• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate antibacterial activities of essential oil from C. morifolium against four Grampositive bacteria and six Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the oils was determined by agar-well diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC). Essential oil of C. morifolium had a large inhibition zones especially against Salmonella enterica(21 mm) and Bacillus cereus(19 mm). Essential oil of C. morifolium generally showed higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. MIC of essential oil from C. morifolium was 5 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ against ten food-borne pathogens. MBC values were determined to be from 5 to 20 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ against eight bacteria except Salmonella choleraesuis and Listeria monocytogenes. Therefore, the essential oil of C. morifolium and its components have a potent antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogens, and is expected to be used as a novel food preservative.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.139-145
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• 1998

This study was performed to provide fundamental data on the optimum manufacture condition of oleoresin using citron peel. Oleoresin was extracted from freeze-dried or hot air dried citron peels using various solvents (hexane, ether, dichloromethane, acetone. and methanol), mixing ratio, extraction temperature, and time. As a result, optimum extraction conditions of oleoresin were: solvent mixing ratio 1:10 (w/v), extraction time 2 hours, and extraction temperature $60^{\circ}C$ when used methanol, and their dichloromethane 1:10 (w/v), 4 hours and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. At optimum extraction conditions, the yield of oleoresin was shown that 35.79% at hot air drying samples, 32.04% at freeze-dried ones when extracted by methanol, but shown 5.86% and 6.16% when used dichloromethane respectively. The number of volatile components present in citron oleoresin were confirmed as thirty two in methnol extracion method and twenty nine in dichloromethane extraction method by GC and GC/MS, respectively. But, in the kinds and amounts of volatile flavor components, relatively greater numbers of volatiles were identified in freeze-dried sample extracted by dichloromethane compared with other methods. In freeze-dried sample extracted by dichloromethane, volatile components of citron oleoresin predominantly occupied by limonene and ${\gamma}-terpinene$ with about 85%. Other important compounds were shown hydrocarbons. such as ${\alpha}-pinene$, myrcene, terpinolene, ${\beta}-farnesene\;and,\;{\delta}-elemene$, and linalool as alcohols.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.315-321
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• 2010

Malassezia furfur is an important causal factor for seborrheic dermatitis. Nowadays, the drugs available to treat this fungal infection are few. Several studies have documented the biological activity of essential oils. However, its antifungal properties are not completely understood, especially its anti-Malassezia activity. The aim of this study were to evaluate the effect of the plant essential oils on the growth of M. furfur using disk diffusion method and analyze by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) most active essential oils. In first screening, the 17 plant essential oils have possesses inhibitory activity against M. furfur at 2 mg/mL. Among the plant essential oils, oil of Citrus auranifoli was most active against M. furfur and its activity showed dose dependency. This anti-malassezial activity was high than that of itraconazole at 2 mg/mL. Oil of Citrus auranifolia also was phytochemically examined by GC-MS analysis, its main constituents were identified as limonene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene and terpinolene. It can be concluded that essential oils of Citrus auranifolia may have interesting applications to control fungal-derived diseases.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.977-988
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• 2016

The volatile flavor compounds in five Jeju citrus fruit varieties (Cheonhyehyang, Hallabong, Jinjihyang, Hwanggeum hyang and Redhyang) were extracted by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) using solvent mixture of n-pentane and diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The number of aroma compounds were identified with : 104 (4,939.77 mg/kg) in Cheonhyehyang, 98 (3,286.38 mg/kg) in Hallabong, 105 (3,317.56 mg/kg) in Jinjihyang, 102 (4,293.39 mg/kg) in Hwanggeumhyang, and 108 (4,049.94 mg/kg) in Redhyang. The detected main volatile compounds were; limonene, sabinene, ${\beta}$-myrcene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, linalool, 4-terpineol, ${\alpha}$-terpineol, (E)-${\beta}$-ocimene and ${\gamma}$-terpinene. Among the identified volatiles compounds, ethyl-benzene, nonanol, 1-p-menthen-9-al, (E)-isocarveol, methyl salicylate, ${\alpha}$-terpinen-7-al, perilla alcohol, and ethyl-dodecanoate were detected in Cheonhyehyang. only Furthermore, ${\beta}$-chamigrene and ${\alpha}$-selinene were in Hallabong only; 3-hydroxybutanal, (E)-2-nonenal, isoborneol, octyl acetate, (E)-2-undecenal, ${\beta}$-ylangene and guaia-6,9-diene in Jinjihyang. ${\rho}$-Cymenene, ${\beta}$-thujone, selina-4,11-diene and (E,E)-2,6-farnesol in Hwanggeumhyang only; and ${\rho}$-cymen-8-ol, bornyl acetate, carvacrol, bicycloelemene, ${\alpha}$-cubebene and 7-epi-${\alpha}$-selinene in Redhyang only. This study confirmed the differences in composition and content of volatile aroma components in five varieties of Jeju citrus fruits.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.206-213
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• 2003

This study was conducted to estimate volatile compounds in pericarp of Zanthoxylum piperitum DC (Chopi). Chopi which harvested on lune 2, July 14 and September 11 in 2001 was dried at room temperature for one week. Fifty-two, 47, and 44 volatile compounds were analyzed with GC-MS in pericarp harvested on lune 2, July 14 and September 11, respectively. Eight terpenes including myrcene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, $\alpha$-terpinolene, $\alpha$-phellandrene and $\beta$-caryophyllene were detected in pericarp harvested on tulle 2 and July 14, but not $\alpha$-phellandrene and $\beta$-caryophyllene in pericarp harvested on September 11. Thirteen alcohols or terpene alcohols including linalool L and citronellol were detected in pericarp harvested on lune 2, and added cis-linallol oxide and piperitol isomer in pericarp harvested on July 14 and September 11. Three aldehydes or terpene aldehydes were not affected by degree of maturation, but citronellal was increased in pericarp harvested on September 11. Five volatile compounds of ketones containing cryptone and piperitone were detected, and their concentration was changed during maturation. Six esters including lavandulyl acetate and $\alpha$-terpinenyl acetate were detected in pericarp harvested on lune 2, and [(E)-6,7-ephoxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenyl]ester of acetic acid was added in pericarp harvested on July 14 and September 11. Seven hydrocarbons including $\delta$-cadinene and neopentylidene cyclohexane were detected in pericarp harvested on June 2 and $\alpha$-muurolene was newly added in pericarp harvested on July 14 and September 11. We suggest that kinds and concentration of volatile compounds in pericarp were remarkably different from those in mature stage.

• CELLMED
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.6.1-6.7
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• 2018

Myristica fragrans Houtt is commonly known as "nutmeg", it produces two spices: mace and nutmeg. Mace and nutmeg are strongly aromatic in nature and known as jowzabuwa and javetri/bisbasah respectively in the Unani system of medicine. M. fragrans was used as early as 700 BCE by Indian, however, ancient Greeks and Romans were not aware of it. Later Arab traders introduce M. fragrans into Europe followed by Portuguese and Dutch merchants. Mace is very useful medicine in the Unani system of medicine because of its therapeutic uses in salasal al-bawl (urinary incontinence), amrad-i-qalb (cardiac diseases), amrad-i-dimagh (central nervous system), zo'fe bah (sexual debility), amrad al-rahim (uterine diseases), and su-i-hazim (indigestion). The most important constituents of mace essential oil are ${\alpha}-pinene$, sabinene, myrcene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, myristicin, ${\gamma}-terpinene$, and safrole. The seed and mace extract of nutmeg contain quite high tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Mace has pharmacological functions such as antibacterial and antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiarrhea, antioxidant, chemoprotective, neuropharmacologic, and antidiabetic properties. To explore the correlation between the traditional uses and the same proven by recent researches, a comprehensive review is highlighted in this paper. Further, pharmacological activities which are not reported in classical texts are also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 2009

The chemical composition of essential oil from the perennial herbaceous plants (Houttuynia cordata, Filipendula glaberrima, Peucedanum japonicum, and Ainsliaea acerifolia) was determined by GC/MS spectrometric analysis with the aid of NBS, Wiley Library and RI indice searches. The major constituents identified were $\alpha$-phellandrene (18.97%), $\gamma$-terpinene (12.32%), decanal (8.72%), 1-decanol (10.92%), decanoic acid (12.12%), and 2-undecanone (12.32%) from H. cordata, farnesol (2.83%), l-$\alpha$-terpineol (2.72%), benzenmethanol (2.03%), (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (4.32%), and T-muurolol (2.07%) from F. glaberrima, $\alpha$-phellandrene (14.25%), endobornyl acetate (3.84%), heptanal (47.52%), octanal (2.65%), (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (2.75%), and octanoic acid (4.52%) from P. japonicum, and geyrene (9.74%), $\beta$-cubebene (11.15%), berkheyaradulen (22.32%), $\beta$-elemene (6.21%), (-)-A-selinene (4.85%), benzaldehyde (4.52%), and benzenacetaldehyde (3.40%) from A. acerifolia.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.494-504
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• 2016

Eucalyptus oils are widely used as spices, perfume industrial materials, food flavorings, and medicines. Several types of Eucalyptus oils also have insecticidal activity and as carminative. This study investigated the chemical composition, insecticidal (larvicidal and repellent) activity of E. urophylla oil against filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. E. urophylla oil was obtained from fresh leaves by water-steam distillation with oil yield 1.08%. E. urophylla oil in this study had no color (clear), has odor (typical eucalyptus), with specific gravity 0.941; refractive index 1.465; miscibility in 70% ethanol 1 : 3; and optical rotation (-) $5.83^{\circ}$. The major compounds of the oil were ${\alpha}$-pinene (11.73%), 1,8-cineole (49.86%), ${\beta}$-ocimene (6.25%), ${\gamma}$-terpinene (9.11%), and ${\alpha}$-terpinyl acetate (7.63%). The result showed the excellent insecticide activity against C. quinquefasciatus. The oil provided larvicidal activity with $LC_{50}$: 80.21 ppm and $LC_{90}$: 210.18 ppm, and repellent activity with $IC_{50}$: 0.82% and $IC_{90}$: 4.88%. The present study showed the effectiveness of E. urophylla as natural insecticide against C. quinquefasciatus, the mosquito vector of filariasis.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.274-278
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• 2003

The various plant organs of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) were investigated to identify their volatile components using Dynamic Headspace (purge & trap). They showed slight differences concerning the volatile components both qualitatively and quantitatively. Results revealed that trans-anethole (12.65%) was the major compound in the leaf. The highest compound was ${\alpha}-pinene$ (28.78%), and trans-anethole (7.90%) was highly detected in the stem. The maximum values were 5.64, 4.59, 1.58, 1.51, and 1.04% for ${\alpha}-pinene,\;{\gamma}-terpinene,\;{\beta}-pinene$, 1,8-cineol and fenchone, respectively in the flower. However, very little trans-anethole was detected (0.27%) in the flower. From these results, it was suggested that the major components were different depending on the plant organs. However it was demonstrated that the related plant organs like flower-fruit and leaf-stem contained the similar components.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2002

The comparison of the volatile flavor components from Korean and Japanese Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marcov. forma Miyagawa-wase) peel oils, isolated by cold-pressing, was performed by gas chromatography, mass-spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). Eighty-five volatile components were identified in each oil by GC and GC-MS. Forty-three components were detected in each oil by GC-O. The total amount of monoterpene hydrocarbons was 95.88% (Korean mandarin) and 95.29% (Japanese mandarin). Limonene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, myrcene and $\alpha$-pinene were the main components of the cold-pressed oils from the both samples. The volatile composition of the Japanese mandarin was characterized by a higher content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, especially bicyclogermacrene, $\alpha$-humullene and valencene. The volatile composition of two samples can easily be distinguished by the percentages of aldehydes, ketones and esters, which were found at higher levels in the Japanese mandarin. The sweet and fruity flavor was stronger in the Korean mandarin oil while herbaceous flavor was stronger in Japanese sample. From GC-O data it is suggested that the sweet and fruity flavor of the Korean mandarin resulted from terpinolene and linalool, and the herbaceous note of the Japanese mandarin from $\alpha$-humullene, nepal, ι-carvone and perill aldehyde.