• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.453-460
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• 2010

Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy and consistency of two different apex locators at both the Apex and 0.5 marks. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six root canals was scheduled for extraction for periodontal or prosthodontic reasons. Thirteen canals were measured using Root ZX and the rest by i-ROOT. The root canal length was measured both the at 0.5 mark and the Apex mark. The file was then fixed to the toot, and the distance from the file tip to the major foramen of each canal was measured after removing the root dentin under the microscope so that the major foramen and the file tip were seen. Results: 1. When the Apex mark was used, 100% of both the Root ZX and i-ROOT groups were within 0.5 mm of the major foramen. 2. When 0.5 mark was used, 100% of the Root ZX group and 77% of the i-ROOT group were within 0.5 mm of the major foramen. 3. In terms of standard deviation and quartile value, the Apex mark was more consistent than 0.5 mark in the Root ZX group, and 0.5 mark was more consistent in the i-ROOT group, but there was no statistically significant difference when compared with t-test. 4. The root canal length difference between the Apex mark and 0.5 mark was 0.22 mm and 0.46 mm in the Root ZX and i-ROOT groups, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, the Apex mark was the more consistent mark. Therefore, it is recommended to subtract 0.5 mm, which is the average length between the apex and apical constriction, from the root canal length at the Apex mark to obtain the working length clinically.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

Maeul-soop(Village forest) is a key element of Korean traditional village landscape historically and culturally. However, a number of Maeul-soops have been lost or declined due to various influences since the modern age. For this Maeul-soop that has a variety of conservation values including historical, cultural and ecological ones, attention and efforts for a systematic conservation and restoration of Maeul-soop are needed. The purpose of the present study is to provide information on ecological restoration and sustainable use and management of Maeul-soops based on component plant species, habitat and location characteristics of 499 Maeul-soops spread throughout Korea. Major six categories of threat factors to Maeul-soop ecosystem were identified and the influence of each factor was evaluated. For the evaluation of weight by threat factors for the influence on the vulnerability of Maeul-soop ecosystem, more three-dimensional analysis was conducted using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis method. In the results of evaluation using AHP analysis method, reduction of area, among six categories, was spotted as the biggest threat to existence of Maeul-soops. Next, changes in topography and soil environment were considered as a threat factor of qualitative changes in Maeul-soop ecosystem. Influence of vegetation structure and its qualitative changes on the loss or decline of Masul-soop was evaluated to be lower than that of changes in habitat. Based on weight of each factor, the figures were converted with 100 points being the highest score and the evaluation of vulnerability of Maeul-soop was conducted with the converted figures. In the result of evaluation of vulnerability of Maeul-soops, grade III showed the highest frequency and a normal distribution was formed from low grade to high grade. 38 Maeul-soops were evaluated as grade I which showed high naturality and 10 Maeul-soops were evaluated as grade V as their maintenance was threatened. Also in the results of evaluation of vulnerability of each Maeul-soop, restoration of Maeul-soop's own area was found as top priority to guarantee the sustainability of Maeul-soops. It was confirmed that there was a need to prepare a national level ecological response strategy for each vulnerability factor of Maeul-soop, which was important national ecological resources.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.4
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• pp.42-49
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• 1986

The changes in pectinesterase (PE) and polygalacturonase (PG) activities were investigated during maturation and ripening of tomato fruits. PG was isolated from ripe tomatoes and purified by using DEAE-sephadex A-50 column chromatography. Its property was examined by general methods. PE activity was increased during maturation and then peaked at the on set of color change. PG activity was not detectable in mature green tomato fruits but increased during softening. Slab electrophoresis of the crude enzyme isolated from ripe tomatoes shoed 6 bands. Two polygalacturonase (PGI, PGII) were separated from crude enzyme of ripe tomatoes by chromatography on DEAE-sephadex A-50. PGI and PGII were purified by 61 fold and 98 fold by the present procedure, respectively. The Rm values of partially purified PGI and PGII were estimated to be 0.25 and 0.31, respectively. The optimum temp, and pH of PGI activity were $37^{\circ}C$ and pH 4.5, while those of PGII activity were $40^{\circ}C$ and pH 4.7, respectively. Isozyme PGI activity was the most stable at pH 4.3 and retained 50% of its activity when exposed at $78^{\circ}C$ for 5 min.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 1992

To know the extension effect of storage temperature on the pre-rigor period of plaice, Paratichthys olivaceus muscle, the relationship between early changes after death and temperature dependency was studied. Killed plaices instantly with spiking at the brain were stored at $-3^{\circ}C,\;0^{\circ}C,\;5^{\circ}C\;and\;10^{\circ}$ used in studying the changes in rigor Index, ATP and its related compounds, lactate contents and K-value. The most shortest onset time of rigor-mortis and full rigor was revealed in the sample stored at $-3^{\circ}C$ among the all samples, where rigor-mortis began at 4hrs after spiking and maximum tension was attained after 28hrs. However, in case of fresh plaice muscle stored at $10^{\circ}C$, the onset of rigor-mortis and full rigor were retarded to 14hrs and 52hrs after spiking. ATP in sample stored at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;10^{\circ}C$ were decomposed slowly than sample at $0^{\circ}C\;-3^{\circ}C $ and within 35hrs storage. The fastest rate and the maximum content of lactate accumulation were showed in sample stored at $-3^{\circ}$ among the all samples. The correlation coefficient(r) between the rate of rigor mortis and ATP breakdown, rigor mortis and lactate accumulation, and ATP breakdown and lactate accumulation were -0.981946, 0.965044, and -0.964728, respectively. Freshness of $-3^{\circ}C$ stored samples was maintained for the longest time compared with other stored samples. The times reached around $20\%$ of K-value were 240hrs for samples stored at $-3^{\circ}C,\;96hrs\;for\;0^{\circ}C\;samples,\;71hrs\;for\;5^{\circ}C\;samples,\;and\;22hrs\;for\;10^{\circ}C$ samples. Samples stored at $-3^{\circ}C,\;and\;0^{\circ}C$ were showed higher temperature dependency on rate of rigor-mortis, ATP breakdown, and lactate accumulation than $5^{\circ}C\;and\;10^{\circ}C$ stored samples, but those samples have a lower temperature dependency on K-value.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.993-999
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• 2001

The purpose of the study was to develop a nutritional counseling program using expert system to assist obese people to lose weight through behavior modification in the internet. The counseling internet program for weight loss was developed by the accumulation of knowledge for dealing with eating habits and exercising behaviors into expert system tool, Knowledge Engineering Agent (KEA) by a dietitian without any help of computer expert. KEA was built based on the theory of Multiple Classification Ripple Down Rules. To accumulate knowledge into KEA, survey was performed in 150 obese people, the dietitian reviewed and consulted each survey case, and the consulted contents were learned and accumulated into KEA. Survey questionnaires were the same as those of the internet consulting program, and they included general characteristics, dietary habits, lifestyle, and exercise patterns related to obesity. KEA was used for nutritional counseling of obese people after KEA had enough knowledge for weight loss based on behavior modification by the dietitian. To accumulate knowledge to KEA, the dietitian selected proper factors inferred from the survey questionnaire of each case, and added the conclusions for them. Conclusions were made for helping clients to correct bad eating behaviors and accumulate good behaviors for losing weight. When clients answered survey questionnaires in a counseling internet program, KEA gave the recommendation how to eat, to exercise and the deal with stress in a real time for each case. If KEA did not have enough knowledge for a specific case, the conclusion window wrote no conclusion and the dietitian needed to add conclusions for the case. The conclusions for the new case added to the KEA knowledge base. In conclusions, a counseling internet program for weight reduction can be used for give advices how to deal with obesity in a man-to-man way in a real time using KEA where nutritional knowledge based on behavior modification for weight loss was accumulated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.921-929
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• 2004

Dietary intake of whole grains, vegetable and fruit is known to reduce the degenerative chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of the ethanol extract of Korean Millet, Buckwheat, Sorghum and Job's tears were examined by inhibition against iron-induced linoleate per-oxidation, DPPH (1,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical generation and MDA-BSA (malondialdehyde-bovine serum albumin) conjugation, and Ames test using Salmonella. Buckwheat showed the strongest antioxidative effect in three different systems among these four grains, but it showed the lowest antimutagenic effect. Sorghum was the second to Buckwheat in iron-induced linoleate peroxidation inhibition activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity, and showed very good direct-antimutagenic effect in 2-Nitrofluorene treated Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and indirect-antimutagenic effect in 2-Anthramine treated Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with hepatic S9 mixture. Millet showed the strongest antimutagenic effect in Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA 100 with or without S9. Buckwheat contained the highest total flavonoids and polyphenols, 1.14 mg/g and 3.71 mg/g, respectively. Total flavonoid content in these four grains was negatively correlated with $IC_{50}$/ for DPPH radical scavenging antioxidative effect significantly (r=-0.9924, p=0.0076), but not with antimutagenic effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.857-863
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• 2004

The effects of adipic acid on the growth of psychrotrophic kimchi lactic acid bacteria and on the fermentatation of mulkimchi were investigated. Four Leuconostoc and one Lactobacillus species were isolated from kinnchi fermented for 50 days at 6$^{\circ}C$. The growth inhibition rate of adipic acid on psychrotrophic kimchi lactic acid bacteria and control strain, Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCCM l1324, was gradually increased from 0.1% of adipic acid concentration and its growth inhibition rate on selected strains reached 90% at 0.4% addition of adipic acid. On the bases of these results, the Preservative effect of adipic acid on the fermentation of mulkimchi was investigated for 25 days at 1$0^{\circ}C$. The pH of mulkimchi containing adipic acid was lower than that of control mulkimchi at the beginning of fermentation. However, the pH of the control mulkimchi decreased rapidly and the pH is lower at the end of fermentation than that of all samples containing adipic acid. The control increased rapidly during fermentation at the acidity. Adipic acid inhibited the growth of several microorganisms in mulkimchi including Lactobacilli. The number of Lactobacilli in control mutkimchi increased rapidly at the beginning stage of fermentation and it decreased at the end stage due to lowering of pH. However, that of mulkimchi with adipic acid slowly increased. Addition of 0.2% ethyl alcohol showed increase of preservative effect of 0.1% adipic acid in mulkimchi.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1185-1193
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• 2006

This study investigated the effects of green tea on the disorders of lipid metabolism, oxidative system and hepatic functions induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), using adult male rats (SD) for 3 weeks. These 36 animals were divided into four groups. TCDD ($50{\mu}g/kg$ BW) was intraperitoneally injected at the beginning of experiment. Green tea powder was added 1% or 3% levels in basal diets respectively. Relative weights of thymus were decreased about one-third of control group, but those of liver, brain and testis were significantly increased in rats treated TCDD. Neutrophill% and lymphocyte% by TCDD treatment was improved by green tea diets. In liver functional enzyme, elevation of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities due to TCDD treatment was lowered by green tea diets. The concentrations of serum and liver lipids were significantly increased by TCDD treatment, however, those of serum and liver triglyceride tended to decrease by green tea diets. Fecal lipid excretion was increased in rats fed green tea diets. Especially, fecal total cholesterol level was significantly elevated by 3% green tea diets. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased in rats fed 3% green tea diets. Increment of benzphetamine N-demethylase (BPND) activity by TCDD treatment was declined by 1% green tea diets. These results indicate that green tea can exert improving effects on liver lipid accumulation and unfavorable hepatic functions, and elevate antioxidation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1178-1184
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of antler velvet (EAV) on common serum chemistry panels and histopathological change in rats exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Administration of TCDD ($50{\mu}g/kg$ body weight) induced significant decrease in platelet count (p<0.01), creatine phosphokinase (CPK, p<0.01), lactatate dehydrogenase (LDH, p<0.05) and glucose (p<0.05) levels and increase in hemoglobin (p<0.05), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, p<0.01), alanine amino transferase (ALT, p<0.05) and lipase activities (p<0.05), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN, p<0.05), triglyceride (p<0.01) and low density lipoptotein cholesterol (LDL-C, p<0.05) levels. However, pretreatment of EAV at daily dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. from 1 wk before TCDD exposure for 5 wks attenuated the abnormality of the overall serum chemistry panels but statistical difference between TE and TA groups was observed only in testicular weight (p<0.01), LDH activity (p<0.05), glucose (p<0.05) and lipase activity (p<0.01). In addition, TCDD induced significant histopathological changes including swelling, fatty metamorphosis, and vacuolar degeneration in liver; edema in proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and glomerulus in kidney; severe atrophy of red purple and appearance of significant number of macrophage in spleen; prominent atrophy and decrease in immune cells in thymus. On the other hand, administration of EAV attenuated histopathological damage induced by TCDD. These results further suggest that administration of EAV attenuates TCDD induced testicular, liver, pancreatic, hematopoietic and nephrotic toxicities in rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2007

This study was conducted to analyze the antioxidant activity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect of hot-water extracts from Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. to provide fundamental data for the development of functional materials. The antioxidative activities of hot-water extracts from E. multiflora Thunb. were analyzed by electron donating ability (EDA) using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) -like activity by pyrogallol and nitrite scavenging ability. EDA of extracts from unripe, ripe, and overripe fruits were 77.7%, 36.0%, and 23.7% at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively, and EDA of extract in unripe fruits was higher than those of others. At 1,000 $\mu$g/mL, the SOD-like activities were 32.8%, 11.2% and 5.0% for unripe, ripe, and overripe fruits, respectively. The SOD-like activity was increased along with the increase of unripe and ripe extract concentrations. The nitrite scavenging ability of unripe fruit extracts in 100, 300, 500 ${\mu}g/mL$ of extraction solution in pH 1.2 and 3.0 was higher than those of others. The nitrate scavenging ability of all extracts was decreased according to the increase of pH. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of unripe, ripe and overripe fruits were 30.0%, 28.2%, and 18.2% at 1,000 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively.