6.2% and 55.8%/39.3%/4.9% for the endometriosis and control groups, respectively, p=.864). Also, the frequency of AHSG 2 haplotype was not different between endometriosis patients and controls (AHSG 1 haplotype /AHSG 2 haplotype rates were 75.0%/25.0% and 75.4%/24.6% for the endometriosis and control groups, respectively, p=0.894). Conclusion: AHSG gene polymorphism was not associated with the risk of advanced stage endometriosis in the Korean population.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 2013

This study was investigation for primary bionomical characteristics, emergence rate of wintering type pupa and oviposition preference, of Papilio xuthus. The emergence rate of wintering type pupa stored at cold chamber($4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) was 85%, after 10 months. The average emergence rate of wintering type pupa during storage was 89.6%, and the emergence periods were $7.9{\pm}1.9days$ in room temperature. Mating ratio in large oviposition room, $6,000{\times}6,000{\times}3,500$ mm($W{\times}L{\times}H$), was $86.7{\pm}5.8%$ higher than $63.3{\pm}15.3%$ in small room, $2,500{\times}3,000{\times}2,000$ mm($W{\times}L{\times}H$). But the number of eggs in the large room were $137.0{\pm}16.5$ fewer than $141.7{\pm}20.4$ in the small room. As a result of oviposition preference experiment on three different host plants, 10 mated female laid $141.7{\pm}27.8$ on the leaves of Phellodendron amurensew more than $67.7{\pm}20.6$ on Zanthoxylum schinifolium and $77.0{\pm}21.8$ on Citrus unshiu. The egg periods were $4.4{\pm}0.8$ days after oviposition, and the hatchability was 92.2% in $25^{\circ}C$ room condition. The larval period were $19.9{\pm}2.1$ days in the high temperature, long day condition($25^{\circ}C$, 14L : 10D). The headwidth of each developmental larval stage were $0.72{\pm}0.02$(1st), $1.19{\pm}0.02$(2nd), $1.65{\pm}0.05$(3rd), $2.43{\pm}0.07$(4th), $3.21{\pm}0.12$(5th). The pupal ratio was 91.6%. The pupal period were $8.8{\pm}0.9$ days, and the emergence rate was 92.2%.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-39
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to develop the safety theme-based integrated teaching learning process plans for the middle school Home Economics(HE) Instruction and ultimately to contribute for the middle school students to live their safe lives. To achieve the goals of this study, HE curriculum documents from the 1st to the 2015 revision were analyzed and a survey was conducted to identify the middle school students' current status of safety accidents and needs on the HE safety education. The respondents of the survey were the 512 students of one ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ Girls' Middle School in Busan. And then, the seven integrated themes were selected, each seven integrated theme-networks were formed, and safety theme-based Home Economics curriculum and learning materials were developed. The results of this study were as the follows. The safety education content has continually been included from the first HE curriculum of 1954 to the 2015 revised HE curriculum. The middle school student respondents highly needed the content of 'the methods to deal with sexual violence and prostitution prevention', 'suicide prevention', and 'bullying net' for the HE safety education. All the 42 items were needed for the HE safety education by the respondents. The safety theme-based HE teaching learning process plans developed finally included the seven integrated themes, which were (1) dietary life safety, (2) adolescents' sex and safety, (3) adolescents' relationships with friends and safety, (4) family life and safety, (5) dwelling life and safety, (6) adolescents' egos and safety, and (7) social environment and safety. Each integrated theme consisted of three to six small themes, which amounted to total 28(for 35 lessons). Each small theme was presented with learning objectives and particular goals. The total 157 learning materials including the Home Economics curriculum were developed, which offered learning objectives and content for each safety theme, total 28 teaching and learning plans(for 35 lessons) were developed, which offered specific instructions for the easy implementation of the curriculum in the classroom, 28 PPTs, 25 film materials, four reading materials, 61 workbooks, 14 activity sheets, 16 evaluation sheets, 3 test sheets, 2 reference materials, and 4 learning material models(the refrigerator model, traffic lights for discussions, food tray model and stickers, and food mileage card). In this study, the safety education themes of 'clothing life and safety', 'conflict and safety', 'professional life and safety', and 'consumer and safety' were not addressed because these theme were not needed highly by the respondents. Therefore, for the further development of the teaching learning process plans for the HE safety education, it is necessary to develop and evaluate the teaching learning process plans to address the themes of 'clothing life and safety', 'conflict and safety', 'professional life and safety', and 'consumer and safety'.