Purpose. This study was to investigate the degree of refractive error that occurs depending on the measurement location of the subject when performing a refraction test using the automatic refractor. Methods. When performing the auto-refraction test, measurements were taken while increasing the distance between the forehead and the forehead rest, and the measurements were made by tilting the head clockwise and counterclockwise. Results. During the auto-refraction test, significant refractive error occurred when the forehead was not attached to the forehead support or the subject's head was turned clockwise or counterclockwise. Conclusions. When performing a refraction test using an automatic refractor, the examiner will have to pay attention to whether the subject's forehead is in close contact with the forehead rest, and whether the head is tilted.

Purpose. To investigate the relationship between changes in eye temperature and eye fatigue according to smartphone usage time. Methods. 15 adults in their 20s were asked to watch a smartphone, and the ocular surface temperature was measured 5 times each using a non-contact infrared thermometer every 10 minutes, and the change was observed. Result. The ocular surface temperature was 36.40℃ at the center of the cornea before watching the smartphone, but increased by 0.19℃ to 36.59℃ after watching the smartphone (SD 36.50±0.10). In addition, in the case of the sclera, it was found that the increase was 0.1℃ from 36.48℃ before viewing to 36.58℃ after viewing (SD 36.53±0.05). Conclusion. It was found that there is a close relationship between smartphone use and changes in eye temperature. In the future, it is thought that the ocular surface temperature can be used as basic data to objectively evaluate eye fatigue.

Objective: This study was to compares and analyzes programs applied to improve cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment and early dementia in the community to find out their effectiveness. Methods: In this study, 12 papers were finalized by searching for "elderly", "cognitive", "community", and "program" using the database of the Research Information System (RISS), National Assembly Library, and Korean Studies Information (KISS). Results: Programs for cognitive function were in the order of cognitive stimulation program, arts and crafts, and exercise program. In the program, rather than applying the cognitive stimulation program alone, the program was operated by combining leisure or exercise, music, art, and handicraft. The time was shown to be 30 minutes. The most frequently used evaluation tool was MMSE, followed by GDS and BBS. By cognitive domain, cognitive stimulation program and memory, satisfaction in psychology, and balance ability in exercise were evaluated the most. In the cognitive area, various cognitive stimulation areas were included, and in the exercise area, basic exercise, muscle strength exercise, joint exercise, and balance exercise were applied. Conclusion: Therefore, developing a program to improve cognitive function for mild cognitive impairment, it will be possible to prepare guidelines to establish and development.