• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.207-219
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was to investigate the effect of low frequency electro-acupuncture (EA) at ST36 acupoint on the Freund's Complete Adjuvant(FCA)-induced arthritis in rats. Methods : Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of FCA into base of tail. Experimental groups were divided into 4 groups; Normal, Control, ST36 and Non-Acupoint(NA). ST36 group was treated by 2 Hz EA at ST36 acupoint. Body weight, paw edema volun1e and ankle joint thickness were measured after treatment. And we investigated the effects of 2 Hz EA via WBC count, segment neurophil, lymphocyte, PGE2 assay and NADPH-d histochemistry. Results and Conclusion : The mean of body weight and ankle joint thickness of ST36 group was increased compared with control group. The mean of paw edema volume, WBC count, segment neutrophil and lymphocyte of were not decreased with control group. The mean of PGE2 concentration and NADPH-d positive neurons were changed significantly compared with control group.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.532-537
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• 2012

Avicularin, quercetin-3-${\alpha}$-L-arabinofuranoside, has been reported to possess diverse pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious effects. However, the underlying mechanism by which avicularin exerts its anti-inflammatory activity has not been clearly demonstrated. This study aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of avicularin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Avicularin significantly inhibited LPS-induced excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and $PGE_2$ and the protein levels of iNOS and COX-2, which are responsible for the production of NO and $PGE_2$, respectively. Avicularin also suppressed LPS-induced overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-$1{\beta}$. Furthermore, avicularin significantly suppressed LPS-induced degradation of $I{\kappa}B$, which retains NF-${\kappa}B$ in the cytoplasm, consequently inhibiting the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes by NF-${\kappa}B$ in the nucleus. To understand the underlying signaling mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of avicularin, involvement of multiple kinases was examined. Avicularin significantly attenuated LPS-induced activation of ERK signaling pathway in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, the present study clearly demonstrates that avicularin exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through the suppression of ERK signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.7-14
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• 2020

Objectives : Pyeongwi-san is widely used in Korean medicine for acute indigestion or gastrodynia. As a therapeutic agent for digestive diseases of modern people, in order to confirm the mechanism of Pyeongwi-san on digestive tract disease and the difference of therapeutic efficacy between its formulation, a comparative efficacy test was conducted on digestive tract disease animal model. Methods : For LPS enteritis animal model, male SD rats were intraorally treated with different formulation types of Pyeongwi-san, and then intraperitoneally administered LPS one hour later to induce enteritis. After 5 hours, blood was collected and TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and PGE2 were confirmed by ELISA. For acute gastritis animal model, male SD rats were intraorally treated with different formulation types of Pyeongwi-san according to the prescribed concentration, and then intraorally administered 60% ethanol and 150 mM HCl one hour later to induce acute gastritis. After 5 hours, blood was collected and TNFα,IL-6 were confirmed by ELISA. Results : In the LPS-administered enteritis animal model, Pyeongwi-san decreased TNFα, IL-1β, PGE2 and especially IL-6. Pyeongwi-san also decreased IL-6 in acute gastritis animal model. In addition, there was no significant difference in efficacy between the two formulations when compared with inflammatory markers. Conclusions : The efficacy of Pyeongwi-san was confirmed in the inflammatory markers related to digestive inflammatory diseases, and the efficay between two formulations of Pyeongwi-san was relatively similar. Further studies are needed to investigate the new applicability of Pyeongwi-san on different inflammatory diseases that have similar inflammation markers identified in this experiment.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.10-28
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• 2023

Objectives: This study was designed to experiment with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Taraxacum platycarpum H. Dahlstedt, Lonicera japonica Thunberg, and Leonurus japonicus Houtt. complex (TLL) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell. Methods: The antioxidant activity of TLL was measured by FRAP assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of TLL were measured by using standard methods. The anti-inflammatory effects of TLL were measured by NO production, biomarker production (PGE₂, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), mRNA expression level (iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and protein expression level (ERK, JNK, p38). Results: Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in TLL were 58.03±1.02 mg of Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 16.58±0.60 mg of Quercetin equivalents (QE)/g respectively. In FRAP assay, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, a concentration-dependent increase in TLL was observed. To explore antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of TLL, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with TLL and LPS for 24 hours. Cell viability of RAW 264.7 cells were measured by adding EZ-Cytox, It was remarkably increased at 50, 100, 200 ㎍/㎖ concentrations of TLL. NO, ROS, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, ERK, JNK and p38 were remarkably decreased at 50, 100, 200 ㎍/㎖ concentrations of TLL compared to the control group. PGE₂ and COX-2 were remarkably decreased at 100, 200 ㎍/㎖ concentrations Conclusion: These results suggest that TLL complex has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 2024

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to confirm the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-aging efficacy of Pyeonggangaeuljihyeol-tang(PGJT) extract. Methods : In order to confirm the anti-inflammatory activity of PGJT extract, the inhibitory effect on NO PGE₂ production were evaluated and the expression level of iNOS, COX-2 and IL-6 mRNA were measured through qRT-PCR, Antioxidant activity was evaluated for radical scavenging activity using DPPH and ABTS, anti-aging activity was evaulated for collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase and L-DOPA oxidation inhibitory activity. Results : PGJT extract shows anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the production of NO and PGE₂ by reducing the expression level of iNOS, COX-2 and IL-6 mRNA, antioxidant effect by increasing DPPH and ABTS scavenging abillity in a concentration dependent manner. In addition, the anti-aging effect was confirmed by inhibiting collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase production and L-DOPA oxidation. Conclusion : This suggests that PGJT showed an overall excellent anti-inflammatory effect and an inhibitory effect on the activity of antioxidant and anti-aging related enzymes.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 2013

Objectives : Daucus carota sativa has been frequently used as food supplements in many of the Asian countries, and a nutritional medical drug in traditional medicine. This research investigated the effects of Daucus carota sativa extract (DCE) on acute phases of inflammation in Raw 264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in terms of the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Methods : NO, $PGE_2$, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and interleukin-6 contents were assayed by ELISA, and expressions of inflammation-related proteins such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were determined by immunoblot analyses. Results : DCE treatment attenuated the LPS ability to increase the productions of NO and $PGE_2$ as well as the protein level of iNOS in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistently, treatment of the cells with DCE suppressed the production of TNF-${\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and interleukin-6. DCE also caused decreases of inhibitor of ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation induced by LPS in the cells, which means DCE inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity. Furthermore, DCE blocked LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 and SAPK/JNK. Conclusion : This study showing here may be of help to understand the action mechanism of DCE, and provide the information for the medical use of Daucus carota sativa for the inflammatory disease.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2023

Myriophyllum spicatum L. has been used as an ornamental in ponds and aquariums, and as a folk remedy for inflammation and pus. Nevertheless, the biological activity and underlying mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects are unclear. This study is aimed at investigating the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of Myriophyllum spicatum L. (EMS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Antioxidant activity of EMS was assessed by radical-scavenging effects on ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. As inflammatory response parameters produced by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were quantified to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of EMS. Our results showed that EMS increased FRAP and DPPH radical-scavenging activity. In EMS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, the production of NO, PGE₂, TNF-α and IL-1β was significantly inhibited at the non-cytotoxic concentration. In addition, EMS significantly attenuated LPS-stimulated the toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/myeloid differentiation protein (MyD) 88 signaling pathway, and inhibited nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB). Positive correlations were noted between anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, it was indicated that EMS suppresses the transcription of inflammatory factors by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby suppressing LPS-stimulated inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. This study highlights the potential role of EMS against inflammation and associated diseases.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2002

Growth characteristics and crude protein content of soybean sprouts cultivated with extracts of some Korean herb medicines for 4 days were investigated. Extracts of Korean herb medicines were utilized and adjusted to 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm and 400 ppm as culturing water of soybean sprouts. Of Korean herb medicines tested, extract of Panax ginseng was most effective to increase of weight and length of soybean sprouts, followed by Glycyrrhiza glabra. Extracts of Angelica gigas and Cnidium officinale were similar with that of control group. Extract of Coptidis japonica inhibited the growth of soybean sprout. Optimal concentrations of extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Panax ginseng for growth of soybean sprout were 100 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively. Weight of soybean sprout cultivated with extract of Panax ginseng (PGE) was increased to 7.2%(wet basis) as compared with that of control group. Length of soybean sprouts cultivated with 200 ppm of PGE was accelerated to 32% and increased to 50% in soybean sprout cultivated for 3 days. Crude protein contents of soybean sprout cultivated with extract of Angelica gigas or Panax ginseng was slightly increased according to cultivation period. In Cnidium officinale group, crude protein contents was increased at a 300∼400 ppm concentration and 4 days of cultivation.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.34-47
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was designed to examine anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium water extract (CRE). Methods: Cell cytotoxicity was tested with RAW 264.7 cells. To investigate anti-inflammatory effect of CRE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cell, we measured nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). In addition, mitrogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were examined by western blotting in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell with treated CRE. Results: In cytotoxicity analysis, CRE does not affect cell cytotoxicity. As compared with the control group, the expression of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6 were significantly decreased, and IL-10 was significantly increased in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell with treated CRE. As a result of Western blotting, there was concentration-dependent inhibition of pp38, pERK in MAPK pathway and significant reduction of pp65 in the NF-κB pathway. Conclusions: CRE might have anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-induced macrophages by promoting the production of IL-10.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.37-44
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• 2022

Objectives : From this study, we sight to identify chondro-protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Sorbi Commixtae Fructus extract and its compound, chlorogenic acid. Methods : Sorbi Commixtae Fructus were extracted by 50% ethanol. And chlorogenic acid in Sorbi Commixtae Fructus 50% extract was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To investigate chondro-protective effects, we treated Sorbi Commixtae Fructus 50% ethanol extract and chlorogenic acid in TNF𝛼-activated ATDC5 murine chondrogenic cells. After 24 hours, protein level of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) and mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13) were measured by using ELISA or reverse transcription PCR, respectively. To examine anti-inflammatory effects, we treated Sorbi Commixtae Fructus 50% ethanol extract and chlorogenic acid in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. We measured the level of inflammatory mediators, such as Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Interleukin-6 (IL6) by ELISA and nitric oxide (NO) by Griess reagent assay. Results : A concentration of chlorogenic acid in Sorbi Commixtae Fructus 50% ethanol extract was 3.9 mg/g. Sorbi Commixtae Fructus 50% ethanol extract and chlorogenic acid attenuated protein level of MMP3 and mRNA level of MMP13 in TNF𝛼-activated ATDC5 cells. Sorbi commixtae Fructus 50% ethanol extract inhibited the level of PGE2, IL6 and NO in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells in dose dependent manner, but chlorogenic acid has no anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions : These findings demonstrated that Sorbi Commixtae Fructus 50% ethanol extract has chondro-protective and anti-inflammatory effects showing possible therapeutics to ease the symptoms related with osteoarthritis.