• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.898-903
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• 2010

This study was carried out to estimate carbon emission using LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and to establish LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) database of soybean production system. Based on collecting the data for operating LCI, it was shown that input of organic fertilizer was value of 3.10E+00 kg $kg^{-1}$ soybean and it of mineral fertilizer was 4.57E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ soybean for soybean cultivation. It was the highest value among input for soybean production. And direct field emission was 1.48E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ soybean during soybean cropping. The result of LCI analysis focussed on greenhouse gas (GHG) was showed that carbon footprint was 3.36E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq $kg^{-1}$ soybean. Especially $CO_2$ for 71% of the GHG emission. Also of the GHG emission $CH_4$, and $N_2O$ were estimated to be 18% and 11%, respectively. It might be due to emit from mainly fertilizer production (92%) and soybean cultivation (7%) for soybean production system. $N_2O$ was emitted from soybean cropping for 67% of the GHG emission. In $CO_2$-eq. value, $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ were 2.36E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ soybean and 3.50E-01 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ soybean, respectively. With LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment) for soybean production system, it was observed that the process of fertilizer production might be contributed to approximately 90% of GWP (global warming potential). Characterization value of GWP was 3.36E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq $kg^{-1}$.

• ALGAE
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.217-225
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• 2014

Land-based seaweed (Gracilaria) cultivation systems may provide products with high quality and biosafety for human consumption, as well as for other high value applications. However, a limitation for this land based system is high management costs. The objective of this study was to determine if the management costs for Gracilaria cultivation can be reduced without a decrease in productivity by using $CO_2$ injection along with a high stocking density and high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and commercially available fertilizers. When Gracilaria tikvahiae was cultivated at a high stocking density and high PAR, coupled with $CO_2$ enhancement, the productivity was significantly higher than that at a lower stocking density, low light without $CO_2$ injection. We also found that G. tikvahiae grown in a medium of commercially available fertilizer (Jack's Special, JS) showed a similar growth rate and productivity to that grown in von Stosch's enriched (VSE) seawater, while the cost for JS media is only 2% of the cost for VSE. These results suggest that $CO_2$ injection and commercial fertilizer may be a potential way to provide sustainability in land-based Gracilaria cultivation systems.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.374-380
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• 2014

To estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, the inventory of rice cultivation at the farming without agricultural chemicals was established from farmers in Gunsan, Jeonbuk province in 2011~2012. The objectives of this study were to calculate carbon footprint and analyse the major factor of GHGs. To do this, we carried out a sensitivity analysis using the analyzed main factors of GHGs and estimated the mitigation potential of GHGs. Also we suggested agricultural methods to reduce GHGs that can be appled by farmers at this region. At the farming system without agricultural chemicals, carbon footprint of rice production unit of 1 kg was 2.15 kg $CO_2.-eq.kg^{-1}$. Although the amount of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) emission was the largest among GHGs, methane ($CH_4$) emission had the highest contribution to carbon footprint on rice production system when it was converted to carbon dioxide equivalent ($CO_2-eq.$) multiplied by the global warming potential (GWP). Main source of $CO_2$ emission in the rice farming system without agricultural chemicals was combustion of fossil fuels used by agricultural machinery. Most of the $CH_4$ was emitted during rice cultivation practice and its major emission factor was flooded paddy field in anaerobic condition. Also, most of the $N_2O$ was emitted from rice cultivation process. Major sources of the $N_2O$ emission was application of fertilizer such as compound fertilizer. As a result of sensitivity analysis in energy consumption, diesel had the highest sensitivity among the energy inputs. With the reduction of diesel consumption by 10%, it was estimated that $CO_2$ potential reduction was about 2.0%. With reducing application rate of compound fertilizer by 10%, the potential reduction was calculated that $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ could be reduced by 0.5% and 0.9%, respectively. At the condition of 10% reduction of silicate and compost, $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ could be reduced by 1.5% and 1.6%, respectively. With 8 days more drainage than the ordinary practice, $CH_4$ emission could be reduced by about 4.5%. Drainage and diesel consumption were the main sources having the largest effect on the GHG reduction at the farming system without agricultural chemicals. Based on the above results, we suggest that no-tillage and midsummer drainage could be a method to decrease GHG emissions from rice production system.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate effect of liquid fertilizer contained medium of Lactobacillus confusa and Pichia anoala on growth of creeping bentgrass(Agrostis palustris Huds. CV. Pennlixs). By application method of liquid fertilizer, the experiment plot was designed as following; NF was non-fertilized treatment, control was applied with compound fertilizer and treatment 1(T-1), treatment 2(T-2) and treatment 3(T-3) were applied with compound fertilizer and liquid fertilizer solution diluted 500, 300 and 100 folds, respectively. The every treatments was arranged a randomized complete block with three replications. Compared with NF, leaf color index of control, T-1, T-2 and T-3 in creeping bentgrass was increased 7.4%, 7.5%, 77% and 7.2%, respectively and chlorophyll content of T-1, T-2 and T-3 in creeping bentgrass was increased 45.7%, 45.6%, 52.1% and 49.6%, respectively, and T-2 and T-3 was increased 4.4% and 2.7% more than control. Dry weight of T-1, T-2 and T-3 was increased 2.7%, 13.8% and 13.9% more than control, when compared to control. These results were found that turfgrass qualities and growth was improved in treatment applied to compound fertilizer and solution of liquid fertilizer diluted 300 folds.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.623-633
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• 2017

Food waste has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize or treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing food waste compost under co-composting with mixture of food and animal waste. The mixing ratio of food and animal waste was 35% as main material, which additionally mixed 30% of sawdust for co-composting. Total days of composting experiment were 84 days and each sub samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Results showed that inner temperature in composting was rapidly increased to $70{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ within 3~5 days depending on mixing animal waste of cattle, pig, and chicken base compared to sole food waste base. Expecially, the CN ratio in the mixture of food and pig water was the highest (16.2) among compost. After finishing composting experiment, maturity was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of the mixture of food and animal waste was ranged between 6~7, but was 3 in sole food waste. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of about 100 irrespectively of mixing of food and animal waste. However, NaCl content and heavy metal as Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents was increased in the mixture of food and animal waste. which was the highest in compost mixed the food and pig waste. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was suitable for fertilizer criteria while sole food waste was not adequate for composting due to composting periods. Overall, mixing the food and animal waste can be utilized for improving compost maturity, but more research should be conducted to make high quality of food waste compost with animal waste in agricultural fields.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.104-112
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Agricultural inputs (fertilizer and organic inputs) and water conditions can influence $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ emission from agricultural soils. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of agricultural inputs (fertilizer and organic inputs) under changing water regime on $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ emission from a soil in a laboratory incubation experiment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four treatments were laid out: control without input and three type of agricultural inputs ($(NH_4)_2SO_4$, AS; pig manure compost, PMC; hairy vetch, HV). Fertilizer and organic inputs were mixed with 25 g of soil at 2.75 mg N/25 g soil (equivalent to 110 kg N/ha) in a bottle with septum, and incubated for 60 days. During the first 30-days incubation, the soil was waterlogged (1 cm of water depth) by adding distilled water weekly, and on 30 days of incubation, excess water was discarded then incubated up to 60 days without addition of water. Based on the redox potential, water regime could be classified into wetting (1 to 30 days), transition (31 to 40 days), and drying periods (41 to 60 days). Across the entire period, $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ flux ranged from 0 to 13.8 mg $CH_4$/m/day and from 0.4~1.9 g $CO_2$/m/day, and both were relatively higher in the early wetting period and the boundary between transition and drying periods. During the entire period, % loss of C relative to the initial was highest in HV (16.4%) followed by AS (8.1%), PMC (7.5%), and control (5.4%), indicating readily decomposability of HV. Accordingly, both $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ fluxes were greatest in HV treatment. Meanwhile, the lower $CH_4$ flux in AS and PMC treatments than the control was ascribed to reduction in $CH_4$ generation due to the presence of oxidized compounds such as ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $Fe^{3+}$, $Mn^{4+}$, and ${NO_3}^-$ that compete with precursors of $CH_4$ for electrons. CONCLUSION: Green manure such as HV can replace synthetic fertilizer in terms of N input, however, it may increase $CH_4$ emission from soils. Therefore, co-application of green manure and livestock manure compost needs to be considered in order to achieve satisfactory N supply and to mitigate $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ emission.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.502-509
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• 2013

To estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, we established inventory of conventional rice cultivation from farmers in Gunsan and Iksan, Jeonbuk province in 2011~2012. This study was to calculate carbon footprint and to analyse the major factor of GHGs. We carried out a sensitivity analysis using the analyzed main factors of GHGs and estimated the mitigation potential of GHGs. Also we tried to suggest agricultural methods to reduce GHGs that farmers of this case study can apply. Carbon footprint of rice production unit of 1 kg was 2.21 kg $CO_2.-eq.kg^{-1}$. Although amount of $CO_2$ emissions is largest among GHGs, methane had the highest contribution of carbon footprint on rice production system after methane was converted to carbon dioxide equivalent ($CO_2$-eq.) multiplied by the global warming potential (GWP). Source of $CO_2$ in the cultivation of rice farming is incomplete combustion of fossil fuels used by agricultural machinery. Most of the $CH_4$ emitted during rice cultivation and major factor of $CH_4$ emission is flooded paddy field in anaerobic condition. Most of the $N_2O$ emitted from rice cultivation process and major sources of $N_2O$ emission is application of fertilizer such as compound fertilizer, urea, orgainc fertilizer, etc. As a result of sensitivity analysis due to the variation in energy consumption, diesel had the highest sensitivity among the energies inputs. If diesel consumption is reduced by 10%, it could be estimated that $CO_2$ potential reduction is about 2.5%. When application rate of compound fertilizer reduces by 10%, the potential reduction is calculated to be approximately 1% for $CO_2$ and approximately 1.8% for $N_2O$. When drainage duration is decreased until 10 days, methane emissions is reduced by approximately 4.5%. That is to say drainage days, tillage, and reducing diesel consumption were the main sources having the largest effect of GHG reduction due to changing amount of inputs. Accordingly, proposed methods to decrease GHG emissions were no-tillage, midsummer drainage, etc.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.722-727
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• 2010

This study was conducted to estimate the carbon footprint and to establish the database of the LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) for barely cultivation system. Barley production system was separated into the naked barley, the hulled barley and the two-rowed barley according to type of barley species. Based on collecting the data for operating LCI, it was shown that input of fertilizer was the highest value of 9.52E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ for two-rowed braley. For LCI analysis focussed on the greenhouse gas (GHG), it was observed that carbon footprint were 1.25E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ naked braley, 1.09E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ hulled braley and 1.71E+00 $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ two-rowed barley; especially two-rowed barley cultivation system had highest emission value as 1.09E+00 kg $CO_2$ $kg^{-1}$ barley. It might be due to emit from mainly fertilizer production for barley cultivation. Also $N_2O$ was emitted at 7.55E-04 kg $N_2O\;kg^{-1}$ barley as highest value from hulled barley cultivation system because of high N fertilizer input. The result of life cycle impcat assessment (LCIA), it was observed that most of carbon emission from barely cultivation system was mainly attributed to fertilizer production and cropping unit. Characterization value of GWP was 1.25E+00 (naked barley), 1.09E+00 (hulled barley) and 1.71E+00 (two-rowed barely) kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of developed SCB (DSCB) liquid fertilizer produced by adding N, P and K at SCB liquid fertilizer on the growth of kentucky bluegrass. Two different N sources used in DSCB were ammonium sulfate (DSCB-A) and urea (DSCB-U), respectively. Fertilizer treatments were designed as follows; non-fertilizer (NF), control (CF; chemical fertilizer), DSCB-A1 ($200\;ml{\cdot}m^{-2}$DSCB-A), OSCB-A2 ($250\;ml{\cdot}m^{-2}$DSCB-A), OSCB-U ($250\;ml{\cdot}m^{-2}$DSCB-U) and CF+SCB (CF+$250\;ml{\cdot}m^{-2}$SCB). Every treatment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In kentucky bluegrass, turf color index, chlorophyll index, dry weight and nutrient contents were measured. Results were as follows; It was hardly affected by DSCB and SCB application in investigation of chemical properties of soil. Turf color index and chlorophyll index in DSCB and SCB treatments were increased by 1~2% and 19~24% than NF, respectively and similar to CF. As applied with DSCB and SCB, dry weight of DSCB-U and CF+SCB was increased by 36% and 10% than CF, respectively, but similar to that of OSCB-A1 and DSCB-A2. Evaluated with turf quality and growth, DSCB-U was the best in all treatment and OSCB-A1 the most efficient. These results indicated that applications of OSCB and SCB promoted turf quality and growth of kentucky bluegrass or similar to CF, so that they were expected to replace chemical fertilizers.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 2011

This study was conducted to develop economical agricultural fertilizer media for the mass culturing of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Specific growth rates of N. oceanica cultured with differing concentrations of commercial compounds, urea fertilizers, and trace elements (Zn, Cu, Co, Mo) were compared with the growth rate in f/2 medium. Among the various added trace elements, $CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_2O$ was most effective for high growth of N. oceanica. The main nitrogen source in the agricultural fertilizers was ammonium, which was unsuitable for the growth of N. oceanica. Thus, the fertilizer at a lower concentration infused with $NaNO_3$ as a nitrogen source was more effective than fertilizer at higher concentrations. In this study, the growth of N. oceanica cultured with an agricultural fertilizer medium composed of compound fertilizer (41.7 mg/L), urea fertilizer (34.4 mg/L), $NaNO_3$ (150 mg/L), and $CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_2O$ (0.0588 mg/L) was similar to that of N. oceanica cultured in f/2 medium.