Purpose - The purpose of this study was to examine the internal relevance between digital transformation, manipulation of asset evaluation and corporate M&A performance and further explores the impact path of manipulation of asset valuation on corporate M&A performance. Design/methodology/approach - This study based on the financial data of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2013 to 2021. Findings - First, manipulation of asset evaluation is negatively correlated with M&A performance. Second, Digital transformation significantly weakens the negative correlation between manipulation of asset evaluation and corporate M&A performance. Third, The effectiveness of internal control plays a partially intermediary role in the process of manipulation of asset evaluation affecting M&A performance. Research implications or Originality - Enriching the existing literature on the subject, the study can also provide useful reference for improving the performance of corporate mergers and acquisitions, regulating asset valuation, promoting the digital transformation of enterprises and improving internal control mechanisms, with both theoretical and practical implications.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to confirm that five different working positions show different Organizational Commitment (OC) and factors influencing OC levels in the Chinese MNCs. Design/methodology/approach - The study collected data of 326 employees in different positions in Chinese MNCs abroad and in domestic country. To test hypotheses, ANOVA analysis and linearity regression are used with SPSS 26 and AMOS 26 software on the collected data. Findings - Results shows that different working groups do not show significant difference of AC and CC level. However, there are significant difference of NC among the five groups in the Chinese MNCs. Employee's position and marital status are positively related to CC and NC. Tenure is positively related to AC. Research implications or Originality - Our research offers insight for further research direction on OC difference research. It provides implication for Chinese MNCs to consider more about strategies how to stimulate host country employee's normative commitment.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to research how the different types of experiences affect consumer's recognition in terms of luxury vintage fashion products, and what kinds of value consumer can achieve. Design/methodology/approach - The study is based on the means-end chain (MEC) approach for an in-depth understanding of consumers' recognition systems through conducting the laddering interview technique. Above all, the research conducted a pilot test to gain attributes of consumer experiences about luxury vintage fashion products from Korean and Taiwanese. Findings - It is found that not only by actual purchase, experience without purchasing also can lead to consumers' self-fulfilment and self-accomplishment, which filled the lack of relevant literature in the luxury vintage industry. In addition, the study sorted out the channels that consumers approach LVF products, which provide a classification reference for future research related to the luxury vintage consumer. Research implications or originality - As consumers can gain a lot kind of value through LVF products, luxury brands can attract consumers by using vintage as a market strategy. For luxury marketers, by running LVF shopping mall online or opening LVF stores, not only allow consumers' attach with LVF products but also can further lead to the purchase behaviors. In addition, consumers who are interested in LVF are those who are aware of the authenticity, uniqueness, and rarity of the brand. Due the fact, these consumers may be interested in the topic of sustainability.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on firm performance in China, plus the moderating effects of advertising intensity and environmental pollution. Design/methodology/approach - We analyzed our dataset that consists of 188 public Chinese firms drawn from the Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges during 2010-2020. Findings - Based on the stakeholder theory and signaling theory, we proposed the positive relationship between the CSR level and the firm performance. Further, we configured consumers and the government as major stakeholders in China, suggesting positive moderating effects of advertising intensity and environmental pollution, respectively. Research implications or originality - The results show that the CSR level increases the firm performance. The advertising intensity positively moderates the relationship between the CSR level and the firm performance, but there was no significant moderating effects of environmental pollution. The findings confirm the importance of consumers for the CSR stakeholders. While the Chinese government strongly reinforces environmental regulation, CSR itself does not seem to be the fine-aligned action prioritized for mitigating environmental pollution.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to re-examine the disclosure effect of stock splits and long-term performance after stock splits using stock split data over the past 10 years, and infer the motivation (signal or opportunism) of stock splits. In addition, we focus on exploring the determinants of the short- and long-term market response to stock splits. Design/methodology/approach - We measure the short-term market response to a stock split and the long-term stock performance after the stock split announcement using the event study method. We analyze whether there is a difference in the long-term and short-term market response to a stock split according to various company characteristics through univariate analysis and regression analysis. Findings - In the case of the entire sample, a statistically significant positive excess return is observed on the stock split announcement date, and the excess return during the 24-month holding period after the stock split do not show a difference from zero. In particular, the difference between short-term and long-term returns on stock splits is larger in companies with a large stock split ratio, small companies, large growth potential, and companies with a combination of financial events after a stock split. Research implications or Originality - The results of this study suggest that at least the signal hypothesis for a stock split does not hold in the Korean stock market. On the other hand, it suggests that there is a possibility that a stock split can be abused by the manager's opportunistic motive, and that this opportunism can be discriminated depending on the size of the stock split, corporate characteristics, and financing plan.

Purpose - Due to the outbreak and spread of COVID-19, companies have reduced their hiring needs in the short term, reducing employment opportunities for most university students and putting pressure on their employment since 2019. This study aims to improve university students' employment options and increase the possibility of entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach - In this study, a research survey is conducted on 4-year Chinese university students who have received entrepreneurship education courses, and statistical tests are conducted using SPSS 26.0 and PROCESS 3.3 model 1. The main focus of the study is on the effects of risk perception and five personality factors on entrepreneurial intentions of Chinese university students and the effect of entrepreneurship education on the moderation of entrepreneurial intentions. Findings - The results of the study show that the risk perception of Chinese university students have a significant effect on the will to start a business. Five personality factors have a significant effect on entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship education has a moderating role in the relationship between risk perception and entrepreneurial intention, and the entrepreneurship education support has a moderating role in the relationship between the influence of five personality factors and entrepreneurial intentions. Research implications or Originality - The results of the study reveal that Chinese university students' exposure to entrepreneurship education support positively influenced entrepreneurial intentions. Such results imply that university students gain information and knowledge related to entrepreneurship through the entrepreneurship education support, which leads to positive perceptions and motivation towards entrepreneurship.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine whether trading volume amplifies the extent to which lottery-type stocks are overpriced, and whether economic sentiment index explains time-variation in the magnitude of the volume amplification effect. Design/methodology/approach - We examine monthly returns on 5x5 monthly bivariate portfolios formed by lottery characteristics (measured by maximum daily return) and trading volume. In addition, we perform time-series regression tests to examine how the volume amplification effect changes in high and low economic sentiment periods, after controlling for Fama-French three factors. Findings - Our bivariate portfolio analysis shows that the overpricing of lottery-type stocks are mostly pronounced among high trading volume stocks. In contrast, for low trading volume stocks, overpricing of lottery-type stocks appears to vanish. Furthermore, the amplification effect of trading volume on overpricing of lottery-type stock is concentrated in high economic sentiment periods. Research implications or Originality - This study is the first attempt to examine whether trading volume drives lottery-type stocks' overpricing in the Korean stock market. Furthermore, our analysis unveils the time-varying nature of volume amplification effect. The results suggest that trading volume might play a important hidden role in asset pricing, opening a new line of researches in the future.

Purpose - Since the 2020s, the management philosophy of Chinese firms' ESG has been rapidly established under the leadership of the Chinese government. We empirically analyze the ESG characteristics and effects on corporate value of Chinese firms. Design/methodology/approach - Using OLS and random effect panel regression analysis, we identify ESG determinants. In analyzing the impact on corporate value, likewise a large number of literatures, we adopt a 2SLS methodology using instrumental variables in the reason of endogeneity between ESG and firm value. We analyze using the G2SLS methodology, which is improving the efficiency of the estimation coefficients along with 2SLS. Findings - We find that ESG ratings are high in state-owned and foreign capital invested companies, ESG ratings are low in companies with a high proportion of non-floating stocks which implies information asymmetry. However, there are no significance in the institutional investor's, the major 10 largest shareholders' and manager's ownership. Furthermore, we can support most of the hypotheses that ESG ratings will be high in companies with high management performance. ESG ratings are significantly higher in companies with high ROA, rich in cash asset, low debt ratio, and large size. we strongly support the hypothesis that the higher the ESG rating, the higher the firm value, and ESG has a moderating effect on state-owned companies, non-floating shares, the ownership of institutional investors, manager, and the 10 major shareholder. In particular, state-owned companies, the proportion of non-floating shares, and the ownership of the 10 major shareholders have a negative impact on firm value, however, ESG attenuates this negative effect. Research implications or Originality - This study looks forward to enhancing our understanding of ESG characteristics in East Asia.

Purpose - The main purpose of this study is to develop the stress test model for Korean banks by exploring the optimal Monte Carlo simulation and BIS forecasting model. Design/methodology/approach - This study selects 15 Korean banks as sample financial firms and collects relevant 76 quarterly data for the period between year 2000 and 2018 from KRX(Korea Excange), Bank of Korea, and FnGuide. The Regression analysis, Unit-root test, and Monte Carlo simulation are hired to analyze the data. Findings - First, most of the sample banks failed to keep 8% BIS ratio for the adverse and severely Adverse Scenarios, implying that Korean banks must make every effort to realize better BIS ratios under adverse market conditions. Second, we suggest the better Monte Carlo simulation model for the Korean banks by finding that the more appropriate volatility should be different depending on variables rather than simple two-sigma which has been used in the previous studies. Third, we find that the stepwise regression model is better fitted than simple regression model in forecasting macro-economic variables for the BIS variables. Fourth, we find that, for the more robust and significant statistical results in designing stress tests, Korean banks are required to construct more valid time-series and cross-sectional data-base. Research implications or Originality - The above results all together show that the optimal volatility in designing optimal Monte Carlo simulation varies depending on the country, and many Korean banks fail to pass sress test under the adverse and severely adverse scenarios, implying that Korean banks need to make improvement in the BIS ratio.

Purpose - This study starts with the question of whether the capital market is likely to give positive valuations to companies that pursue diversity in their management and corporate governance structure. In this study, minority gender identity is considered as a diversity issue in management that has a socially negative perception. Design/methodology/approach - This study analyzed the relationship between corporate value in the capital market and the policies of companies that advocated minority gender identities, based on listed U.S. company data. Findings - This study finds that companies that support minority gender identities had a lower Tobin's q value than companies that did not. However, in the case of authenticity in terms of corporate governance diversity, the study finds that companies that advocate minority gender identities rather receive high firm valuation. In particular, companies with a high percentage of female directors show high corporate value even when implementing policies that support minority gender identities. Research implications or Originality - This study explores the capital market's response to diversity using past data in the U.S., but provides more practical implications for how companies should respond to a situation where an advocacy policy, based on more social recognition, for LGBT groups is established in Korea.

Purpose - This study aims to investigate the factors (experience value, social capital, cultural capital) affecting users' engagement in UGC platform, and to examine their effect on relationship commitment. The study further attempted to confirm the moderating effect of the need for self-expression. Design/methodology/approach - Data was collected from 230 UGC users through a survey, and the study performed a structural equation model analysis to validate the conceptual model which contains five research hypotheses. Findings - The study found that only service value, one of experiential values, has a significant positive (+) effect on customer engagement and that social capital and cultural capital also have a significant positive (+) effect on customer engagement In addition, customer engagement in the UGC platform was found to have a significant positive (+) effect on the relationship commitment. However, the need for self-expression did not moderate the relationship between customer engagement and relationship commitment. Research implications or Originality - Marketing strategies that can strengthen UGC users' engagement factors can lead up to follow-up research, which finds ways to improve not only users' engagement but also sustained relationship with the UGC platforms.

Purpose - Based on the funding-horizon theory, this study aims to test the effects of cash needs and the persistence of external funding needs on firms' external financing. Design/methodology/approach - Financial data of Korean listed companies were collected from DataGuide. Immediate and near-term cash shortfalls are defined using the methodology of Haung and Ritter (2021). We estimate multinomial logit regressions for the financing choice. Findings - First, all three cash depletion variables used in our study increase the likelihood of external financing. Second, firms prefer to issue debt to meet immediate spending and equity to meet long-lived cash needs. Third, this effect is more pronounced for high R&D firms. Fourth, chaebol firms with internal capital markets defer raising external capital for immediate and near-term cash needs. Research implications or Originality - This paper provide empirical evidence that immediate and near-term cash needs induce external financing, and the persistence of cash needs affects the choice between debt and equity, the finding which is consistent with the funding-horizon theory of financing decisions. Being the first paper to test the funding-horizon theory using Korean data, this paper contributes to the literature on the capital structure of Korean firms.

Purpose - This study attempts to provide a new theoretical perspective on the quality signaling and its impact on a market under information asymmetry, focusing on how the accuracy and the cost of quality signaling affect sellers' and buyers' profit, suggesting appropriate designs of quality signaling methods which mitigates information asymmetry. Design/methodology/approach - In order to examine the effect of quality signaling on strategic interactions within the market, we establish an analytic model where market outcomes are determined by seller's quality claim and price, and buyers are risk-neutral. By investigating this analytic model through relevant game trees, we find the subgame perfect Nash equilibria of the market and predict related market outcomes based on sellers' quality signaling strategy. Findings - Our analytic model shows counterintuitive results that seller profit will be the lowest with inaccurate quality signaling and the highest with no quality signaling, mostly due to the certification cost. Consequently, sellers should proceed with caution if the quality signaling is less than accurate, as it may backfire. We believe that this is due to the fact that the inaccuracy of quality signaling causes some confusion and uncertainty in both sellers and buyers' decision to maximize profit, making it hard for sellers to predict buyers' behavior. Research implications or Originality - Although the sources and types of quality signaling errors have been investigated in the literature, there has not been satisfactory understanding regarding how inaccuracy of quality certification affects specific market outcomes. We expect that our theoretical model would provide important implications on how to utilize quality signaling to solve adverse selection issues in markets under information asymmetry.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of the compulsive hoarding behavior of consumers on the intention to purchase hedonic and utilitarian types of products. Design/methodology/approach - The online and offline survey was conducted and a total of 210 domestic data were collected. Simple and multiple regression analysis and ANOVA were conducted to analyze the data. Findings - First, the consumers'compulsive hoarding behavior had a significantly positive influence on the purchase intention. According to the analysis results of the sub-factors, however, only 'Difficulty Discarding' had a significant influence on the purchase intention, while 'Clutter' and 'Acquisition' did not. Second, as the results of identifying the moderating effect by product type in the purchase intention in accordance with the consumers'compulsive hoarding behavior, their compulsive hoarding behavior had a significant influence on only the intention to purchase hedonic products but not on the intention to purchase utilitarian ones. Similarly, the results of analyzing the sub-factors showed that only'Difficulty Discarding' significantly influenced the intention to purchase hedonic types of products, but 'Clutter' and 'Acquisition' were not significantly influential to both the hedonic and utilitarian types of products. Research implications or Originality - First, this study is meaningful in that it expanded the research discussion on compulsive hoarding behavior by conducting empirical research on this behavior in the general public, which is unlike the previous studies that focused on only severe pathological compulsive hoarding behavior. Second, it identified that the consumers'compulsive hoarding behavior could cause purchase behaviors that were different depending on the type of product by searching the purchase intention with divided types of products (hedonic and utilitarian).

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to compare and review behavioral economics models that explain stock price changes after large-scale price shocks in the Korean stock market and to find a suitable model. In this paper, among the theories reviewed, it was confirmed that the anchoring heuristics theory has high explanatory power for stock prices after large-scale stock price fluctuations. Design/methodology/approach - This paper conducts an event study on stock price shocks in which the individual stocks that make up the KOSPI200 index show more than 10% fluctuation on a daily basis. In order to materialize the abstract predictions of heuristics theories in a varifiable form, this paper uses the daily stock price index change as a reference point for availability heuristics, and uses the 52-week highest and lowest price as reference point for anchoring heuristics. Research implications or Originality - As a result of the empirical analysis, the stock price reversals did not consistently appear for changes in the daily index. On the other hand, the stock price drifts consistently appeared around the 52-week highest and the 52-week lowest price. And in the multiple regression analysis that controlled for company-specific and event-specific variables, the results that supported the anchoring heuristics were more evident. These results suggest that it is possible to establish an investment strategy using large-scale price change in Korean stock market.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of the organizational level for the advancement of smart factory. We suggested three determinants of the organizational level such as CEO's entrepreneurship, high-involvement human resource management, and cooperative industrial relations. Design/methodology/approach - The population of our survey was manufacturing SMEs, and we took a sample and conducted a survey of 232 companies. Since the level of smart factory advancement, which is a dependent variable, was measured on an ordinal scale, ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis. Findings - The higher the level of high-involvement human resource management, the higher the level of smart factory advancement. As the level of high-involvement human resource management increases by one unit, the probability of smart factory advancement increases by 22.8%. On the other hand, the CEO's entrepreneurship did not significantly affect the level of smart factory advancement. Interestingly, the cooperative industrial relations negatively affected to the level of smart factory advancement, contrary to the hypothesis prediction. Research implications or Originality - This study explored determinants at the organizational level that affect the advancement of smart factories. Through this, various implications are presented for related research and policy fields.

Purpose - This study investigates how review length and sentiment impact consumers' purchase intentions, using real online reviews as the data source. The study aims to understand how the length and tone of a review affect a potential buyer's decision-making process when considering a purchase. Design/methodology/approach - A 2 (comment length: long vs. short) × 2 (comment sentiment: positive vs. negative) × 2 (product type: practical vs. hedonic) experiment was conducted. Findings - Results indicate that longer reviews have a greater impact on consumers' perceived usefulness compared to short reviews, but do not affect purchase intentions. Review sentiment is found to have a stronger impact than review length, especially for negative sentiment. The study also suggests that consumers pay more attention to reviews of practical products, and that reviews have less influence on hedonic products. Research implications or Originality - The implications of these findings are relevant for both merchants managing reviews and consumers reviewing products.The results of this research could help businesses and marketers optimize their online review strategies to maximize their impact on consumer behavior.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the process of determining control in a situation where investors hold less than a majority of the voting rights of the investee through case. Design/methodology/approach - In this study, the various and complex considerations presented in K-IFRS 1110 'Consolidated Financial Statements' were systematically classified and stratified. Findings - First, the agreement to delegate voting rights does not necessarily have to be documented, but it can be said to be substantive rights right only if it is not of the nature that one party can discontinue at any time. Second, if it is clear that investors do not have power due to the relative size of voting rights and the degree of stock dispersion, there is no need to review the past shareholders' meeting resolutions and additional facts and circumstances. Research implications or Originality - This study expects to minimize errors in applying the standards by classifying and stratifying the various considerations presented in K-IFRS 1110 into first and subsequent considerations. In addition, it is expected to contribute to reducing practical confusion in determining control by presenting a step-by-step review through case on whether or not to have power to judge control when holding voting rights of less than a majority.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the information effect of securities firm's net operating capital, securities firm's regulatory purposes capital, by analyzing the value relevance of net operating capital. Design/methodology/approach - This study was empirically analyzed using samples of domestic listed securities firms in the past 12 years, and multiple regression analysis and Vuong (1989) test were used together as specific research methods. Findings - First, it was found that the net operating capital of securities firms has an incremental value relevance that is added to basic accounting information (equity book value, profit or loss information). Second, after classifying equity capital on the books into net operating capital and the rest of equity capital, the value relevance of net operating capital was significantly higher than that of other equity capital. Research implications or Originality - The results of this study indicate that the level of regulatory capital in the securities industry can be used in the process of evaluating firm value in the capital market, and it is significant in that capital market evaluation can be stratified according to regulatory purposes.

Purpose - How are gains from trade distributed between countries when economic integration is achieved through free trade? The purpose of this paper is to answer this question. Design/methodology/approach - This study attempts to address the issue of distribution of trade gains between participating countries following economic integration in terms of positive economics. The analysis is therefore based on a theoretical methodology. Findings - First, commodity prices fall and consumer surplus increases in both large and small countries. Second, when economic integration into free trade is achieved, gains from trade always exist in small countries. However, the size of trade gains depends on the degree of difference from the market size of the partner country, the large country. However, the size of the gains from trade depends on the extent of difference between the market size of the large country. If the market size of a large country is much larger and there is a large difference, trade gains will be very large, whereas if the market size is similar, profits of domestic firm will decrease. Therefore, in that case, the size of the gains from trade becomes relatively small because only the gains from exchange exists. On the other hand, in a large country with a large market size, there is a possibility of trade gains only when the market size is similar to that of a small country, which is a trading partner. However, if there is a large difference in market size, the decrease in profits of domestic firm is relatively larger than the increase in consumer surplus due to trade, and rather, a trade loss occurs. Research implications or Originality - Our analysis contributes to filling the gaps in the literature regarding the distribution of gains from trade, and from a policy point of view, it is meaningful in examining the impact of market size, an important variable considered in regional economic integration of countries.

Purpose - This study examines the effects of Dubai oil price and the volatility on the asymmetry of domestic gasoline price adjustment. Additionally, the study investigates the effects of "Altteul" gas-station and tax-cut policies on asymmetry. Design/methodology/approach - Firstly, the study calculates proxies for asymmetry and volatility of each window(every 3-month) by error-correction model and GARCH(1, 1) using daily domestic gas price and Dubai oil price from 2008/04/15 to 2022/12/31. Secondly, the study investigates the effects of the increasing rate of Dubai oil price, volatility, "Altteul" gas-station and tax-cut policies on asymmetry. The autoregressive distributed lag regression model is employed for estimations. Findings - The study finds that changes in the increasing rate of Dubai oil price and both types of volatility of Dubai oil price increase asymmetry. While "Altteul" gas-station and tax-cut policies decrease asymmetry. Additionally, the study fails to find that asymmetry in the Korean gasoline market in the estimation with total observations. Research implications or Originality - An increase in Dubai oil price volatility means an increase in cost uncertainty for gas-station owners. Since cost uncertainty is a kind of financial risk, the increase in volatility reinforces the asymmetry. The study provides supporting evidence for the idea.

Purpose - Our previous study (Chang & Lee, 2023) presented observations on the recent changes in the year-on-year (YoY) Consumer Price Index (CPI) of the Republic of Korea (ROK) after the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this article is to present an integrated analysis and interpretation of the recent changes in CPI and the Aggregate Import Price Index (IPI) by incorporating recent data, specifically data from September 2022 to December 2022. Design/methodology/approach - This study collected CPI (YoY) data in the ROK from January 2019 to December 2022 using e-National Indicator System provided by the ROK. Statistical analysis was employed to analyze the data. Findings - First, we confirm the extended results of the existing study by Chang and Lee (2023). Second, we demonstrate that the Aggregate IPI in ROK increased significantly in 2022 compared to 2021. We then provide an integrated interpretation on the significant increase in CPI and aggregate IPI in ROK, which complements Chang and Lee (2023) that limits their discussion to YoY CPI. Moreover, we show that the IPI of the semiconductor in ROK decreased significantly in 2022 compared to 2021. Research implications or Originality - Our results provide important insights into the recent changes in the CPI in the ROK. The results suggest that these changes can be partially attributed to various factors, such as the global supply chain disruptions resulting from the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the prolonged war between Russia and Ukraine, the side effect of quantitative easing by the US Federal Reserve, heat waves and droughts caused by climate change in ROK, a surge in demand following a gradual daily recovery, US-China trade conflict, etc. Our study shows statistically comprehensive results compared to the studies that limit their discussion to YoY average growth rate.

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to analyze environmental and labor issues and related norms, which are new trade issues that are expanding in bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, and examine the possible impact of these norms on domestic fisheries policies. Design/methodology/approach - In this study, literature research was used as the main research methods. The comparative analysis of international norms and multilateral trade agreements texts related to the environment, labor and trade were conducted. Findings - The new trade norms in the fisheries sector can be represented by labor and environment issues. Since domestic environmental and labor standards do not fully meet the standards of the multilateral trade agreements, it is necessary to ensure that domestic norms are supplemented and relevant policies are newly established through a review of international law on environment and labor. Research implications or Originality - This study confirmed that international norms related to labor and environment in the fisheries sector are mixed with soft norms and binding norms, and each norm is linked in a multi-layered and mutual way. Such international norms are being strengthened in connection with trade agreements and issues.

Purpose - This study is a study on the factors affecting job satisfaction of foreign migrant workers (focusing on domestic automobile industry workers) to examine the impact of foreign workers on the corporate management of Korean manufacturers in Korean society. Design/methodology/approach - A survey was conducted on 152 foreign laborers who lived in Korea. First, an exploratory factor analysis was performed to confirm reliability and validity. Second, an multiple regression was conducted based on the reliability and exploratory factor analysis results. Third, the mediation regression by checking the effect of organizational commitment. Findings - The acculturation and organizational fairness were found to have a great influence on job satisfaction, and this study found that perceived acculturation had an effect on job satisfaction through the mediating effect of organizational commitment. In addition, organizational fairness was also found to have an effect on job satisfaction as a mediating effect of organizational commitment. Research implications or Originality - It was to provide meaningful implications for foreign workers in the current Korean labor market. Based on the results, the corporate competitiveness of Korean manufacturers should be further secured.

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to explore and diagnose the characteristics and behavioural patterns of rural tourists after COVID-19 using decision tree analysis to classify and identify key segmentation groups. Design/methodology/approach - The CHAID algorithm was used as the analysis technique for the decision tree. The explanatory variables used in the analysis of each decision tree model were demographic variables and rural tourism usage behaviour and perception variables, and the target variables were the preferences of rural tourists' activities after COVID-19. From the Rural Tourism 2020 survey data, 614 samples with rural tourism experience were extracted and used in the analysis. Findings - The variables that significantly explained the preference for each type of rural tourism activity after COVID-19 were rural tourism safety perception, repeated visits to the region, rural tourism priority activity, rural tourism accommodation experience, gender, age group, marital status, occupation, and education level. Among them, rural tourism safety perception was the most important explanatory variable in each analysis model. Research implications or Originality - Overall, to promote rural tourism, it is necessary to enhance the safety image of rural tourism, strengthen loyalty programs for repeat visitors, and develop customized products that reflect the preferred trends of rural tourism.

Purpose - The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of job satisfaction related attributes on the level of life satisfaction of individuals with disabilities. Job satisfaction related elements consist of wage level, job stability, working condition, career development, and communication. Design/methodology/approach - For the data collection, this research made use of The Korean Panel Survey of Employment for people with disabilities, with the study period consisting of 2016-2018, and the number of observations measuring 4405. For the data analysis, the ordinary least square, fixed effect, and random effect regression models were used. Findings - The results indicate that the life satisfaction of people with disabilities is positively influenced by wage satisfaction, job stability satisfaction, working condition satisfaction, career development satisfaction, and communication satisfaction. Research implications or Originality - This study informs policy makers for the design of welfare for people with disability, specifically related to their labor conditions.

Purpose - Market structure is crucial to identify as it defines the market states for new and existing container ports to perform within a given region. the study aims to compare the major ports in the Bay of Bengal in the context of Chittagong Port. Design/methodology/approach - For this study, the past 9 years of container volume data have been collected and analyzed through the HHI index, BCG matrix and shift effect analysis. Based on the analysis, this study has found that the Chittagong Port is in an oligopoly competitive market structure. Findings - The findings have shown that port in low market share and low growth in very recent years with the moderately concentrated ports HHI index. The shift effect analysis shows that the container volumes shifted from one port to another in the 2019 and 2020 periods. This study is the pioneer study in the Bay of Bengal region to identify the market structure, analyze market share and growth, and analyze the market concentration. Research implications or Originality - Future recommendations for the port authority is to take advantage of geolocation; attract international; tax exemption, faster clearance process, reduced waiting charges; increasing storage and technological machinery; promoting maritime logistics education; promoting Chittagong tourism; collaboration with other countries. Also, this study can be used as basic data for the establishment of a new supply chain between Korea and Southwest Asia for the Korean government and companies.