Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) has been as an model animal for studing the neurological disease such as stroke and epilepsy because of the congenital incompleteries in Willis circle, as well as the investigation of water metabolism because of the long time-survival in the condition of water-deprived desert condition, compared with other species animal. Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) expressed at the surface of principal cells in collecting duct results from an equilibrium between the AQP2 in intracellular vesicles and the AQP2 on the plasma membrane. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), which is expressed in cell in a wide range of organ, is also present in the collecting duct principal cells where this is abundant in the basolateral plasma membranes and represent potential exit pathways from the cell for water entering via AQP2. In this research, we divide 3 groups of which each group include the 5 animals. In the study of 7 or 14 days water restricted condition, we investigated the AQP2 and AQP4 by using a quantitative immunohistochemistry in the kidney. The results obtained in this study were summarized as followings. AQP2 is abundant in the apical plasma membrane and apical vesicles in the collecting duct principal cell and at rare abundance in connecting tubules. In the water-deprived Mongolian gerbil kidney, expression of AQP2 was continuosly increased in the cortical collecting duct and inner medullary collecting duct. This increase was both the apical region and cytoplasm. AQP4 is mainly expressed in the inner medulla, although some expression is also noted in the more proximal segment. In the water-deprived Mongolian gerbil kidney, AQP4 was also increased in the inner medullary collecting duct. Immunoactivity was increased in entire inner medullary collecting duct and newly detected in cytoplasm of principal cell. These findings suggest that increased levels of AQP2 and AQP4 in the cortical and inner medulalry collecting duct may play a important role for maintain fluid balance in the water-deprived kidney.

To understand the role of $PM_{2X}/P_{2Y}$ receptor in cortex region of kidney and renal artery, molecular and functional analysis of $PM_{2X}/P_{2Y}$ receptor by pharmacophysiological skill in conventional swine tissues were performed. In functional analysis of $P_{2Y}$ receptor for vascular relaxation, 2-methylthio adenosine triphosphate, a strong agonist of $P_{2Y}$ receptor, induced relaxation of noradrenaline (NA)-precontracted renal artery in a dose-dependent manner. Strikingly, relaxative effect of ATP, 2-msATP, agonists of $P_{2Y}$ receptor, abolished by treatment of reactive blue 2, a putative $P_{2Y}$ receptor antagonist. In contrast, no significant differences of gene encoding $PM_{2X}/P_{2Y}$ and protein expression in immortalized suprachiasmatic nucleus from brain, primary isolated vascular smooth muscle cells from renal artery of pigs and HEK293 from human embryonic kidney under with/without adenosine triphosphate were observed. Taken together, the relationship between molecular and functional characteristic of $PM_{2X}/P_{2Y}$ receptors in conventional pig should be considered that they are another important factor which regulate the kidney function in swine. Based on this study, we propose the purinergic receptor as well as adrenergic and cholinergic receptors is an essential component of the renal homeostasis.

This study was conducted to investigate the pathogenicity of Paenibacillus (R) polymyxa JB 115 and single oral dose toxicity of culture broth containing (${\beta}$-glucan (CBG-JB 115) produced from P. polymyxa JB 115 in Sprague-Dawely rats of both sexes for 14 days. After oral administration of P. polymyxa JB 115 into rats, we could not find any abnormal clinical signs and variation in the body weight and temperature as compared with control group. We also investigated the acute toxicity of CBG-JB 115. As the results, there were no clinical signs and variance in the body weight and temperature related with CBG-JB 115 in comparison with the control group. From the this experiment, we could not find out any significant pathogenicity and toxicity induced by P. polymyxa JB 115 or by CBG-JB 115. Results of this study demonstrated that consumption of P. polymyxa JB 115 and its culture broth containing (${\beta}$-glucan was not associated with any obvious signs of toxicity in Sprague-Dawely rats even following consumption of large quantities.

In this study, the levels of aflatoxin $M_1$ ($AFM_1$) in milk were determined by HPLC with derivatization method. Milk samples were purified using $C_{18}$ disposable cartridge followed by derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid and analysed using HPLC with fluorescence detection. The recoveries of AFM1 from milk samples added $AFM_1$ at a level of 0.025~0.1 ng/ml were 94.7~98.0% with detection limit of 0.009 ng/ml. The amounts of $AFM_1$ were determined below 0.05 ng/ml for all tested samples of commercial milk collected in 1999 and 2000.

A total of 114 Salmonella spp. (17.90%) were isolated from 637 fecal swab samples collected in October 2005 and they were from 25 (78.13%) of 32 farms investigated nation-widely in Korea. Salmonella spp. from age group of 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-day olds were 17.61%, 16.98%, 15.72%, and 21.25%, respectively. Nine serovars of Salmonella spp. were identified. The predominant serovars of isolates were S. Typhimurium (including var Copenhagen), S. Agona, S. Derby, and S. Heidelberg by turns. Almost isolates belonged to serogroup B (69.30%). All isolates were resistant to penicillin G and oxytetracycline, and this was considered due to be used as feed additive through the most of pig farms for decades. And also, frequent resistance observed for ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and lincomycin-spectinomycin, which are commonly used in veterinary medicine for decades, indicates an urgent need to utilize these antimicrobials more prudently if their benefits are to be preserved.

Cause of high lethality and dissemination to human being, new development of rapid method for the detection of highly pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) is still necessary. For the detection of AIV subtype H5N1, typical pathogenic AIV, new method to confirm sub-typing of this virus is also needed. For the purpose of ultra-rapid detection and sub-typing of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of AIV, this study was planned. As the results we could demonstrate an ultra-rapid multiplex real-time PCR (URMRT PCR) for the detection of AIV In this study, the URMRT PCR were optimized with synthesized AIV H5- and AIV Nl-specific DNA templates and GenSpector TMC, which is a semiconductor process technology based real-time PCR system with high frequencies of temperature monitoring. Under eight minutes, the amplifications of two AIV subtype-specific PCR products were successfully and independently detected by 30 cycled ultra-rapid PCR, including melting point analysis, from $1{\times}10^3$ copies of mixed template DNA. The URMRT PCR for the detection of AIV H5N 1 developed in this study could be expected to apply not only detections of different AIVs, but also various pathogens. It was also discussed that this kind of the fastest PCR based detection method could be improved by advance of related technology in near future.

An eight years old female barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia), which bred at the Gwangju Uchi Park Zoo had shown anorexia, depression, respiratory problem for several weeks after parturition. In necropsy, extensive necrotizing pneumonia was found with severe immunocytes infiltration in the alveolar spaces and bronchioles. Pulmonary pleura were thickened with fibrin and inflammatory cells. Bacteria were isolated from lung and identified as Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) by biochemical tests and PCR on sodA and gusA genes, though seel gene was not detected. Isolation of zoonotic SEZ in public place such as a zoo should be emphasized for the public health mangagement.

Serological surveillance programs in animal populations are becoming increasingly important to estimate prevalence of a specific disease and subsequently to document disease-free status in a region or a country. For these purposes, the programs need to be based on both theoretical and economical aspects from the designing phase. From Aujeszky's disease (AD)-eradication program point of view, group of animals (aggregates, herds) not individual animal is the more important sampling unit of concern. In this study the authors therefore attempted to compute an appropriate sample size tailored to a current surveillance program against AD, assuming that the goal of this program is either herd-level prevalence estimation or documentation of AD-freedom. For prevalence estimation, assuming a finite population with imperfect sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of ELISA kit for AD diagnosis, the number of herds present, expected herd prevalence, and desired accuracy for a certain level of confidence, sample size was estimated at herd-level in the first stage and individual animal-level in the second stage. A two-stage sampling design was used to calculate a sample size to indicate AD-freedom. In this instance, the computation was based on the possible detection of a predetermined prevalence at a certain herd-level Se and Sp. This study indicated that the sample size varied with predetermined confidence, tolerance, Se and Sp at herd- and animal-level, and within- and among-herd prevalence. In general, smaller sample size was required to estimate AD prevalence than to document of AD-freedom. Compared to individual-based samples, two-stage sampling strategy requires a larger sample size to show disease-freedom. Statistical considerations including herd-level test characteristics when designing surveillance program also are further discussed.

From January to June 2006, 54 suckling pigs had been submitted in virology lab., College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University. All pigs had suffered from various symptoms such as respiratory sign, enteric signs, neurologic signs, etc. Among 54 pigs, 24 pigs (44.4%) were positive for porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) through reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction. According to this result, HEV infections seemed to be prevalent and widespread in Korean swine farms, and the infection is associated with respiratory signs and neurologic signs more than enteric signs. The HEV positive pigs showing respiratory signs were co-infected with viruses such as PRRSV, and PCV2, or bacteria such as Pasteurella spp. The single infection may subclinically have an influence on outbreak of other respiratory pathogens in suckling pigs.

The risk of an outbreak of classical swine fever (CSF) was evaluated in relation to the vaccination and seroprevalence of antibodies. Blood samples were collected from 60 piggeries throughout Korea and information regarding CSF vaccination habits was also obtained via in-person interviews with pig farmers. The results of the survey indicated that 51 out of 60 farms were regularly performing CSF vaccinations in reproductive herds. Farmers preferred to vaccinate their reproductive pigs before weaning (41 farms) than on (9 farms) or after weaning (1 farm). In growing herds, however, double vaccinations as recommended were implemented for only 40 farms (66.7%) and vaccine schedules were identified as being frequently ignored. Moreover, many farms (18/40) were found to vaccinate earlier or later than the recommended time. According to antibody seroprevalence levels, only 36 farms (60%) were considered to be safe regarding potential risk for a CSF outbreak. Among the remaining pig farms, 6 were at low-risk (10%), 12 were at medium-risk (20%), and another 6 were at high-risk (10%). Antibody levels were found to be consistent with vaccination status obtained from personal interview surveys. Our findings demonstrate the importance of vaccinations regarding the prevention of a CSF outbreak, suggesting that vaccinations must be promoted toward pig raisers and practitioners.

The cases of feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) infection were diagnosed in three imported cats. All cats died within one week after mild emaciation, depression and anorexia. One cat showed yellowish watery diarrhea. At necropsy, all cats had segmental hemorrhage on the serosa and mucosa of the small intestine. Histopathologically, severe diffuse necro-hemorrhagic enteritis was observed in small intestine especially in jejunum and ileum. The crypts of Lieberkuhn were dilated and contained necrotic epithelia. Severely damaged epithelia of crypts were transformed into bizarre shapes. Multifocal lympholysis and lymphoid depletion were found in Peyer's patches and other lymphoid tissues. Direct fluorescent antibody (FA) test revealed the characteristic FPLV antigen in the cytoplasms of crypt epithelial cells. Based on the clinical signs, characteristic pathologic findings and FA test, these cases were diagnosed as FPLV infection. In our best knowledge, this study is the first case report for FPLV infection in imported cats in Korea.

A 7-year-old, female snow goose (Anser caerulescens hyperboreus) with history of decreased activity for 2 month died in Daejeon Zoo Land in September 2006. At necropsy, granulomatous pneumonia and hepatomegaly with multiple cysts were observed. Small masses were found in the spleen. Microscopically, fibrinous pneumonia distributed in most of the lung lobe with pulmonary edema and congestion. Especially, granulomatous inflammation with numerous multinucleated giant cells was observed around the dilated bronchi. To confirm the diagnosis, acid-fast (Ziehl-Neelsen method) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was performed. Acid-fast staining showed red bacterial colony indicating tuberculosis. PAS staining was also positive enough to diagnose aspergillus spp. co-infection that was an opportunistic fungi occurring in immuno-compromised animals. Based on the above results, we confirmed that the case submitted was diagnosed as avian tuberculosis.

The approval of use of certain food-grade phosphates as food additives in a wide variety of meat products greatly stimulated research on the applications of phosphates in foods. Although phosphates have never been classified as antimicrobial agents, a number of investigators have reported that phosphates have antimicrobial activities. Phytic acid is a natural plant inositol hexaphosphate constituting 1-5% of most cereals, nuts, legumes, oil seeds, pollen, and spores. In this study, we investigated antibacterial activities of sodium phytate (SPT), sodium pyrophosphate (SPP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) on Salmonella typhimurium in tryptic soy broth and in row meat media including chicken, pork and beef. SPY, SPP and STPP at the concentrations of 0.5 and 1% dose-dependently inhibited the growth of S. typhimurium in tryptic soy broth at various pHs. The antibacterial activities of SPT and STPP were the stronger than that of SPP. In chicken, pork, and beef, SPT, SPP and STPP at the concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% significantly inhibited the bacterial growth in a dose-dependant manner (p < 0.05). The antibacterial activities of SPT, SPP, and STPP were more effective in chicken than beef. SPT and STPP at the concentration of 1% reduced the bacterial count by about 2 log units. The addition of SPT, SPP and STPP at the concentration of 0.5% in meats increased the meat pHs by 0.28-0.48 units in chicken, pork, and beef. These results suggest that SPT and STPP were equally effective for the inhibition of bacterial growth both in TSB and meat media and that SPT can be used as an animal food additive for increasing shelf-life and functions of meats.

The objective of the study was to establish routine parentage testing system in Beagle dogs using 22 ISAG (International Society for Animal Genetics) canine microsatellite markers (2005). Blood collections were obtained from a mother dog, 4 candidate father dogs and 3 offspring (n = 8). Genomic DNA samples were extracted from 8 Beagle dogs blood for PCR analysis. PCR products for the allele were analyzed by ABI 3130 DNA Sequencer and GeneScan (Ver 3.0) analysis and Genotyper (Ver. 2.1) software. The genetic relationship of mother and 3 offspring as well as one father dog among 4 candidate father dogs was confirmed by microsatellite allele analysis. The results of locus for amelogenin, which was designed for sexing, were matching with real gender among 8 Beagle dogs (female; 217/217 homozygosity, male; 179/217 heterozygosity). Twenty two ISAG microsatellite markers are useful the parentage test of Beagle dogs. In addition, amelogenin is an applicable marker to detecting real sex in dogs.

A 6-year-old female Maltese dog (body weight 2.0 kg) was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kangwon National University with primary complaints including exercise intolerance and heart murmur. Based on clinical and diagnostic findings including grade V/VI left basal continuous murmur, bounding femoral pulsation, left ventricular enlargement pattern in electrocardiogram, cardiomegaly with aortic bulging on the thoracic radiography, and shunt flow between aorta and pulmonary artery on the echocardiography, the dog was diagnosed as the left-to-right patent ductus arteriosus. The patent ductus arteriosus was successfully treated by lodging a single embolization coil with transjugular approach.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of urinary acupoint (BL-23, BL-28) by acupuncture (AP) and electroacupuncture (EA) on urinary bladder in dogs. Four healthy male dogs aged within the range of 6~8 months were used in this experiment. For Electrodes implantation on the bladder, dogs were to undergo surgical operation. The purpose of investigating the effect on urinary bladder was to evaluate electromyogram (EMG) changes according to AP or EA at Shen Shu (BL-23), Pang Guang Shu (BL-28) and non-acupoint. AP and EA (2~4 V, 10 Hz) were applied for 20 min to each point. EMG was evaluated when acupuncture began stimulation and as soon as the stimulation by electroacupuncture was gone. By the experiment of investigating the effect of urinary time it was estimated to measure time up to urination from stimulation on effective acupoint, after saline was filled with 70% of whole volumes on urinary bladder. The wave of EMG on resting stage showed simple and regular, whereas that of EMG on urination showed irregularly strong peaks before urination. Acupuncture of BL-28 had an influence on changes of EMG which had irregular peaks on urination. But the changes of EMG after acupuncture of BL-28 and control were regular like resting stage. The changes of EMG after EA at BL-23 and BL-28 showed irregularly a variety of wave forms. The interval through urination from stimulation at BL-28 and control become short as measuring time by EA (p<0.01). According to the results, AP at BL-28 was effective to urinary bladder. EA at BL-23 and BL-28 was effective to urinary bladder. Especially, the interval on stimulating at BL-28 by EA was the shortest in measuring time to urination from stimulation.

A 4-year-old spayed female, Yorkshire terrier dog with a history of petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on the face, trunk and hind limb was referred to Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Cheju National University. The complete blood count revealed a marked thrombocytopenia ($96{\times}10^3/{\mu}l$). The biochemical profile showed only slightly increased glucose. The coagulation profile such as prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, was within the reference range. In Giemsa staining, there were no endoparasites like as Babesia spp. on the RBC. This case was diagnosed as a idiopathic thrombocytopenia in a Yorkshire terrier dog. She was treated with prednisone (1 mg/kg BW, IM q 12 h) and cephalosporin (10 mg/kg BW, IM, q 12 h). When rechecked on day 6, the platelet was within reference range ($507{\times}10^3/{\mu}l$) and also petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on the body were gradually improved without any complications. The dose of prednisone was decreased to 0.5 mg/kg BW, q 24 h. On day 17, we finished treatment because all the clinical signs, blood and serum chemistry were reference range and platelet count was dramatically increased.

A 2-year-old spayed female ferret with the clinical signs of diarrhea and anorexia for about 8 days was presented to Hansung animal hospital. The diarrhea was black and paste form. Three palpable abdominal masses were detected in physical examination. By cytologic examination using fine need aspiration, the patient was tentatively diagnosed as lymphoma. Chemotherapy was started with prednisone, vincristine and cyclophosphamide. However, the client requested stopping the therapy at day 18 and the ferret was euthanized. Autopsy was performed and the masses were confirmed as lymphoma by histopathology. Microscopically, the mass consisted of unencapsulated and infiltrative neoplasm consisted of closely packed monomorphic round cells and also ininvasive lesions observed in duodenum. On the higher magnification, pleomorphic neoplastic cells with distinct cell border and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm were observed. Finally, the ferret diagnosed as alimentary lymphoma.

To determine the effects of anesthesia to clove oil on the secondary stress indices, changes in haematological and blood chemistry were monitored in healthy crucian carps (Carassius auratus). 24 fishes were divided into three groups, and blood was collected before anaesthesia (control group), immediately after anaesthesia at a concentration of 30 mg/l clove oil (anesthetized group), and 24 h after anaesthesia (recovered group). The anesthesia to clove oil significantly increased glucose in anaesthetized group, and constantly decreased lactate dehydrogenase in anaesthetized group and recovered group. However, clove oil had not effect on other biochemical indices. These results suggests that the anesthetic use of clove oil at a concentration of 30 mg/l does not cause irreversible damage in carp.