• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.231-238
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• 2008

This study proposed the method of phosphate recovery from municipal wastewater by using ferrous iron waste, generated from the mechanical process in the steel industry. In the analysis of XRD, ferrous iron waste was composed of $Fe_3O_4$ (magnetite), practically with $Fe^{2+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$. It had inverse spinel structure. In order to identify the adsorption characteristic of phosphate on ferrous iron waste, isotherm adsorption test was designed. Experimental results were well analyzed by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm theories. Empirical constants of all isotherms applied increased with alkalinity in the samples, ranging from 1.2 to 235 $CaCO_3/L$. In the regeneration test, empirical constants of Langmuir isotherm, i.e., $q_{max}$ (maximum adsorption capacity) and b (energy of adsorption) decreased as the frequency of regeneration was increased. Experiment was further performed to evaluate the performance of the treatment scheme of chemical precipitation by ferrous iron waste followed by biological aerated filter (BAF). The overall removal efficiency in the system increased up to 80% and 90% for total phosphate (TP) and soluble phosphate (SP), respectively, and the corresponding effluent concentrations were detected below 2 mg/L and 1 mg/L for TP and SP, respectively. However, short-circuit problem was still unsolved operational consideration in this system. The practical concept applied in this study will give potential benefits in achieving environmentally sound wastewater treatment as well as environmentally compatible waste disposal in terms of closed substance cycle waste management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.411-419
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the application possibility of tube type electrolysis module system using recirculation process through removal organic matters and nitrogen in the pigment wastewater. The tube type electrolysis module consisted of a inner rod anode and an outer tube cathode. Material used for anode was titanium electroplated with $RuO_2$. Stainless steel was used for cathode. It was observed that the pollutant removal efficiency was increased according to the decrease of flowrate and increase of current density. When the retention time in tube type electrolysis module system was 180 min, chlorate concentration was 382.4~519.6 mg/L. The chlorate production was one of the major factors in electrochemical oxidation of tube type electrolysis module system using recirculation process used in this research. The pollutant removal efficiencies from the bench scale tube type electrolysis module system using recirculation operated under the electric charge of $4,500C/dm^2$ showed the $COD_{Mn}$ 89.6%, $COD_{Cr}$ 67.8%, T-N 96.8%, and Color 74.2%, respectively and energy consumption was $5.18kWh/m^3$.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 2017

A vertical multi-stage ammonia stripping reactor using E-PFR, which has been proved to be superior in anaerobic and aerobic treatment, was developed and a lab scale experiment was conducted. According to the change of stage number condition, the removal rate of the ammonia nitrogen in the reactor with 0-stage was about 52.5% after 8 hours (pH 10, temperature $35^{\circ}C$, and the air/liquid ratio $3min^{-1}$) However, in the reactor with 5-stage, the removal efficiency was about 62.6%. According to the change of pH condition, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was about 42.6% at pH 9 after 8 hours, and was about 74.4% at pH 11 (5-stage reactor, temperature $35^{\circ}C$, and the air/liquid ratio $3min^{-1}$). According to the change of temperature condition, the removal rate of the ammonia nitrogen was about 51% at $25^{\circ}C$ after 8 hours (5-stage reactor, pH 10, and the air/liquid ratio $3min^{-1}$), and was about 87.2% at $45^{\circ}C$. According to the change of air injection volume condition, the removal rate of the ammonia nitrogen was about 45.8% at $2min^{-1}$ after 8 hours (5-stage reactor, pH 10, and at $35^{\circ}C$). and was about 75% at $4min^{-1}$. Based on these results, we will follow up the applicability of the actual plant in the future through continuous operation evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics D
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• v.36D no.10
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• pp.37-44
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• 1999

This paper report the implementation results of Monte Carlo numerical calculation for ion distributions in plasma dry etching chamber and of the surface evolution simulator using cell removal method for topographical evolution of the surface exposed to etching ion. The energy and angular distributions of ion across the plasma sheath were calculated by MC(Monte Carlo) algorithm. High performance MPP(Massively Parallel Processing) algorithm developed in this paper enables efficient parallel and distributed simulation with an efficiency of more than 95% and speedup of 16 with 16 processors. Parallelization of surface evolution simulator based on cell removal method reduces simulation time dramatically to 15 minutes and increases capability of simulation required enormous memory size of 600Mb.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to confirm the applicability of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) in the advanced sewage treatment process. Simulated influent was used in the operation of a laboratory scale reactor. The operation time of one cycle was 4 h and the reactor was operated for six cycles per day. The volume exchange ratio was 50%. The influent was injected in divisions of 25% to increase the removal efficiency of nitrogen in every cycle. As a result, the removal efficiencies of $COD_{Cr}$ and TN in this reactor were 98.2% and 76.7% respectively. During the operation period, the AGS/MLVSS concentration ratio increased from 70.0% to 86.7%, and the average $SVI_{30}$ was 67 mL/g. The SNR and SDNR were 0.073-0.161 kg $NH_4{^+}$-N/kg MLVSS/day and 0.071-0.196 kg $NO_3{^-}$-N/kg MLVSS/day respectively. These values were higher or similar to those reported in other studies. The operation time of the process using AGS is shorter than that of the conventional activated sludge process. Hence, this process can replace the activated sludge process.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.712-718
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• 2019

A combustible producer gas composed of H₂, CO and CH₄ could be obtained by the thermal-chemical conversion of biomass. However, a large amount of particulate matters including tar generated causes the mal-function of turbines and engines or the fouling of pipelines. In this study, a wet scrubber using the soybean oil and bag filter were installed, and the removal efficiency was investigated. Hydrate limestone and wood char base activated carbon were pre-coated on the filter medium to prevent clogging of open pores. The removal efficiencies by the bag filter were 86 and 80% for the hydrated limestone and activated carbon coating, respectively. Overall, the collection when using a series of oil scrubbers and bag filters were 88%, while 83% for the filter coating material.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.277-285
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• 2014

The usage of efficient microorganism (EM) is increasing in concern for server purposes including odor removal during carcasses degradation. In this study, we have studied the type of soil and its effect on efficient microorganisms for the removal of odorous gases during buried carcasses degradation in lab-scale reactor. The carcasses are buried in the reactor with various soil types such as normal soil, 20% sandy and 20% clay soil with the efficient microorganism KEM. The efficient microorganisms KEM have the ability to stabilize the degradation of carcasses of the burial site. We have focused on the analysis of odorous gases such tri-methylamine (TMA), hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), methyl mercaptan (MM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), and methane ($CH_4$) along with the changes of microbial community changed during complete degradation of buried carcasses for a year. The results suggested that the 20% sandy soil contain lesser level of $H_2S$ and MM (0.09 and 0.35 mg) but 20% clay has higher nitrogen compound removing effect and leave only less amount of ammonia and TMA (0.31 and 2.06 mg). The 20% sandy soil also has the ability to breakdown the carcasses more quality compared with other types of soil. Based on the data obtained in this study suggesting that, the use of 20% sandy soil can effectively control sulfur compounds whereas 20% clay soil controls nitrogen compounds in the buried soil. Depending on the type of the soil, the dominant of microbial communities and the distribution was change.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.23-29
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• 2017

As the Enforcement Ordinance of Environmental Policy Act was revised in 2013, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) was added as an indicative parameter for organic matter in Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Environmental Criteria. Under these imminent circumstances, a regulatory standard is needed to achieve the proposed TOC limitation control water quality from the STP (Sewage Treatment Plant). In this study, a electrolysis utilizing the electrochemical reaction was investigated in lab-scale experiments for the treatment of TOC in sewage effluent. TOC reduction by a electrolysis was investigated response surface methodology using the Box-Begnken methods were applied to the experimental results. A central composite design was used to investigate the effects of the independent variables of electrode space ($x_1$), current density ($x_2$) and electrolyte concentration ($x_3$) on the dependent variables removal efficiency of TOC (y). The optimal conditions for electrolysis were determined: electrode space, current density and electrolyte concentration were 50 mm, $10.3mA/cm^2$ and 0.1M, respectively. Statistical results showed the order of significance of the independent variables to be electrode space > current density > electrolyte concentration.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.451-458
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• 2017

In this study, the removal efficiency of the wetland in terms of particulate matter and dead water zone through the application of baffles in the sedimentation were simulated with the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to determine the design of a cost-effective constructed wetland. As a result, it was analyzed that the application of the baffle in the sedimentation tank affect the flow and sedimentation rate. Fine particles such as $2{\mu}m$ and $5{\mu}m$ showed high sedimentation rate when the baffles are installed horizontally. large particles such as $10{\mu}m$ and $20{\mu}m$ showed also high deposition rate when the baffles are installed vertically. In addition, the vertical baffles is considered to be more efficient than other baffle types in terms of maintenance since the particulate matter are concentrated in narrow areas. Therefore, it is considered that the selection of the most applicable type of baffle depends on the design purpose of the wetland to be constructed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.345-351
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• 2008

Fe-impregnated activated carbon(Fe-AC) was prepared by Fe(III) loading on activated carbon(AC) in various preparation pH. In order to evaluate the stability of Fe-AC, dissolution of iron from Fe-AC in acidic conditions was measured. In addition, batch experiments were conducted to monitor the removal efficiency of copper by Fe-AC. Results of stability test for Fe-AC showed that the amount of extracted iron increased with contact time but decreased with increasing solution pH. The dissolved amount of iron gradually increased at solution pH 2 and finally 13% of the total iron loaded on activated carbon was extracted after 12 hr. However dissolution of iron was negligible over solution pH 3. Removal of Cu(II) by Fe-AC was greatly affected by solution pH and was decreased as solution pH increased as well as initial Cu(II) concentration decreased. Surface complexation modeling was performed by considering inner-sphere complexation reaction and using the diffuse layer model with MINTEQA2 program.