High serum cholesterol level is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease(CHD). Nutrition therapy of hypocholesterolemic diets with increased physical activity is the essential step in the treatment of the hypercholesterolemic patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short-term effect of intensive dietary therapy combined with regular exercise in lowering serum cholesterol level. Seventy three hypercholesterolemic outpatients(mean: 268.0$\pm$24.7mg/dL), aged 34 to 73(mean: 56$\pm$9.8yrs), who visited cardiology OPD of Yonsei Cardiovascular Center from April through October, 1998 were studied. Anthropometric measurements, usual nutrient intake survey using semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, and daily nutrient intake analysis were performed. The nutrition counseling for the hypocholesterolemic diet and exercise therapy was performed individually. After a 4 week intensive dietary therapy, comparisons of body weight, nutrient intakes, and blood lipid concentrations were evaluated for the hypocholesterolemic effect of intensive diet therapy. After 4 weeks of intensive diet therapy, significant reductions in percent ideal body weight(p<0.01), saturated fat intake(p<0.01), and cholesterol intake(p<0.01) were observed. There were significant reductions in serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels after 4 weeks of therapy by 8.1%(p<0.01) and 9.7%(p<0.01), respectively. Our results showed that intensive dietary therapy was effective in reductions of serum total and LDL-cholesterol levels. The goal for this dietary modification should not be temporary but rather be permanent in eating behavior accompanied by appropriately increased physical activity.

This study was to obtain information about the dietary habits, the dietary attitudes, nutrition knowledge, and the food consumption of middle school students and to assess relationships between the dietary habits, the dietary attitudes, and nutrition knowledge of middle school students. Data were collected from 390 middle school students in Kimcheon. In the dietary habits, the regularity of breakfast showed the highest point and the snack consumption showed the lowest point. Female students were lower in the regularity of breakfast, and male students were higher in overeating of dinner and night. In the dietary attitudes and the perceived importance of nutrition, male students showed more favorable attitudes and perceived more importance of nutrition. In the nutrition knowledge, the responses to items 'Cola or cider doesn't have calories' and 'An egg contains lots of cholesterol' were the lowest point. Female students had higher knowledge than male students. In the food intake, grains, milk.yogurt.cheese, and fruits were always eaten or frequently eaten. While fast food, spicy and salty food, seaweeds, carbonated drinks, and yellow or green vegetables were eaten in lower frequency than other foods. Male students consumed more meat.ham.egg.fish, fried.stir-fried food, fast food, carbonated drinks, and spicy and salty food than female students. The correlation between dietary attitudes and dietary habits was statistically significant. The correlation between dietary attitudes and the perceived importance of nutrition was statistically significant. But the correlation between dietary attitudes and nutrition knowledge was statistically significant for female students, not significant for male students. Nutrition knowledge was related to the perceived importance of nutrition. It might be suggested that effective nutrition education program might be developed and implemented to ensure the good eating behaviors of middle school students.

The purpose of this study was to obtain basic data for nutrition education of the children in a health promoting elementry school. The data was collected by a questionaire of food habits, and anthropometric measurement and biochemical test in comparison with obesity index. The study subjects were boys and girls aged 10 to 12 years who participated in the “99 Children Nutrition Camp”. The average obesity index was 1.7$\pm$21.6% in boys and -11.4$\pm$12.6% in girls. After school, major leisure items were significnatly different by gender but both boys and girls played mainly computer game. In concern for body image and eating habits, girls had more concern and girls had attempted weight control more than boys. 80.2% of subjects had prejudice for special food, especially, all subjects in the severely underweight group had prejudice. But this tendency was significantly decreased with the increasing obesity index. The lowest preferency was for vegetables(64.4%). The tendency of prejudice of subjects was higher whose mother are thirties than those of subjects whose mother are in fourties. The serum GOT and GPT values were significantly higher in overweight and obese group than the other groups. The only serum T-chol was significantly higher in boys than in girls. The number of risk factors related to coronary heart disease(CHD) based on coresponding criteria of TG, T-chol, HDL-chol, and LDL-chol was not increased significantly with the degree of obesity index. The results indicated the need of nutritional management for the children. At a point of view, to educate children early who are able to change food habits and life-styles means to help heathy growth and to deliver up heathy adults. Active nutrition education for both children and mothers will be recommended with joint participation of nutritionists in community public health center and elementary school.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional status of school lunch supported students and to provide fundamental data for improving their health. In order to do that, we collected the data for 59 school lunch supported students and 71 not supported students in an elementary school in the Taegu Metropolitan city area. The survey was conducted from February 10 to April 30, 2000. The results are as follows; In relation to their body composition(BMI, Fatmass, Percent Body Fat, Mid-upper Arm Muscle Circumference, Mid-upper Arm Circumference), the school lunch supported students' value was lower than that of the not supported students. In relation to food intake according to the food groups, the school lunch supported students' intake of animal food(p<0.05) and total food(p<0.01)was significantly lower than that of the other students. The average intake of energy for both school lunch supported students and not supported students was below the RDA. Also, it was significantly lower than that of the school lunch supported students in relation to the other students(p<0.05). For protein, calcium, phosphorous, and riboflavin, the school lunch supported students' intake was significantly lower than that of the students who were not supported(p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05). There are the classification in relation to the nutrient intake in relation to the RDA standards for that of the school lunch supported students. The criteria used for this study was calorie intake, protein, and niacin. The classifications are for groups below 75%, between 75%～100%, and 100%. The nutrients for which the students were deficient( below 75%) of the RDA were iron, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin C, thiamin, calorie, niacin, vitamin A, protein, and phosphorous in the above order.

This study was conducted to investigate the status of calcium intake and serum calcium level in perimenopausal women. The age distribution of the subjects was 49-55 years. Daily nutrient intake and dietary sources of calcium were analyzed by a convenient method and a food frequency questionnaire. At the same time, fasting blood samples were collected and serum calcium concentration was measured. The BMD of subjects was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Fifty percent of the subjects under 50 years of age ($\leq$49 yr group) and 66.9% of the subjects from 50 years and up ($\geq$50 yr group) were classified as osteopenia or osteoporosis. Intake of energy (p<0.001), protein (p<0.05), fat (p<0.05), calcium (p<0.01) was significantly different between $\leq$49 yr group and $\geq$50 yr group. Mean daily intake of calcium was much lower than the Korean RDA : 94.9% in $\leq$49 yr group and 87.4% in $\geq$50 yr group. The average concentration of total calcium in serum was within the normal range in $\leq$49 yr group. Serum calcium concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) different between $\leq$49 yr group and $\geq$50 yr group. It was noteworthy that serum calcium concentration was positively related to the intake of protein, fat and calcium. Lettuce, sea mustard, bean-curd, anchovy, radish and perilla leaf was included among the major sources of dietary calcium. Further investigation is necessary to make sure of the relations between BMD and serum calcium level and calcium intake.

The purpose of this study was to compare with in fatty acid intakes between hypercholesterolemia group and normocholesterolemia group, aged between 30 to 65 years old in women. The subjects were classified as hypercholesterolemia group and normocholesterolemia group based on The Guideline for Korean Hyperlipidemia. Dietary intakes of fatty acids were by means of a 24-hr recall method with food models and measuring tools. We analyzed both data sets together using analysis of variance the chi-square test and student's t-test(SPSS for WINDOWS, version 7.5). Significance was defied as a P value <0.05. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Mean age, BMI and percentage of postmenopausal women in hypercholesterolemia group were significantly higher than those of normocholesterolemia group. Percent of total energy from fat in hypercholesterolemia group tended to be higher than that in normocholesterolemia group. C16:0(Palmitic acid) and saturated fatty acids(SFA) intake of hypercholesterolemia group was significantly higher than that of normocholesterolemia group. Therefore, women who suffered from hypercholesterolemia were recommended to control body weight and consume foods containing low SFA and cholesterol.

This study was carried out to obtain the menu preferences of frequently served set menu of the staff working at Samsung Medical Center. The frequently served set menus were 72 menus including 23 Korean meals, 12 bowel of rices, 18 noodles, 10 soups, 6 fried rices, 3 western meals. The subjects of this study were 624 staffs who works at Samsung Medical Center. The results are summarized as followers : The subject group for this study was composed of 23% males and 58% females, 80% of subjects are twenties and thirties. The best preferred menu was fried food 4(boiled rice with assorted mixtures, boiled quail egg). And noodles 8(cold buckwheat noodles, fried mung-beans), noodles 2(buckwheat noodles, fried vegetable), Western meals 3(hamburg steak, steamed dumpling), noodles 18(rice-cake dumping soup, fried sweet potato with sugar syrup) were preferred by the subjects. The worst preferred menu was soups 4(loach soup, fried sea food and welsh onion). In the preference each kinds of set menus, Korean meals 3(soup to relive the hangover with pollack, grilled meat, lettuce, fruit salad, Kimchi, ice tea) was the most preferred of the Koreans meals, bowel of rice 8(omelet containing fried rice, chicken salad) of the bowel of rices, noodles 8(cold buckwheat noodles, fried mung-beans) of the noodles, soups 3(spicy beef soup, chicken salad) of the soups, fried rice 5(boiled rice with assorted mixtures, boiled quail egg). There was no significant sexual difference in the menu preferences except 7 menus. There was significant age difference in the 17 menu preference, the younger age subjects were the better like noodles.

The purposes of this study were to identify customer expectation, perception and satisfaction of foodservice quality to analyze the influencing factors on foodservice quality and finally to provide basic information for the improvement of foodservice quality. A survey of 4 factory foodservices was undertaken and detailed information was collected from 675 respondents. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS package program for descriptive analysis, t-test and one-way ANOVA. Male had higher scores than female in perceptions of foods and services, and the differences were statistically significant. As analysis of expectation, perception and satisfaction result of age, expectation and perception were statistically significant, and mostly expectation and perception increased according as age increased. Expectation and perception showed statistical differences by marital status. Married people had higher scores in expectation and perception of food and service than single. According to family type, respondents living alone showed lower scores in expectation and perception of food and service than those living with family or relatives. Conversely, living alone had high expectation on service. As analysis of work type, office workers showed higher scores of service expectation, food and service perception than production workers. As education level increased, food and service expectation and perception increased mostly. As analysis of work post, food and service expectation and perception increased as work post raised. Meanwhile, married people had higher scores in service quality of satisfaction than single. Result of the study can be summarized as follows the analysis of expectation, perception and satisfaction of foodservice quality, the Quadrant of food and service quality expectation and perception according to demographic variables. Expectation, perception and satisfaction scores of foodservice attributes according to work type. The distribution of attributes with satisfyingly significant difference in grid.

This study was designed to assess the waste management practices, source-reduction programs and related tasks in elementary school foodservice in Seoul. and Kyonggi Province Areas. A questionnaire mailed to 910 school foodservice managers in Seoul and Kyonggi province: a 202% (N=184) response rate was obtained. About 83.7% of school foodservice managers were responsible for managing solid waste. Most foodservice operations take the responsibility of food waste but not packaging wastes. The average disposal cost per month per person was about 19 won and income was about 35 won. Leftovers were mainly disposed with platewaste. Platewaste was reused for the livestook feed(68.0%), and some platewaste was composted(11.6%). Source reduction programs implemented in half of school foodservice operations were adjustment of portion size', checking the plate waste', 'working with classroom teachers on waste reduction campaign', 'providing information leaflet on food waste minimization', posting education materials, 'classroom instruction about food waste minimization', and 'improving cooking method. According to factor analysis based on importance rating. slid waste management activities of elementary school foodservice operations were divided to 7 dimensions such as communication and cooperation with others', 'employee training', 'product quality control, 'yield control', plate waste control', 'purchasing', and 'public relations'. As a result of Important-Performance Analysis(IPA), sine dimensions such as 'communication and cooperation with others' and 'plate waste control were identified in Focus Here' quardrant area which need more enhanced performance.

Nutrient intake of Koreans from the 1999 Seasonal Nutrition Survey was somewhat lower than those of 1995 National Nutrition Survey or 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey owing to the seasonal variation in amount and kind of foods eaten. In addition to the seasonal variation, low response rate of households which were surveyed twice was another reason for lower intake. Analysis of the major source of nutrients showed that intake of energy, carbohydrate, vitamin A and vitamin C was influenced by seasonal food supply pattern. And especially, vitamin A and vitamin C intake was more influenced by consumption of fruits and vegetables than other food groups. Main sources of these two nutrients were spinach and strawberry in spring, watermelon, tomato, melon and potato in summer, and grapes and pumpkin in autumn. As shown before in the report on food consumption, intake of beverages, drinks, fruits and vegetables was more influenced by season than others and these food groups affected the nutrient intake most. With the results of the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey, this study made it possible to estimate the average nutrient intake of the Korean population through out a year.