• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.557-563
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• 2017

Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae) is a perennial parasitic plant that has a unique lifestyle of being in a symbiotic interaction with fungi. The underground root of Gastrodia is used for medicinal treatment to cure high blood pressure, stroke, leukemia, headaches, and especially neurasthenia. This study is intended to investigate the effect of the global warming on the ecological responses of Gastrodia. We cultivated the small tuber of Gastrodia with the oak wood lot and mulberry fungus under control (ambient $CO_2$ concentration + ambient temperature, ACAT), temperature treatment (ambient $CO_2$ concentration+elevated temperature, ACET), and $CO_2$+temperature treatment (elevated $CO_2$ concentration+elevated temperature, ECET). The elevated $CO_2$ concentration was about twice in the ambient air while the elevated temperature was about $2^{\circ}C$ higher than the control group. And then we observed the growth and production of reproductive organs and the underground root. The observation showed that the number of flower stalk was highest at ACET and lowest at ECET. The flower stalk was longest at ACET and shortest at ECET. The inflorescence was longest at ACAT and shortest at ECET. The seed capsule was heaviest at ACET and lightest at ECET. The aboveground biomass was highest at ACET and lowest at ECET. The number of rhizomes was highest at ACET and lowest at ECET. The total rhizome biomass was highest at ACET and lowest at ECET. The average rhizome biomass was highest at ACET and lowest at ECET. The results showed that the growth of Gastrodia increased because of more active growth of Gastrodia elata when only the temperature increased and decreased when both $CO_2$ concentration and temperature increased, indicating the poor growth of Gastrodia elata under the global warming condition. Therefore, the Gastrodia elata plantation should be maintained at the temperature of $20-25^{\circ}C$ and not be exposed to a high $CO_2$ concentration.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2014

The effect of elevated $CO_2$ and temperature on ecological characteristics of Cicuta virosa L., the endangered plant were examined under ambient $CO_2$+ambient temperature(AC-AT), ambient $CO_2$+elevated temperature(AC-ET) and elevated $CO_2$+elevated temperature for two years. Shoot length and the number of umbels were not different in three environmental gradients. The number of tillers was high in the order of EC-ET, AC-ET and AC-AT. The number of compound umbel was the lowest in the EC-ET. Fruit set rate was the highest in the AC-AT. These results mean that unsexual propagation of C. virosa may increase by promoting growth of tillers, rather than seed production under future global warming. This population growth study will be used as the important data for the research of Korean endangered species.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 2014

We grew seedlings of Saechucheongbyeo and Odaebyeo of rice cultivars that are cultivated dominantly in the northern and middle regions of Korea under control(ambient condition), ambient $CO_2$ concentration+elevated temperature, and elevated $CO_2$ concentration+elevated temperature in order to study how growth responses and crop yield of major rice of Korea change as the global warming proceeds and compared the results. Aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, total biomass, and panicles weight per individual and ripended grain rate of cv. Saechucheongbyeo were the highest under control, but those of cv. Odaebyeo were the highest under elevated $CO_2$ concentration+elevated temperature. There was no difference in the number of panicles per individual of cv. Saechucheongbyeo and cv. Odaebyeo in these experiments. There was no difference in the number of grains per panicle of cv. Saechucheongbyeo among three environmental gradients, but that of cv. Odaebyeo was the highest under elevated $CO_2$ concentration+elevated temperature. Weight of a grain of cv. Saechucheongbyeo was highest under elevated $CO_2$ concentration+elevated temperature, but that of cv. Odaebyeo was the higher under ambient $CO_2$ concentration+elevated temperature and elevated $CO_2$ concentration+elevated temperature. Thus, if global warming continues in Korea, selection of rice cultivation varieties must be chosen carefully for commendation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.781-787
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• 2014

The effects of elevated temperature and $CO_2$ concentration on vine growth and characteristics of fruits of three-year-old 'Campbell Early' grapevine were investigated. The treatment groups consisted of a control group (ambient temperature and $390{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}\;CO_2$), an elevated temperature group (ambient temperature + $4.0^{\circ}C$ and $390{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}\;CO_2$), an elevated $CO_2$ group (ambient temperature and $700{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}\;CO_2$), and an elevated $CO_2$/temperature group (ambient temperature + $4.0^{\circ}C$ and $700{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}\;CO_2$). The average shoot length was 312.6 cm in the elevated $CO_2$/temperature group, which was higher than the other groups; with 206.2 cm in the control group and 255.6 cm and 224.8 cm in the elevated temperature group and elevated $CO_2$ group respectively. However, the shoot diameter showed a tendency of decreasing in the elevated temperature and elevated $CO_2$/temperature groups. The equatorial diameter of berries was increased in the higher carbon dioxide concentration, and the soluble solid content was the highest in the elevated $CO_2$ group, with $14.6^{\circ}Brix$ among all treatment groups and the lowest in the elevated temperature group ($13.9^{\circ}Brix$). The harvest date was approximately 11 d earlier in the elevated $CO_2$/temperature group and 4 to 2 days earlier in the elevated $CO_2$ group and elevated temperature group, respectively. Regarding the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration during the growth period, higher photosynthetic rates were observed in the elevated $CO_2$ group and the elevated $CO_2$/temperature group during the early stage of growth; however the photosynthetic rate was reduced dramatically in summer, which was contrary to transpiration.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2012

In order to understand the growth and ecophy -siological response of ginseng to global warming condition, we cultivated one and two year ginseng seedlings in control (ambient $CO_2$ + ambient temperature) and global warming treatment (elevated $CO_2$ + elevated temperature) from March 2010 to July 2011. Shoot appearance and initiation of flowering were advanced by 3-4 days in global warming treatment than in control. However, timing of fruit setting and seed ripeness was similar in both control and global warming treatment. Shoot length was longer in global warming treatment than in control, and also the number of leaves was much in global warming treatment. Fresh root weight was not different between control and global warming treatment. Photosynthetic rate was higher in global warming treatment than at control. Photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were higher in two year seedlings than in one year seedlings at control, but was not different between seedling age of ginseng in global warming treatment. Water use efficiency was higher in one year seedlings than two year seedlings at control and global warming treatment. These results demonstrated that Korean ginseng more or less positively responds to global warming situation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.803-809
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• 2016

In order to elucidate the ecological responses of B. latissimum under global warming situation and prepare the conservation measures, we cultivated the plant within control(ambient $CO_2+$ambient temperature) and treatment(elevated $CO_2+$elevated temperature) from 2010 to 2011. Rising $CO_2$ concentration was treated with 2 times and temperature increased with $2.0^{\circ}C$ above than control. As a result, Growth response has received more the effect of $CO_2+$Temperature rising than light, moisture, nutrients, and it was grow well in $CO_2+$temperature rise sphere when many nutrients, and it was grow well in $CO_2+$temperature rise sphere when many nutrients. No. of leaves were many number in the treated group compared to the control at a low light gradient and high nutrient gradient, leaf width was narrow in the treatment compared to the control in the middle gradient of light and nutrients. Shoot length, petiole length, lamina length was no difference between control and $CO_2+$temperature rise sphere. Based on the results of this study, in order to preserve the B. latissimum in future climate, we should be supply of nutrients(containing ${NH_4}^+$, $NO_3$, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, etc.) in the habitat of the B. latissimum, and must ensure that the habitat of B. latissimum is not destroyed. Also, We should be find similar area with habitat of the B. latissimum, restoring, expanding.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2010

This study was conducted to find out how the germination, phenology and leaf morphology of Phytolacca insularis(endemic species of Korea) and P. americana(alien species) react to the global warming situation. Seed and seedlings of two species were sampled and placed under two separate conditions for the experiment. One of the seed and seedlings was treated in the glass house with control(ambient $CO_2$+ambient temperature, (AC-AT), and the other with control(elevated $CO_2$+ elevated temperature, EC-ET), over the period of one year, 2008-2009. The germination rate of two species was fast, and the time of their germination started early, when they were treated at EC-ET than at AC-AT. Furthermore, the germination rate of Phytolacca insularis(endemic species of Korea) was found to be comparatively lower than that of P. americana(alien species). The former showed only vegetative growth whereas the latter showed both vegetative growth and reproductive growth in one year period. The more $CO_2$ degree and temperature increased, phenological responses of two species, including leaf growth, the formation of flower stems, flowering, and fruit maturing, became much faster, and the time of their leaf-yellowing was delayed. The lamina length of P. insularis was not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature. The lamina length of P. americana, on the other hand, became longer at EC-ET than at AC-AT, but the leaf width of both species increased at EC-ET. As for the number of leaves, both species showed no difference. Finally, the ratio of the leaf area of P. insularis was high at AC-AT, but P. americana was high at EC-ET. These results indicate that P. americana, aliens species, reacts more sensitively to global warming than P. insularis, endemic species, does.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.597-605
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• 2012

This study was conducted in order to determine changes in the growth responses of Quercus serrata and Q. aliena which are potential natural vegetation of riverine in Korea under four light gradients within ambient and elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature levels. As a result, growth responses of two species were affected by light factor. Aboveground, belowground, plant biomass and root:shoot ratio of two species grown under the control and treatment were increased in the highest light level. Plant biomass and root:shoot ratio of two oak species were not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature, while aboveground biomass of them was lower in the treatment than control. Belowground biomass of Q. serrata was lower in the treatment than control under the gradients that are more than 70% of light level. As light intensity increases, elevated $CO_2$ and temperature promoted root growth of two oak species but had a negative effect on aboveground growth. According to the principal component analysis(PCA), two oak species were discriminatively arranged based on factor 1 and 2. Also, the reactions towards the ambient and elevated $CO_2$ and temperature were slightly different. It is clearly visible that all features relied on axis 1 and axis II are highly correlated with most variables except for stem and shoot length.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.179-187
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the impact of elevated temperature and $CO_2$ concentration based on climate change scenario on growth and fruit quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Muhanjilju) with SPAR (Soil Plant Atmosphere Research) chamber. The intraday temperatures of climate normal years fixed by $20.8^{\circ}C$ during the growing season (May 1~October 30) of climatic normal years (1971~2000) in Andong region. There were treated with 4 groups such like a control group (ambient temperature and 400ppm $CO_2$), an elevated $CO_2$ group (ambient temperature and 800ppm $CO_2$), an elevated temperature group (ambient temperature+$6^{\circ}C$ and 400ppm $CO_2$) and an elevated temperature/$CO_2$ group (ambient temperature+$6^{\circ}C$ and 800ppm $CO_2$). Compared with the control, plant height, branch number and leaf number increased under the elevated temperature and elevated temperature/$CO_2$ group. However, leaf area and chlorophyll content showed a tendency of decreasing in the elevated temperature group and elevated temperature/$CO_2$ group. The number of flower and bud were decreased in the elevated temperature and elevated temperature/$CO_2$ group (mean temperature at $26.8^{\circ}C$) during the growth period. The total number and the weight of fruits were decreased in the elevated temperature group and elevated temperature/$CO_2$ group more than the control group. While the weight, length and diameter of fruit decreased more than those of control as the temperature and $CO_2$ concentration increased gradually. This result suggests that the fruit yield could be decreased under the elevated temperature/$CO_2$ ($6^{\circ}C$ higher than atmospheric temperature/2-fold higher than atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration), whereas the percentage of ripen fruits after 100 days of planting was increased, and showed earlier harvest time than the control.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.279-286
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• 2017

We investigated growth response and variation of ecological niche breadth of Hibiscus hamabo according to light, moisture and nutrient when global warming is proceeded by elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature. H. hamabo was cultivated in experimental condition in the greenhouse that are divided by control(ambient condition) and treatment(elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature). Light, moisture and nutrient gradients were treated within the control and the treatment. Although H. hamabo prefers higher light intensity(up to L3) to lowers', Hamabo mallow doesn't like excessive light intensity($787{\pm}77.76{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$). Also, H. hamabo was difficult to grow in absent nutrient(0%) and excessive nutrient(20%). However, there was no trend with moisture gradients. The death rate of H. hamabo in the treatment was higher in all gradients except for the highest light intensity condition than control. It means that range of tolerance about light is narrowed when concentration of $CO_2$ gas and temperature is elevated. There was no trend of death rate according to moisture gradient, comparing between control and treatment. The death rate in all nutrient gradients within the treatment is lower than the controls'. It means that range of tolerance about nutrient is widened. The ecological niche breadth of H. hamabo in the treatment was narrower as 30.1% in light gradients but wider as 8.6% in moisture gradients and 30% in nutrient gradients than in the control. In the conclusion, when global warming is proceeded by elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature, growth of H. hamabo would be restricted by light intensity.