• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2011

The glutathione (GSH) concentration in leaves of different maturities and roots of forage rape (Brassica napus L.) supplied with four levels of external $SO_4^{2-}$ (0, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) supply were measured. The relationships of GSH concentration with $SO_4^{2-}$ uptake, ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) and O-acteylserine (thiol) lyase (OASTL) activity were also assessed. The $SO_4^{2-}$ uptake increased in parallel with the external $SO_4^{2-}$ supply, while protein concentration was not significantly changed. The ATPS activity increased continuously with decreasing $SO_4^{2-}$ supply from 2.0 to 0 mM, while the OASTL activity decreased significantly only at S-deficient conditions (0 and 0.1 mM). The GSH concentration in the young leaves, middle leaves and roots continuously increased (except for between 1.0 and 2.0 mM in the middle leaves and roots) as the external S supply was increased, but no significant changes occurred in the old leaves. The increased endogenous GSH concentration, affected by the $SO_4^{2-}$ supply level, was significantly related with the decrease in ATPS activity in both leaves and roots, and the decrease in OASTL activity only in leaves..

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.154-165
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• 2018

During the process of sulfur dioxide removal, flue gas desulfurization equipment provides a serious internal corrosion environment in creating sulfuric acid dew point corrosion. Therefore, the utilities must use the excellent corrosion resistance of steel desulfurization facilities in the atmosphere. Until now, the trend in developing anti-sulfuric acid steels was essentially the addition of Cu, in order to improve the corrosion resistance. The experimental alloy used in this study is Fe-0.03C-1.0Mn-0.3Si-0.15Ni-0.31Cu alloys to which Ru, Zn and Ta were added. In order to investigate the effect of $H_2SO_4$ concentration and the alloying elements, chemical and electrochemical corrosion tests were performed. In a low concentration of $H_2SO_4$ solution, the major factor affecting the corrosion rate of low alloy steels was the exchange current density for $H^+/H_2$ reaction, while in a high concentration of $H_2SO_4$ solution, the major factors were the thin and dense passive film and resulting passivation behavior. The alloying elements reducing the exchange current density in low concentration of $H_2SO_4$, and the alloying elements decreasing the passive current density in high concentration of $H_2SO_4$, together play an important role in determining the corrosion rate of Cu-bearing low alloy steels in a wide range of $H_2SO_4$ solution.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1992

The characteristic of Cyanophyte genus SG63 is similar to that of Aphanot hece sp. The optimal growth was found with the concentration of NaCI and $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ on the culture medium. The most optimal condition is 56%0 of NaCl (S4 medium) and 20%0 of $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ (M2 medium). The synthesis of chlorophyll a, phycocyanin and soluble proteins is affected by the concentration of the two mineral elements in culture. Especially, the content of chlorophyll a and phycocyanin decreases on the most highly saline medium. The identified principal carotenoids are ${\beta}-carotene$, echinenone, zeaxanthin and myxoxanthophyll. The rates of concentration of protein/chlorophyll a and phycocyanin/chlorophyll a are low on the S4 medium. Inversely, these rates are the highest on the M2 medium. Accordingly, the high concentration of $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ provoke the synthesis of phycocyanin and total proteins.oteins.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.373-375
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• 1974

The concentration of Carton momoxide(CO) and Sulful dioxide($SO_2$) by burning time of coal, and its time of fading out in atmosphere after effluence from stove were measured with Kitagawa gas detector, January, 1974. Gas for measurement was sampled by gas syringe at the point distanced 60cm. from first junction of garvanized pipe of stove. CO concentration was directly proportional to the burning temperature of coal but $SO_2$ was generally constant durning burning time or also in proportion to burning temperature. CO gas of effluent mixed with air(relative humidity, 40%) was maintained for long period relatively, but $SO_2$ gas was early faded out within short time. The period decreasing to allowable limit was about 4 days in former and about 30 minutes in later, respectiively.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.35-41
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the relation of acid depositions and chlorophyll concentration in the Pinus thunbergii leaves. pH of throughfall in Pinus thunbergii forest was 4.20 at industrial sites, and 4.87 at urban sites. Total chlorophyll concentration in leaves were 0.5984 at industrial sites, and 0.6784 at urban sites. The average $SO_2$ concentration in air was 0.029ppm at industrial sites, and 0.011ppm at urban sites. Correlation between chlorophyll concentration in the Pinus thunbergii leaves and acid depositions was pH (r=-0.8769), ${NO_3}^-$ (r=0.6983), ${SO_4}^{2-}$ (r=0.8929), $SO_2$ (r=0.8738), and $NO_2$ (r=0.8523) (p<0.001). respectively. The estimation equation of chlorophyll concentration in the Pinus thunbergii leaf (Y) were given by Y=4.8979 + 0.7698pH + $0.8412{SO_4}^2$ + $0.8673SO_2$, + $0.8767NO_2$+ $0.8767{NO_3}^-$ ($r^2$=0.8873), which coefficients of determination was 0.88.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 1994

Air pollution characteristics and the influence of sea breeze on air pollution concentration were studied using the data measured at 7 air quality continuous monitoring stations in Pusan, 1993. Maximum air pollution concentration in Pusan was Gamjeondong for $SO_2$, Sinpyeongdong for TSP, Daeyeondong for $O_3, Kwangbokdong for $NO_2$, Beomcheondong for CO and all substances were under annual ambient air quality standards. Increased rate of concentration for sea breeze was 24.4% for 502, 31.5% for TSP, 8.0% fort $O_3, 26.7% for $NO_2$, 15.7% for CO. Frequencies distribution of $SO_2$, TSP, $O_3$, $NO_2$, and CO concentration for sea breeze moved toward high concentration class.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.155-160
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• 2004

Permeation experiments of a commercial nanofiltration membrane (nominated as ESNA 1) were carried out with aqueous solutions of various single salts, that is, five chlorides (NH$_4$Cl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl$_2$ and $CaCl_2$), three nitrates $(NaNo_3,\;Mg(No_3)_2\;and\;Ca(NO_3)_2)\;and\;three\;sulfates\;((NH_4)_2SO_4,\;Na_2SO_4\;and\;MgSO_4)$. The experimental results showed that (1) the permeate volume flux of the ESNA 1 membrane increased and decreased with the growth of the applied pressure and the feed concentration of salts, respectively. The real rejection of ESNA 1 membrane to most single salts increased with the growth of the permeate volume flux. (2) The reflection coefficients of ESNA 1 membrane to chlorides, nitrates and sulfates are 0.97, 0.96 and 0.99, respectively. The solute permeability of most salts except for magnesium and calcium salts increased with the growth of feed concentration. (3) The sequence of the rejections of ESNA 1 membrane to anions is $R({SO_4}^{2-})>R(CI)>R(NO_3)$ at the same feed concentration. While the sequence of the rejections to cations is cataloged into two cases: $R(Na^+)>R(K^+)>R(Mg^{2+})>R(Ca^{2+})$ at the concentration of 10 mol/$m^3$ and $R(Mg^{2+})>R(Ca^{2+})>R(Na^+)>R(K^+)$ at the concentration of 100 mol/$m^3$. The separation capability of a NF membrane is usually affected by the electrostatic effect and the steric-hindrance effect. In this case, the electrostatic effect is the major factor at low concentration and the steric-hindrance effect is the major factor at high concentration. Both the specific sorption and the hydration also reasonably influenced the separation performance of NF membrane to salts.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.176-187
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• 2013

A study has been carried out on metal materials in order to identify the quantitative relation between the concentration and damage characteristics after evaluation of the damage characteristics according to the $SO_2$ concentration. The prepared metal samples, which were categorized according to the material (silver, copper, iron, lead, brass) were exposed to 0.01, 0.12, 1, 10, 100, 1,000, and 5,000ppm of $SO_2$ for 24 hours and the optical, physical, chemical deterioration rates both before and after testing were evaluated. The results showed optical deterioration, a loss of gloss on silver specimen with $SO_2$ 100ppm, an increase of color difference on brass, iron, copper and lead specimens with $SO_2$ 5,000ppm, as well as physical changes such as an increase of thickness and corrosion rate on iron sample with $SO_2$ 5,000ppm. In the case of chemical changes such as an increase sulfate ion ($SO{_4}^{2-}$) concentration and decrease of pH on iron and brass specimens were identified. These results suggest that $SO_2$ 100ppm caused clear optical deterioration on some metals such as silver and physicochemical and optical deterioration were identified at $SO_2$ 5,000ppm regardless of metal type. Also, It was concluded that iron and brass are the most susceptible of the metal specimens to $SO_2$.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.18 no.3 s.49
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• pp.78-88
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the relation between ozone concentration and the affecting factors in Seosan City of Korea from Jan. 2002 to Dec. 2002. We analyzed the air pollutants such as NO$_2$, PM$_{10} $,SO$_2$, CO and the meteorological factors including solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity. The analytical data were taken statistics by SPSS method. The results were as follows: The seasonal average concentration of ozone were detected 35.0 ppb in Spring, 25.4 ppb in Summer, 23.5 ppb in Autumn and 21.4 ppb in Winter. So the difference of concentrations showed significantly in statistics. The hourly ozone concentration in a day was increased at 7-9 AM, peaked at 3-4 PM. The correlation coefficients was negative to ozone concentration and NO$_2$, SO$_2$, CO, relative humidity, but positive to solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed. With stepwise multiple regression analysis on the 8 factors such as NO$ _2$, PMSO$_{10}$,SO$_2$, CO, solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity, the seasonal primary factors were air temperature in spring, relative humidity in summer and solar radiation in autumn and winter. The above results suggest that ozone is the secondary pollutant by photochemical reaction as the concentration of ozone was increased with the raise of solar radiation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.E3
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• pp.95-105
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• 2005

The concentrations of sulfur dioxide ($SO_{2}$) were measured from seven major cities and nine provinces in Korea for the period covering 1998 to 2003. Its concentration data were analyzed to explore the possible influences of spatial and temporal factors on the $SO_{2}$ distribution characteristics. Examination of spatial trends of $SO_{2}$ distribution and behavior indicated several interesting features. Although its annual trends appeared to be affected by the changes in the surrounding environmental conditions (e.g., regulation on the use of S-containing fuels), the seasonal trends indicated a cyclic and systematic pattern that may be characterized as: a gradual decrease in concentrations across winter, spring, fall, and summer. The results showed the generally enhanced mean concentrations of $SO_{2}$ from Ulsan, Busan, and Daegu with 12.8, 10.1, and 8.80 ppb, respectively. On the other hand, notably reduced $SO_{2}$ concentrations were seen from Gwangju and Jeju sites with its mean values of 5.43 and 3.88 ppb, respectively. The overall results of our study indicate that a decrease in $SO_{2}$ concentration levels continued through time, while its spatial distribution appears to be affected most sensitively by such factor as city scale and industrial activities.