The effect of electrolyte on the extraction replicas of the precipiates in 3% Si steel was investigated. Three Kinds of electrolyte, 2% Nital solution (2% nitric acid+methanol; acid solution),, Sodium Citrate solution (5% sodiumcitrate+1% KBr+0.5KI+$H_{2}O$; aqueous neutral solution) and 10% AA solution (10% acetylacetone+ 1% tetramethylammoniumchloride+methanol; non-aqueous neutral solution), were compared. The preciptiates in 3% Si steel were dissolved in 2% Nital, but they were not dissolved in the Sodium Citrate and 10% AA solution. In Sodium Citrate solution, however, large second artifacts were introduced during sample preparation. Therefore 10% AA solution was found to be most useful for the preparation of extraction replica. The electrolysis condition of a matrix and precipitates were also checked by the measurement of potential-current curve in 10% AA solution. The matrix was electrolyzed at -400mV with respect to SCE(Saturated Calomel Electrode). In contrats precipitates were electrolyzed above 300mV. Precipitates were respected to be stable in 10% AA solution in the range of $-380mV{\sim}-300mV$ usually used to prepare extraction replicas.

This experiment was performed to study the morphological responses of the pigment epithelial cell and the Bruch's membrane of the retina of rat following X-ray irradiation. Male rats were divided into normal and experimental groups. The heads of the rats, under sodium thiopental anesthesia, were exposed to 3,000 rads or 6,000 rads of radiation in a single dose, respectively. The source was a Mitsubishi Linear Accelerator ML-4MV. The target to skin distance was 80cm, and the. dose rate was 200 rads/min. The experimental groups were sacrificed on the 6th hour, 2nd and 6th day after X-ray irradiation. Under anesthesia, 1% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehyde solution(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3) was perfused through the left ventricle and ascending aorta. Pieces of the tissue taken from the posterior region of the retina were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3) and 1% osmium tetroxide(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH7.3), and embedded in araldite mixture. The ultrathin sections contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follow; 1. The morphological changes of the pigment epithelial cells were not pronounced after exposure to 3,000 rads of X-ray. But on the 6th hour after exposure to 6,000 rads of X-ray, bulging nuclear membrane protruding into the cytoplasm and nuclear chromatin clumped into numerous masses along the nuclear membrane were observed. At the 2nd and 6th day post-irradiation, partial cytolysis or necrosis were seen. 2. The thickness of the Bruch's membrane of the experimental groups were increased in the time and dose range covered by this study, and splitting or diffusing basal laminae of the choriocapillary layer were observed frequently in the experimental group. Above results suggest that large amount(6,000 rads) of head irradiation induce direct hazardous effects on the pigment epitherial cells and Bruch's membrane of the retina of the rat, but pigment epithelial cells are more radioresistant than Bruch's membrane.

1990년(年) 6월(月) 30일(日)부터 10월(月) 31일(日)까지 또한 1991년(年) 9월(月) 30일(日)부터 1992년(年) 4월(月) 31일(日)까지 본 실험실의 양어장(養魚場)에서 염분(鹽分) 농도(濃度)가 각각 10%o, 20%o, 30%o의 $1.5m^3$인 탱크에서 사육된 100-350g(평균 250g)인 틸라피아(Oreochromis niloticus)의 아가미 및 신장(腎臟)의 미세구조적(微細構造的) 변화(變化)를 알기 위해서 광학현미경(光學顯微鏡)과 주사(走査) 및 투과전자현미경(透過電子顯微鏡)으로 관찰하여 얻어낸 결과는 다음과 같다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같이 나타났다. 해수(海水)에 적응(適應)된 Oreochromis nilotirus의 경우 모두 아가미엽 비대, 아가미엽 상피세포의 분리, 신사구체의 수축, 신장(腎臟)의 울혈(鬱血) 등(等)의 조직학적(組織學的) 변화(變化)가 있었다. 가장 높은 저삼투압(低渗透壓) 능력(能力)은 10%o에서 채취된 틸라피아에서 확인되었고, 이러한 현상은 외형적인 형태를 통해서 확인된 염분순치화(鹽分馴致化)(smoltification)와 일치(一致)되었으며, 실험군 중 틸라피아 저삼투조절능력(低渗透調節能力)은 10%o에서 떨어지기 시작하였다. Oreochromis niloticus의 각 군의 삼투압(渗透壓)은 모두 담수(淡水)의 수준보다 높았고, 모두 300m Osmol 이상으로 나타났다. 아가미엽의 염분세포의 발생빈도와 그 정도는 염분농도(鹽分濃度)의 증가와 더불어 빠르게 증가되었고, 염분세포의 수도 광학(光學) 및 투과전자현미경(透過電子顯微鏡)을 통해서 볼 때 NaCl의 증가와 함께 증가하였다. 삼투압(渗透壓)의 점차적인 증가에 대해서 틸라피아의 체내에 축적된 NaCl과 무기성분(無機成分)을 배출시키기 위해서 혹은 체내의 삼투압(渗透壓)의 균형을 위해서 이러한 결과가 이루어지는 것으로 사료된다. 아가미엽(葉)의 표피(表皮)는 염분농도(鹽分濃度)가 높을수록 요철(凹凸)상태가 심하게 나타났다. 이러한 생리학적 현상들은 모든 경골어류(硬骨魚類)에서 일어나는 것으로 사료되며, 틸라피아와 무지개 송어(松魚)는 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 변화(變化)에도 불구하고 해수(海水)에 견디어내어 순치(馴致) 적응(適應)하는 것으로 나타났다. 주사전자현미경(走査電子顯微鏡)에 의해서 해수(海水)에 적응(適應)된 틸라피아의 제 2차(次) 아가미엽(葉)의 미세구조(微細構造)는 적응기간(適應期間) 동안 표면이 울퉁불퉁한 특징을 나타내었고, 투과전자현미경(透過電子顯微鏡)에 의해서는 해수(海水)에 노출된 염분세포내(鹽分細胞內)에 길게 변형된 미토콘드리아가 관찰되었으며, 잘 발달된 cristae가 확인되었고, 담수(淡水)에 서식하던 개체의 염분세포(鹽分細胞)보다 그 수가 증가하였다. 이와같이 미토콘드리아가 풍부한 염분세포의 존재를 통해서 해수(海水)에 적응하는 동안 일어나는 저삼투압조절(低渗透壓調節) 작용(作用)에 중요한 역할을 하는 것이라 사료된다. 해수(海水)에 적응(適應)된 대부분의 틸라피아는 신장(腎臟)의 보우만 주머니를 가득 채운 신사구체(腎絲球體)를 가지고 있으며, 신사구체(腎絲球體)의 수축은 담수(淡水)에 적응된 개체보다 10%o, 20%o, 30%o에 적응된 개체에서 훨씬 더 많이 발생되었고, 울혈현상(鬱血現象)은 10%o보다 20%o, 30%o에 적응(適應)된 개체의 신장조직(腎臟組織)에서 더많이 발생되었다. 틸라피아의 신사구체(腎絲球體)는 담수(淡水)에서 10%o의 해수(海水)로 이주된지 14일(日) 이후에 신장(腎臟)에서 수축된 것으로 나타났다. 30%o의 해수(海水)에 적응(適應)된 틸라피아의 평균 신사구체(腎絲球體)의 면적은 담수(淡水)에 적응된 개체의 면적보다 유의성있게 나타났다. 해수(海水)에 적응(適應)된 틸라피아의 신단위(腎單位)의 사구체(絲球體)와 핵(核)의 면적이 감소하였으며, 담수(淡水)에 적응(適應)된 개체보다 신단위세포(腎單位細胞)의 핵(核)보다 크기에 있어서 작게 나타났다. 이러한 세포면적당(細胞面積當) 변화(變化)는 해수(海水) 및 담수(淡永)에 적응(適應)된 광염도성(廣鹽度性) 경골어류(硬骨魚類)의 서로 다른 삼투조절(渗透調節) 능력(能力)과 연관이 있는 것으로 고찰된다. 그 결과는 신사구체(腎絲球體) 여과율(濾過率)(GFR)과 관련(關聯)이 있는 것으로 나타나서, 해수(海水)에 적응(適應)된 개체의 오줌이 배설되는 정도는 담수(淡水)에 적응(適應)된 개체보다 훨씬 더 적게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 물고기 체내와 체외 사이의 삼투압(渗透壓)의 균형을 유지하기 위해서 신사구체(腎絲球體)가 수축되는 것으로 나타난 것으로 추정된다. 담수(淡水)에 적응(適應)된 틸라피아의 신장조직(腎臟組織)은 대부분 작고, 둥근 형태의 미토콘드리아를 가지고 있고, 전자밀도(電子密度)가 높은 미토콘드리아를 가지고 있다. 그러나 해수(海水)에 적응된 개체(個體)의 신장내(腎臟內)에 있는 미토콘드리아는 그 크기에 있어서 담수(淡水)에 서식하던 개체(個體)의 미토콘드리아 보다 길고, 타원형(楕圓形)으로 변형된 형태를 나타내었으며, 전자밀도(電子密度)가 높은 cristae를 가지고 있는 미토콘드리아의 수(數)가 상당히 증가하였다. 틸라피아는 적절한 염분농도(鹽分濃度)를 가진 환경에 적응할 수 있는 능력을 지니고 있고, 30%o의 해수(海水)에 적응된 개체의 체중의 증가는 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 변화(變化)에도 불구하고 0%o의 해수(海水)에 적응된 개체보다 훨씬 더높게 나타났다.

본 연구에서는 반수서동물인 Suncus Murinus간실질의 구조와 간소엽에 존재하는 간실질세포, 동모양내피 세포, Kupffer세포 및 Ito세포의 미세구조를 관찰하고 이들의 특징을 포유동물 및 비포유동물의 것들과 비교 고찰하였다. 간실질세포는 지방소적과 비교적 큰 사립체를 많이 함유하고 있었으며 세포간격은 좁았으나 세포 표면은 가늘고 긴 돌기를 많이 갖고 있어 그 미세구조가 비포유동물의 일부 동물종에 유사한 소견을 나타냈다. 내피세포 또한 일부 비포유동물에 있어서와 같이 용해소체를 많이 함유하고 있어 Kupffer세포와의 식별이 어려웠다. 간소엽에는 담세관이 많았으며 일부 담세관과 담관은 Disse강에서 관찰되었는데 이러한 담관계는 Disse강에 있는 소세포와 간실질세포에 의해서 형성되어있거나 소세포들이 내강을 둘러 싸면서 형성하고 있었다. 담관계형성에 관여하는 소세포들은 지방소적을 함유하거나 함유하지 않은 Ito세포일 것으로 추정되었다. 이상의 소견으로 미루어 Suncus Murinus간장은 포유동물과 비포유동물의 구조와 미세구조를 동시에 갖추고 있는 것같이 보인다.

In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the probable organelles participating in the secretion of biligrafin. The animals (ICR male mice, 25-30gm) were divided into normal control and 6 biligrafin injected groups to which 30% biligrafin (0.006ml/gm b.w.) were injected at 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 min prior to the sampling. The mice of each group were perfused through the heart with ice-cold 2.5% glutaraldehyde buffered with 0.1M Na-cacodylate (pH. 7.4) under the Na-pentobarbital (Nembtal 0.0015mg/gm b.w.) anesthesia and liver tissues were taken from each group. Some specimens were immersed 1 hr in the same solution used in the perfusion. After an overnight rinse in 0.1M Na-cacodylate buffer containing 10% DMSO and 7.6% sucrose, $75{\mu}m$ fronzen sections were made for cytochemical study. The sections were incubated in thiamin pyrophosphatase (TPPase) and inosine diphosphatase (ID Pase) media for 70 min at $37^{\circ}C$ respectively and acid phosphatase (AcPase) medium for 40 min at $37^{\circ}C$. They were postfixed in 1 % $OsO_4$ for 1 hr. The other specimens were immersed for 8 hrs in the fixative consisting of 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 3.0% paraformaldehyde buffered with Na-cacodylate (pH. 7.4). All of the osmificated specimens were processed for electron microscopy. In both normal and biligrafin injected groups, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vacuoles, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes were seen in the vicinity of bile canaliculus. In the biligrafin injected groups, however, the Golgi apparatus appeared to be decreased and ER and vacuoles were dilated and increased. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) having a few attached ribosomes appeared to be the round saccule, especially at 20 min after biligrafin injection. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) seemed to be formed by the detachment of ribosomes at the cisternal end of RER. The cistern of SER showed saccules which probably budded off to form the vacuole. The vacuoles were devoid of visible centents. This finding seemed to be in agreement with the biochemical property of the bile constituents. The fusion between the vacuoles and bile canaliculus were frequently seen in the groups injected with biligrafin. The lysosome did not show any changes in the biligrafin injected groups. Accumulation of some material and lipid droplets were seen at the 40 and 80 min after biligrafin injection, especially at the latter. At 160 and 320 min after biligrafin injections, however, they were decreased successively while the RER stack, free ribosomes and polysomes were increased. Although the reactive products of TPPase and IDPase were observed in the ER saccules and vesicles of the normal control and biligrafin injected groups, the fusion between the bile canaliculus and saccules or vesicles could easily be seen in the latter. The AcPase activity, however, was observed in the cistern at the maturing face of Golgi apparatus and lysosomes in both normal and biligrafin groups. The results suggest that the biligrafin is excreted via the vesicles, vacuoles or sacoules probably derived from the SER without the participation of Golgi apparatus and lysosomes, and the excess amount of material is stored as inclusions during the repairing of the organelles being overactive.

To investigate the effect of mercuric chloride on the pectoral muscel cells during chick embryogensis, chicken embryos were treated with mercuric chloride. Monoclonal antibodies against myosin were prepared for the localization of differentiation of thick filaments detected by the use of protein A-gold complex as a cytochemical marker. The effect of mercuric chloride was appeared not only to be ascribed with the reduced formation of myofibrilogenesis but also associated with induced change of morphology by the inhibition of protein synthesis.

This study was to investigate the effects of maternal diabetes on the lung tissue of the fetal rat using lectin histochemistry and electron microscope technique. Maternal diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (75 mg/kg the body weight) into pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats on the 7th day of gestation. Fetuses of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats exhibited delayed lung maturation and reduced air space. In lectin histochemistry, the binding of Maclura pomifera (MPA) to fetal lungs from diabetic mothers was reduced, but no significant changes in the bindings of Concanavalin A (Con A), Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Ricinus communis I (RCA I) and Griffonia simplicifolia (GSI-$B_4$) were noted. Because the MPA has affinity to terminal N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues constantly linked O-glycosidically to serine or threonine, the present findings may indicates that maternal diabetes interfere with the processes of O-linked glycosylation in fetal rat lung.

This study was done to elucidate the electron microscopic characteristics of certain pathogenic fungi. Four Candida species, (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. glabrate) and Cryptococcus neoformans were cultured for 3 days at $30^{\circ}C$ in the Sabouraud dextrose medium. After incubation, they were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 24hours. Fine structures were analyzed by morphometry, and Tukey's HSD test was used for statistics. On scanning electron microscopy C. albicans and C. neoformans were similar in size but different in shape, showing sphero-shape or ovalo-shape in C. neoformans. Surface of C. neoformans was coarse and spiny, but Candida species examined were uniformly smooth. In size, C. glabrata was the smallest among them. Budding scar as seen on the surface of Candida species by the number ranging from 1 to 7. Cryptococcus neoformans showed one or two budding scar. On transmission electron microscopy the cytoplasm of most yeast cells showed plentiful glycogen particles, mitochondria, peroxisomes and vacuoles. However, cell walls were different among four Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans. The cell wall of Candida species consisted of fibrous layer, that was electron dense layer and transparent layer, in contrast to Cryptococcus neoformans consisted of electron dense layer with lamellar structure. This layer was two times thicker than that of Candida species. The outer layer of cell wall was of radiating pattern.

The ultrastructural changes of the cardiac ganglion and granule-containing cells in the heart of vacor-induced diabetic Mongolian gerbils were studied by electron microscopy. After one month of vacor-induced diabetes the ganglion cells showed increase in numbers of dense bodies and mitochondria compared with the normal cardiac ganglion. Most of the satellite cells were filled with numerous phagosomes containing digested debris. Both electron-dense and lucent types of degenerating axon terminals were observed. The former was characterized by clusters of agranular vesicles and numerous mitochondria. The electron lucent type of degenerating axon terminal contained a few agranular vesicles and swollen mitochondria. Degenerating unmyelinated and myelinated axons contained large numbers of dense bodies, lamellar bodies, and mitochondria. Numerous macrophages containing phagosomes were reveled in the interstitial spaces. Some of the granule-containing cells in the heart showed a variety of degenerative changes and a decreased number of dense-cored vesicles. After three months of vacor-induced diabetes the unmyelinated and myelinated axons showed degenerative changes, whereas no structure changes could be demonstrated in intraatrial ganglion and granule containing cells. The satellite cells containing engulfed debris were observed in the cardiac ganglion cells. These results suggest that the degenerative changes occur in the cardiac ganglion cells of vacor-induced diabetic Mongolian gerbils as well as atrial granule-containing cells.