• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.06e
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• pp.47-50
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• 2002

An extended-counting analog to digital converter (ADC) is designed to have a high resolution(14bit) with low power consumption and small dia area. First order sigma-delta modulator with a simple counter for incremental operation eliminates the need of big decimation filter in conventional sigma-delta type ADC. To improve the accuracy and linearity, extended mode of successive approximation is followed. For 14-bit conversion operation, total 263 clocks(1 clock for reset, 256 clocks for incremental operation and extended 6 clocks for successive approximation operation) are needed with the sampling rate of 10 Ms/s This ADC is implemented in a 0.6um standard CMOS technology with a die area of 1 mm ${\times}$ 0.75 mm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.450.1-450.1
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• 2014

열에너지를 전기에너지로 변환하거나 또는 전기에너지를 열에너지로 직접 변환하는 열전 변환 기술이 주목받고 있다. 열전 변환 효율은 성능지수($ZT={\alpha}^2{\sigma}T{\kappa}^{-1}$)로 평가되며, 여기서 ${\alpha}$, ${\sigma}$, ${\kappa}$, T는 각각 열전재료의 제벡계수, 전기전도도, 열전도도 및 절대온도이다. 따라서 우수한 열전재료는 높은 제벡계수와 전기전도도 그리고 낮은 열전도도를 가져야 한다. Bismuth telluride는 상온영역에서 성능지수가 높은 재료로서, $Bi_2Te_3$에 $Bi_2Se_3$와 고용체를 형성하면 원자의 치환으로 포논산란에 의해 열전도도가 낮아지고, 도핑으로 전기적 특성을 조절하여 성능지수를 향상시킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 진공밀폐 용해법으로 $Bi_2Te_{2.85}Se_{0.15}:I_m$ (m=0.0~0.045) 고용체를 합성하여 상분석을 실시하고, 전자 이동특성 및 열전 특성을 평가하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Rheology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 1994

미연신, 비결정 PET 필름의 띠연신조건(띠연신 응력, 띠연신 온도, 띠열판의 상승속 도)에 따른 필름의거동을 연구하였다. 띠열판의 상승속도가 10, 20, 30, 50 mm/min일 때 온 도(Td) 이하에서는 임계네킹응력이 띠연신 온도가 증가함에 따라 급격히 감소하고 그 온도 이상에서는 거의 변하지 않고 일정했으며 임계온도 이하에서는 임계온도와 띠연신 온도의 온도차(Tc-Td)가 임계네킹응력과 비례관계를 가져 다음과 같은 간단한 실험식을 얻었다. $\sigma$c=0.838 (Tc-Td)+$\sigma$0 임계네킹응력에서 띠연신한 필름의 치수는 연신 온도와 띠열판의 상 승속도에 거의 의존하지 않고 일정한 값을 나타내었다. 임계네킹응력 이상에서는 연신 조건 에 따라 필름의 폭, 두께, 그리고 연신비가 거의 변하지 않았다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2003.11c
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• pp.950-953
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• 2003

In this paper, sigma-delta A/D converter for ADSL modems using oversampling technique is designed. Conventionally, the oversampling A/D converter is consist of opamps, switched capacitors, quantizers, infernal D/A converters, and decimation filters. 3-bit flash A/D converter, 3-bit thermometer-based D/A converters, and sub-blocks are used for high speed operation. HSPICE simulator and CADENCE tool are used for verification and layout of the designed modulator. The internal A/D converter and D/A converters are operated at 130 MHz. In design of decimation filter Matlab is used for calculating coefficients and ModelSim and VHDL are used for design.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.534-537
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• 2010

반투명 재질의 효과적인 표현을 위해서 일반적으로 사용되는 빛의 확산 모델은 일반적 확산 모델(Standard Diffusion model: SDA)이다. 그러나 일반적 확산 모델은 흡수 변수 (absorption coefficient) ${\sigma}_a$가 감소한 산란 변수(reduced scattering coefficient) ${\sigma}_s$ 보다 상대적으로 큰 재질에 대해서는 부정확한 한계를 가지고 있다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위하여 다양한 모델이 제시되었다. $P_N$ 근사화 이론은 이러한 일반적 확산 모델이 가지고 있는 한계를 잘 극복한다. 우리는 일반적 확산 모델을 기반으로 하고 $P_3$ 근사화 이론의 변수들을 이용하는 hybrid-P3 근사화 방법을 이용하여 흡수 변수가 감소한 산란 변수보다 상대적으로 큰 재질을 그래픽 공간 상에서 효과적으로 표현하는 방법을 제시한다. 또한 그 재질의 광학적 특성을 추정하기 위하여 우리가 제안하는 모델에 적합한 측정장비를 개발하다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 1985

Orbital interactions between two nonbonding orbitals have been investigated for heteroatom analogues of trimethylene diradical using MINDO/3 and STO-3G methods. The results showed that the conformers in which significant ${\sigma}$-aromatic stabilization is involved exhibited level order reversal to $n_-$ below $n_+$ as it was found for trimethylene diradical. Lone pair orbitals (LPO) were found to be stabilized by charge dispersion accompanying vicinal trans $n-{\sigma}^*$ interaction and hydrogen bonding. In systems with different heteroatoms, N and O, the contribution of the LPO of oxygen, $n_O$ was always greater in the lower level whereas that of nitrogen, nN, was greater in the higher level as can be expressed as : $n_{\pm}$(lower) = $n_O{\pm}{\lambda}_Nn_N.\;n_{\pm}(higher)\;=\;n_N{\pm}{\lambda}_On_O$. where ${\lambda}_i$< 1.0

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2012

Although the Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown failure criteria have been adopted widely in rock mechanics, they neglect the ${\sigma}_2$ effect. The result of true triaxial tests on rock samples, however, reveals that the ${\sigma}_2$ effect on strength of rocks is considerable, so that rock failure criteria taking into account the influence of ${\sigma}_2$ are necessary for the precise stability evaluation of rock structures. In this study, a new nonlinear 3-D failure criterion has been suggested by combining the Hoek-Brown criterion with the smooth octahedral shape function taken from Jiang & Pietruszczak (1988). The performance of the new criterion was assessed by comparing the strength predictions from both the suggested criterion and the corresponding linear 3-D criterion. The resulting fit of the new criterion to the true triaxial test data for six rock types taken from the literature shows that the criterion fits the experimental data very well. Furthermore, for the data sets having data taken in the low ${\sigma}_3$ range, the nonlinear failure criterion works better than the linear criterion.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2011

Precipitation behavior of high-nitrogen duplex Fe-24Cr-7Mn-4Ni-4Mo-0.43N stainless steel aged at $850^{\circ}C$ was investigated using scanning transmission electron microscopy. Based on the analyses of selected area diffraction patterns, four kinds of precipitates (intermetallic sigma (${\sigma}$) and chi (${\chi}$), $Cr_2N$ and secondary austenite) were identified. At the ferrite/austenite phase boundary, the ${\sigma}$ phase and secondary austenite were formed via ${\alpha}{\rightarrow}{\gamma}+{\sigma}$ eutectoid reaction. The precipitation of $Cr_2N$ occurred at the austenite grain boundary as well as the interior of the ferrite. The intermetallic ${\chi}$ phase also formed within the ferrite and showed a cube-cube orientation relationship with the ferrite. Further aging produced a lamellar structure composed of $Cr_2N$ and austenite along the ferrite/austenite boundary and enhanced the precipitation of the ${\chi}$ phase. The crystallographic features of the precipitates were also examined in terms of the orientation relationship with the austenite or ferrite matrix.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.34-45
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• 2007

Digital decimation filter is inevitable in oversampled sigma-delta A/D converters for the sake of reducing the oversampled rate to Nyquist rate. This paper presented a Verilog-HDL design and implementation of an area-efficient digital decimation filter that provides time-to-market advantage for sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters. The digital decimation filter consists of CIC(cascaded integrator-comb) filter and two cascaded half-band FIR filters. A CSD(canonical signed digit) representation of filter coefficients is used to minimize area and reduce in hardware complexity of multiplication arithmetic. Coefficient multiplications are implemented by using shifters and adders. This three-stage decimation filter is fabricated in $0.25-{\mu}m$ CMOS technology and incorporates $1.36mm^2$ of active area, shows 4.4 mW power consumption at clock rate of 2.8224 MHz. Measured results show that this digital decimation filter is suitable for digital audio decimation filters.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.249-254
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the setup accuracy for tangential breast treatment patients using electronic portal image and 2-D reconstruction image Twenty two patients undergoing tangential breast treatment. To explore the setup accuracy, distances between chosen landmarks were taken as reference parameters. The difference between measured reference parameters on simulation films and electronic portal images (EPIs) was calculated as the setup error. A total of 22 simulation films and 110 EPIs were evaluated. In the tangential fields, the calculated reference parameters were the central lung distance (CLD), central soft-tissue distance (CSTD), and above lung distance (ALD), below lung distance (BLD). In the medial tangential field, the average difference values for these parameters were 1.0, -6.4, -2.1 and 2.0, respectively; and the ${\sigma}$ values were 1.5, 2.3, 4.1 and 1.1, respectively. In the lateral tangential field, the average difference values for these parameters were -1.5, -4.3, -2.7 and -1.3, respectively; and the ${\sigma}$ values were 3.3, 2.1, 2.9 and 2.5, respectively. CLD, CSTD, ALD and BLD in the tangential fields are easily identifiable and are helpful for detecting setup errors using EPIs in patients undergoing tangential breast radiotherapy treatment.