• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.829-838
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• 2007

The effect of tumbling time(0, 1, and 2hr) on quality characteristics of cured-smoked pork retail cuts (Bolgi, Seolgit, Boseop, Dogani, Satae) of hind leg was investigated. Quality analyses indicated the retail cuts of pork hind leg are variable except for proximate composition. The Satae ham had the lowest (P<0.05) lightness (L) and highest redness (a). The Bolgi and Seolgit ham had higher hardness than the other hams. Tumbling time(0, 1, and 2hr) had no significant(P>0.05) effect on proximate composition, pH, color, texture properties, and sensory properties of ham. However tumbling decreased cooking loss for Satae ham tumbled for 2hr(P<0.05). Tumbling time was required for more than 2hr to improve quality and obtain maximum yield of retail cut hams. Further study is necessary to improve quality and obtain maximum yield of pork retail cuts of hind leg.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.633-640
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• 2003

The pork cutlets containing different concentrations of dried ginseng powder (1%, 2% and 3%) were manufactured and compared the physico-chemical and sensorial properties with control containing no dried ginseng powder. The color(CIE, L, a, b) values were not significantly different between the treatments and control. The TBA values were lower for pork cutlet containing dried ginseng powder than those for control at the beginning stage (5 days) when they were vacuum packaged and stored at 4$^{\circ}C$ or 15days, however, there were not significantly different after 5 days of storage. The TBA values were remained low level (<0.5mg malonaldehyde/kg sample) when the pork cutlets were vacuum packaged and stored at -20$^{\circ}C$ for 90 days. In fatty acid composition, pork cutlet containing dried ginseng powder contained higher ratios of PUFA/SFA and lower ratios of MUFA/SFA when compared to those of control. Sensory panels evaluated that pork cutlet containing 1% of dried ginseng powder had the highest preference scores in flavor and overall palatability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05b
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• pp.106.2-132
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• 2002

형질전환 (유전자 결핍; Knockout) Min 마우스를 이용하여 대장암 발생에서 배추, 양배추 주성분인 indole-3-carbinol (I3C)의 대장암 예방효과를 규명하고자 하였다. 실험동물로는 C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$(Min 마우스)계의 5내지 6주령의 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스 70마리와 C57BL/6J계의 동일 산자, 동일 주령의 수컷 wildtype 비형질전환 마우스 10kfl를 The Jackson Laboratory 사 (Bar harber, ME, USA)로부터 직접 구입하였다. C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 (Min)마우스 70마리를 각 군 20내지 25마리씩 세군으로 나누었다. Group 1에는 20마리, Group 2에는 25마리, Group 3에는 25마리를 배치하고, I3C 투여 실험군 (Group 1과 2)에는 실험시작시에 AIN-76A 분말사료에 I3C가 각각 100 및 300ppm이 함유되도록 조제하여 공급하였다. 그리고 실험군(Group 3)에는 실험시작부터 종료시까지 AIN-76A 정제고형사료(Teklad사, WI, USA)를 자유로이 급이하였다. 각군간의 체중, 사료 및 음수소비량을 매 2주마다 측정하였고, 10주간 (16주령)의 실험종료시에는 최종체중과 간장, 신장, 비장 등의 장기무게를 측정하여 상대장기 무게비를 산출하였다. 대조군으로서 C57BL/6J계의 동일 산자, 동일 주령의 수컷 wildtype 비형질전환 마우스 10마리는 같은 조건의 사육실에서 AIN-76A 정제고형사료를 33주간 자유로이 급이하였다. 실험동물은 부검전에 하룻밤 동안 절식하고 이산화탄소 흡입 마취하에서 흉대동맥을 절단하여 방혈하고 각 장기(심장, 폐, 위)를 적출하여 생리심염수에 넣어 장기무게를 측정하고 포르말린에 고정하였다. 소장과 대장의 검사를 위하여 위의 식도부위와 직장을 실로 결찰하여 적출하고 생리심염수를 주입하여 팽창시켜, 십이지장, 공장, 및 회장, 그리고 대장으로 나누어 여과지에 펼친 후 포르말린에 고정하였다. 소장과 대장은 육안 및 자동 영상분석길ㄹ 이용한 분석이 끝난 후에 각 부위별로 4-6개의 절편을 작제하여 포르말린에 재고정하고, 통상적인 조직처리과정, 파리핀 포매 및 3-4$\mu$m 두께의 조직절편을 제작하여 H&E 염색을 실시하여 현미경으로 검경하였다. 약 1주일간의 포르말린 고정이 끝난 소장 및 대장을 부위별, 별 종양개수 및 분포를 자동영상분석기(Kontron Co. Ltd., Germany)로 분석하였다. 체의 변화, 장기무게, 사료소비량 및 마리당 종양의 개수에 대한 통계학적 유의성 검증을 위하여 Duncan's t-test로 통계처리 하였고, 종양 발생빈도에 대하여는 Likelihood ration Chi-square test로 유의성을 검증하였다. C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한 대조군의 대장선종의 발생률은 84%(Group 3; 21/25례)로써 I3C 100ppm 및 300ppm을 투여한 경우에 있어서는 각군 모두 60%(Group 1; 12/20 례, Group 2; 15/25 례)로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 대장선종의 마리당 발생개수에 있어서는 C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한 대조군은 1.40$\pm$0.24(100%)에 비하여 I3C 저농도 투여 실험군(Group 1; 0.85$\pm$0.23; 61%, P<0.01), 그리고 I3C 고농도 투여 실험군(Group 2 ; 1.32$\pm$0.29 ; 94%)의 순으로 감소하였다. 선종의 크기별 종양의 발생개수의 분포에 있어서 I3C 저농도 투여 실험군에 있어서는 선종의 크기가 3mm이하의 수가 현저하게 감소하였다. C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한 대조군의 부위별 소장선종의 발생수는 십이지장부위를 제외하고 각 군에서 유의한 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 십이지장 종양의 발생개수에서만 I3C 저농도 투여 실험군(Group 1 ; 3.11$\pm$0.85)이 대조군 (Group 3: 1.48$\pm$0.35) 및 I3C 고농도 투여 실험군(Group 2: 1.56$\pm$0.47)에 비하여 유의성 있게 증가하였다. (P<0.05). 따라서 I3C은 소장에서는 암예방 효과가 뚜렷하지 않으나, 대장에 대한 암에방 효과가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 소장 및 대장을 제외한 간장, 신장, 비장, 심장, 폐 그리고 위 등의 기타 장기에서의 조직병리학적 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 소장 및 대장의 종양은 선종(polyps)으로 관찰되었다. 지난 10여년간 형질전환 및 유전자 결핍 실험동물의 종류가 기하 급수적으로 증가하여 이용되고 있다. 가족성 대장 선종성 용종증(FAP)의 대표적인 모델로 이용되고 있는 C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스를 사용하여 배추나 양배추의 주요성분인 Indole-3-carbinol(I3C)의 대장암 예방효과가 있는지를 검색하여 본 결과 AIN-76A정제사료만을 투여한 대조군의 대장선종의 발생률 84%에 비하여 I3C 100 및 300ppm을 투여한 실험군에 있어서 각군 모두 60%로서 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 대장선종의 마리당 발생개수에 있어서는 대조군의 1.40$\pm$1.041를 100%로 환산하였을 경우 I3C 저농도 및 고농도 투여 실험군에서는 각각 약 61%와 94%를 나타내여 감소하였다. 특히 대장선종의 크기별 분포에 있어서 선종의 크기가 3mm이하의 수가 현저하게 감소하였다. 따라서 저농도 I3C의 투여는 실험적 유전성 가족성 대장 선종성 용종증 모델에 있어서 어느정도 암 예방효과가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 소장 선종의 발생에는 별 영향이 없는 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 본 실험에 사용된 C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스는 실험개시 시점이 7내지 8주령이 경과하여 이미 태생기부터 소장 및 대장의 선종 발생이 진행되어 온 것을 감안하고 특히 비스테로이드계 항염증 소염제(NSAIDS)와 같은 강력한 COX-2억제제가 아님을 고려하면, 상당한 선종의 발생을 억제할 수 있는 가능성이 매우 높다고 생각한다. 또한 이제까지 배추나 양배추 성분의 복합성분들에 대한 실험적 대장암 모델에서의 촉진효과 등에 대한 보고들이 있어 온 점을 고려할 때 위암(Kim 등, 1994) 간암(Kim 등, 1994), 유방암(Grubbs, 등, 1995; Bradlow 등, 1995)에 대한 예방효과가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 앞으로 이러한 종양조직내에서의 COX-2 및 iNOS mRNA와 단백질의 발현정도를 분자병리학적으로 연구중에 있으며, 향후 십자화과식물 성분인 indole-3-carbinol이 마우스뿐 만 아니라 랫드의 화학발암물질에 의한 대장종양에 대한 억제효과 있는지 연구 필요가 있다. Min 마우스와 같은 형질 전환(유전자결핍;knockout) 실험동물을 이용한 새로운 중기 발암성 시험범의 확립을 통한 각종 환경 유해물질의 발암성 유무 및 COX-2 억제작용이 있는 식품인자의 암예방 후보물질을 체계적으로 검색하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 2017

In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of various grain methanolic extracts against UVB-induced photo-aging in human skin fibroblasts. Various grain methanolic extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant compounds and activities. 2,2-Ddiphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and ABTS 2,2-azino-bris-(3-ethylbenzoth iazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation scavenging activities have been used to measure the relative antioxidant activities of extracts from grains. The content of total polyphenolics in the extracts were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. Human skin fibroblast (Hs68) cells were pretreated with various grain methanolic extracts ($25{\mu}g/mL$). Skin toxicity was simulated by exposing the cells to UVB ($30mJ/cm^2$) irradiation. In response to the UVB-irradiation, an increased amount of matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs) release was observed, whereas pretreatment of various grain methanolic extracts significantly inhibited the production of MMP-1 in Hs68 cells. We also found that pretreatment of the extracts significantly decreased UVB-induced reactive oxygen species and significantly increased total collagen content in Hs68 cells. These results provide that grains could be regarded as a potential ingredient in natural cosmetics, used for UVB protection.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 1993

Heat penetration characteristics of retort pouched curry were studied to determine optimal sterilization conditions. Heating curve of retort pouched curry showed a simple logarithmic curve. The $f_h$ value (min.) of solid part in retort pouched curry was 1 min. higher than that of liquid part. $f_h$ value (min.) and $j_h$ value (heating lag factor) ranged from 8.3 min. to 12 min. and 1.0 to 1.17 respectively with increasing the ratio of solid to liquid and viscosity. $f_h$ value (min.) and $j_h$ value were significantly increased from 7.4 min. to 12.6 min. and 1.0 to 1.14 respectively with increasing thickness of the pouch from 11 to 15 mm. The low and medium volatile aroma components of retort pouched curry decreased during sterilization, which increased the high volatile aroma components. The retort pouched curry processed at $120^{\circ}C$, for 24 min. with $F_o$, value of $8{\sim}9$ could keep up a desirable quality without any remarkable deterioration.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of feldspar on laying Performance and e99 qualify in hens. A total of 96 'Tetra Brown' layers were assigned to 4 treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment consisted 4 replicates accommodating 6 layers per replication. Experiment diets were a control diet without feldspar and supplemented 0.5, 1.0 and $1.5\%$ feldspar. The egg Production rate was significantly increased in layers 134 diets supplemented 0.5 and $1.0\%$ feldspar compared to that of control (P<0.05). Egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg shell strength and egg yolk color were not significantly different among the treatments (P>0.05). The haugh unit and blood spot of the eggs were significantly increased in $1.5\%$ feldspa. diets compared to that of control (p<0.05). However, the albumen index and meat spot in the eggs were not statistically different among treatments (P>0.05). Sensory evaluation traits were not significantly differed in terms of appearance, color, texture flavor and overall acceptability of eggs (P>0.05). The juiciness of boiled eggs was significantly increased in eggs of birds fed $1.0\%$ feldspar diets(P>0.05).

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.341-349
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• 2000

CsI(Br) single crystals doped with 1, 3, 5 or 10 mole% $Br^-$ ions, as an activator, were grown by Czochralski method. The lattice structure of grown CsI(Br) single crystal was bcc and its lattice constant was $4.568\;{\AA}$. The absorption edge of the CsI(Br) single crystals was observed at 243 nm. The spectral range of the luminescence excited by 243 nm of wavelength was $300{\sim}600\;nm$, and its peak emission appeared at 440 nm. The luminescence intensity was maximum when CsI(Br) was doped with 3 mole % $Br^-$ ions. The energy resolutions of the CsI(Br) scintillator doped with 3 mole % $Br^-$ ions were 15.0% for $^{137}Cs$(662 keV), 13.1% for $^{54}Mn$(835 keV), and 18.0% and 6.3% for $^{22}Na$(511 keV and 1275 keV), respectively. The decay curves had fast and slow components, and the fast component was about 41 ns independent on the concentration of the $Br^-$ ions. The time resolution of CsI(Br) scintillators decreased with increasing of the concentration of $Br^-$ ions.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.163-179
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• 2012

This study was prepared to develop American sauce with different amounts of salt through high pressure extraction and examined difference in its mechanical and sensory characteristics. Furthermore, it aimed to provide practical materials for the mass production of American sauce and other crustacean sauce products and to contribute to the development of products with superior quality and functionality by standardizing traditional cooking techniques in the food service industry. In American sauce, salt content did not have a significant effect on water content and ash content but had a significant effect on color, pH and salinity. Na and K contents increased with increasing salt content. In addition, Mg and P contents were highest in J4 containing 0.4% of salt, but they did not show any regular tendency according to salt content. For total free amino acids, 29 kinds were detected in J0 and J1, 30 in J2, 31 in J3, and 33 in J4. Detection was highest in J3 containing 0.3% of salt, and the content level was highest particularly for arginine among essential amino acids, for glutamic acid, alanine, serine, ${\beta}$-alanine and ${\alpha}$-aminoadipic acid among flavor enhancing amino acids, and for ${\gamma}$-Aminoisobutyric acid among other amino acids. We measured lipid peroxidation in American sauce using lipid extracted from a mouse brain and confirmed that the amount of antioxidant substances extracted was largest in J0 containing no salt. The results of measuring lipid peroxidation and DPPH showed that the antioxidant effect was high when salt was not contained. In the results of the sensory test, overall quality was highest in J3 containing 0.3% of salt, showing that the addition of salt affects the evaluation of overall quality. Summing up the presents of this study as presented above, we cannot expect an effect of antioxidant functionality; however, according to the results of the mechanical quality evaluation and the sensory test, American sauce containing 0.3% of salt is considered the optimal product in terms of quality. Using these results as practical materials for the mass production of crustacean sauce products, we expect to standardize traditional cooking techniques in the food service industry and to develop products with high quality and functionality.

• Journal of Chitin and Chitosan
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.262-266
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• 2018

Even though the saps have been consumed as beverage in Korea, however a little research has been conducted on the chemical composition. We determined free sugars, mineral in the sap from Juglans mandshurica Maxim. collected from BongHwa region. The contents of glucose, sucrose, and fructose in the sap from J. mandshurica were 0.15, 2.73, and 0.09%, respectively. The prominent minerals in the sap from J. mandshurica were calcium and potassium. The contents of Ca, K, Mg, Fe, and Mn of sap from J. mandshurica were 0.61, 0.57, 0.12, 0.002, and 0.014 ppm, respectively. The sap from J. mandshurica show inhibitory effect on elastase. And real-time RT-PCR showed that sap from J. mandshurica increased mRNA level of AQP3 and HAS2 gene and increased hyaluronic acid production in HaCaT cells. These results indicated that the sap from J. mandshurica can potentially be used for developing cosmetic ingredient for skin moisturizing and anti-aging.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.209-222
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• 2006

Odor problems brought about by deteriorating air quality occur in areas surrounding landfills because VOCs emissions from landfills are exhausted through surface soil and gas vents. Due to these factors, monitoring of VOCs emissions from landfills are essential. However, only a few studies have been carried out to assess VOCs emissions from landfills. A comprehensive approach to this problem is definitely warranted. In this study, we estimated BTEX emissions from 7 landfill sites in Korea using field experiments and LandGEM(Landfill Gas Emission Model), which is the USA EPA(Environmental Protection Agency)-recommended model for landfill gas emission estimation. For this purpose, we suitably modified the model's major input parameters $L_0$ and k according to 3 classes based on landfill scale after considering the characteristics of field experiments and LandGEM data. Consequently, we estimated VOCs emissions from landfills for cities, provinces and all of Korea alter modifying $L_0$ & k using LandGEM. Through the results of this study, we obtained essential basic data with respect to present conditions which will help us understand VOCs emissions from landfills in Korea.