• Wind and Structures
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.101-129
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• 2017

Local transient extreme wind loads caused by group tower-related interference are among the major reasons that lead to wind-induced damage of super-large cooling towers. Four-tower arrangements are the most commonly seen patterns for super-large cooling towers. We considered five typical four-tower arrangements in engineering practice, namely, single row, rectangular, rhombic, L-shaped, and oblique L-shaped. Wind tunnel tests for rigid body were performed to determine the influence of different arrangements on static and dynamic wind loads and extreme interference effect. The most unfavorable working conditions (i.e., the largest overall wind loads) were determined based on the overall aerodynamic coefficient under different four-tower arrangements. Then we calculated the one-, two- and three-dimensional aerodynamic loads under different four-tower arrangements. Statistical analyses were performed on the wind pressure signals in the amplitude and time domains under the most unfavorable working conditions. On this basis, the non-Gaussian distribution characteristics of aerodynamic loads on the surface of the cooling towers under different four-tower arrangements were analyzed. We applied the Sadek-Simiu procedure to the calculation of two- and three-dimensional aerodynamic loads in the cooling towers under the four-tower arrangements, and the extreme wind load distribution patterns under the most unfavorable working conditions in each arrangement were compared. Finally, we proposed a uniform equation for fitting the extreme wind loads under the four-tower arrangements; the accuracy and reliability of the equation were verified. Our research findings will contribute to the optimization of the four-tower arrangements and the determination of extreme wind loads of super-large cooling towers.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.705-710
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• 2005

NIL (nanoimprint lithography) technique has demonstrated a high potential for wafer size definition of nanometer as well as micrometer size patterns. During the replication process by NIL, the stiction between the stamp and the polymer is one of major problems. This stiction problem is moi·e important in small sized patterns. An antistiction layer prevents this stiction ana insures a clean demolding process. In this paper, we were using a TCP (transfer coupled plasma) equipment and $C_4F_8$ as a precursor to make a Teflon-like antistiction layer. This antistiction layer was deposited on a 6 inch silicon wafer to have nanometer scale thicknesses. The thickness of deposited antistiction layer was measured by ellipsometry. To optimize the process factor such as table height (TH), substrate temperature (ST), working pressure (WP) and plasma power (PP), we were using a design of experimental (DOE) method. The table of full factorial arrays was set by the 4 factors and 2 levels. Using this table, experiments were organized to achieve 2 responses such as deposition rate and non-uniformity. It was investigated that the main effects and interaction effects between parameters. Deposition rate was in proportion to table height, working pressure and plasma power. Non-uniformity was in proportion to substrate temperature and working pressure. Using a response optimization, we were able to get the optimized deposition condition at desired deposition rate and an experimental deposition rate showed similar results.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.211-221
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• 2017

Objectives : The practices of Wei-qi and Nutritive-qi are generally divided into external Mai and internal Mai. However, they are closely interrelated and practiced together. While taking these aspects into consideration, this paper attempts to make interpretations in relation with Nutritive-qi the disease pathogens that appear in Shanghanlun's disease symptoms. Methods : Using the practice and function of Nutritive-qi described in Huangdineijing, the paper shall make interpretations for the patterns of Mawhangtang, patterns of Gaejitang, and the pathologies of pain, oedema, and nosebleed as described in Shanghanlun. Results & Conclusions : The pain from the patterns of Gaejitang differ from that of the patterns of Mawhangtang. First, the pain from the the patterns of Gaejitang cannot be the main symptom. Even if there is a symptom of pain, it's severity is not serious. Second, the pain from the patterns of Gaejiang takes the form of stiffness, and not general bodily pain. The reason for this stiffness is because of the emptiness of Wei-qi that leads to the congestion of Nutritive-qi which in turn causes the lack of qi and blood flow in muscula area such as abdomins. The symptom of oedema where one's body becomes swollen comes from a number of pathogens. First, the flow of meridian becomes hindered due to external dampness, a character which tends to be adhesive when added with humidty, and this results in the blockage of water qi which then causes the coagulation of nutritive blood. Second, when toxic heat is repressed and blocked within the lesser-yang channel, lesser-yang meridian stops working, which causes nutritive blood to clog at the front and back of ears since lesser-yang channel flows through that portion of body. Third, although oedema is not specifically mentioned in the sentences, but there exists the patterns of Daechungyongtang where water lumps are formed due to the accumulation and blockage of watery dampness. The patterns of Daechungyongtang is cuased when meridian is hindered from externally discharging body fluid due to a problem with meridian that blocks the fumigated internal heat which turns into bodily fluid from being discharged externally.

• 복식
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• 제58권7호
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• pp.43-59
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• 2008

This study aims to improve the uniform functionality of the workers who work in Electric Technology Division, Korea Railroad Corporation. Former study of questionnaire survey was taken to examine the current state of wearing working clothes for the workers. Based on the results of the former study, an experimental clothes, the functionality of which has improved in terms of design, materials, and patterns, was created, and existing working clothes and the treated experimental clothes were compared through simulation wearing evaluation comprising appearance, activity adaptability, quantitativeness, and on-site adaptability evaluation comprising appearance and activity adaptability. The followings are the results of the study: Simulation wearing evaluation is composed of 5subjects and 11experts specializing in costume, and as a result of evaluation the experimental clothes were evaluated superior to the existing working clothes in all items. On-site adaptability evaluation was conducted by workers in the Electric Technology Division, who are the subjects in this study. In that evaluation, the experimental clothes were also evaluated superior to the existing working clothes in all items. While the five subjects who participated in the simulation wearing evaluation move, the quantitative evaluation measured the distance of location transfer of the back length in the jacket and the distance of location transfer of the back waist in the trousers. As the distances in the experimental clothes were measured shorter than the distances in the existing working clothes, the subjective evaluation results are objectively supported.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.151-157
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify difficulties that working mothers face and solutions to the identified problems. Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional, descriptive survey. A survey with 8 items rated on a 5-point scale (1~5) and 5 open-ended questions was administered to 48 married nurses and nurse aides working in 5 nursing units of a teaching hospital in South Korea in April 2013. Results: The score of satisfaction with childrearing patterns (mean=$3.31{\pm}0.79$) was higher than that of satisfaction with spousal support (mean=$3.08{\pm}0.85$). The score of working mother's turnover intention (mean=$2.40{\pm}1.03$) was lowest among the 8 items, but partners did not want their wives to quit work (mean=$3.60{\pm}1.22$). Satisfaction with company employment benefits for childrearing (mean=$2.90{\pm}0.72$) had the lowest score among the 4 satisfaction types analyzed. The turnover intention and satisfactions with childrearing (r=-.51, p<.001), spousal support (r=-.43, p=.002), supervisor's support (r=-.36, p=.013), and company benefits (r=-.37, p=.009) showed significant negative correlations. Conclusion: According to these results, familial support for childrearing is highly correlated with employed mothers' turnover intention. So improvement of familial support for childrearing will reduce married nurses' turnover intention. In addition, well-organized nursery facilities are recommended for enabling working mothers to continue their careers. Furthermore, more family-friendly welfare policies such as a flextime systems or compulsory paternity leave should be reinforced in the workplace.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.125-139
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• 2000

The main purpose of this study is to examine the relation between different patterns of commitment to work role and fathering and the level of life satisfaction. 272 fathers, whose oldest child is under 12 years old with professional, managerial and clerical jobs, were selected. The major findings of this study were as follow: 1) Married men with the oldest child under 12 years old were more likely to be committed to fathering than to work role. 2) The significant variables that affected the level of commitment to fathering were the age of the oldest child, the frequency of participation in the meeting after work, parental satisfaction, and how they perceive the spousal support. And the significant variables that affected the level of commitment to work role were type of job, parental distress, work satisfaction, work distress. 3) Patterns of commitment to fathering and work role were categorized into four groups. The names were given as positively balanced commitment pattern, positive fathering commitment pattern, negative fathering commitment pattern, and totally negative commitment pattern. 4) The significant variables important in classifying the patterns of commitment to work role and fathering appeared to be the age of the oldest child, work distress, the frequency of participation in the meeting after work, parental satisfaction, how they perceive the spousal support, work satisfaction and weekend total working hour. 5) The balanced positive commitment to work and fathering was associated with the highest level of life satisfaction.

• Architectural research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

This research has acquired preliminary information about the existing conditions and understanding of members regarding time management for members in the architectural field. The goal of this research is to construct a basis for the time management education framework in architectural field in the future. This research mainly focuses on following questions based on limited objectives: Do groups of academics and professionals have understanding and knowledge of time management? Can the level of an individual's scheduling techniques be correlated to the patterns of knowledge and understanding of time management principles and practices? Can the time management practice status in individual's working environment be correlated to the patterns of knowledge and understanding of time management principles and practices? Can an individual's self-confidence level be correlated to the patterns of knowledge and understanding of time management principles and practices? Data have been collected through comprehensive questionnaires given to academics and professionals in United States. By means of statistical analysis, the hidden patterns, deficiencies and relationships in attitudes about time management have been revealed. The statistical analysis has produced conclusions that, among several subdivisions, self-discipline and planning have strong relationships and confidence, personal organization, control, and information gathering subdivisions have certain relationships with objectives of time management education in this research.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2007

Purpose: The research was performed to provide basic information and bring importance to people's attention based upon seizing relation between employees's life patterns and health conditions in their daily lives. Method: This study was done from October 9th, 2006 to 27th and targeted on people who work more than 1 year in Seoul and Kyung-gi area including 700 people; 350 of males, 350 of females. In the experiment, there are 8 measurable variables which are weight, smoking, drinking, exercise, sleeping, having breakfast, regular time for meal and having snack. The survey questionnaire used THI. The collected data was analyzed using t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and Multiple regression with SPSS/PC. Results: 1) It showed different data based on general traits such as gender, age, marriage, job and working time. 2) It also displayed different data in physical, mental and total health conditions depending on general traits. 3) The rate of symptom appeal was noticeably low as the body condition is in a good shape. 4) It exhibited that the variables for the rate of symptom appeal was negatively related to both male and female. 5) The variables affected to health conditions were age, exercise, having snack, sleeping, time for meal and smoking for male and weight, sleeping and time for meal for female. Conclusion: It is shown that if a person has a good life patterns in his/her daily life, he/she has a low rate of symptom appeal, which means he/she has better both physical and mental conditions.

• 한국인구학
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.123-142
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• 2010

이 연구는 남성들의 은퇴가 활발히 일어나는 연령층 부부들의 식사 및 관련 행위를 분석하고 있다. 이 연구는 가사노동을 다루어 온 많은 연구들과 중첩되는 측면이 있으나, 식사준비, 식사행위, 설거지 등의 개별항목을 끼니별로 접근함으로써 일상적인 삶의 구체적인 모습에 한걸음 더 다가가고 있다. 한편, 대부분의 기존연구와는 달리 개인의 특성과 함께 부부나 배우자의 특성을 함께 고려하여 분석을 시도하고 있다. 한국통계청이 실시한 2004년도 생활시간조사자료 중 40대 후반부터 60대 후반 사이의 기혼여성들과 그 배우자들의 식생활행위를 분석해 본 결과, 부부의 식사행위, 식사준비 및 설거지 양상 등은 무엇보다도 부부의 취업형태에 따라 큰 차이를 보인다. 부부의 취업형태를 중심으로 볼 때, 부부가 함께 식사하는 비율이 가장 낮은 것은 부인만 취업한 상태이다. 은퇴연령층에서 부인만 취업하고 있다는 것은 이들이 식당 등과 같은 서비스업에 종사할 가능성이 높으며, 이로 인해 부부가 함께 식사할 수 있는 기회가 적음을 의미한다. 한편, 부인만 식사준비 하는 비율은 부인만 취업한 경우가 다른 경우보다 낮게 나타난다. 그럼에도 불구하고 부인만 취업한 경우에도 부인만 식사를 준비하는 사례가 절반 정도에 이른다. 부인만 설거지를 하는 비율 또한 식사준비를 하는 비율의 패턴과 유사하다. 이 비율 또한 부인만 취업한 경우에 가장 낮지만, 상당 수준에 이른다. 이를 통해 볼 때 식사준비와 설거지를 하는 해당 연령층 부인들의 비율은 취업상태에 따라 분명한 차이를 보이지만 대체로 이들 행위들은 여성들의 몫으로 남겨져 있다. 이는 다시 가족 내 식사준비와 설거지 등과 같은 일상적인 삶의 행위가 가족내 성역할을 반영하고 있음을 보여준다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.399-418
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stress response of nurses working on psychiatric wards (psychiatric nurses) compared with that of nurses working on general wards (general nurses) in order to provide assessment data for intervention of the stress response. The Symptoms of Stress Inventory was used to measure the stress response. Data were collected by a direct survey method using a questionnaire and were collected from March first to March 30, 1995. A sample of 200 nurses working in three psychiatric hospitals and psychiatric wards in four university hospitals in Seoul and Kangwon province were selected and 200 nurses working on general wards from two general hospitals in Seoul were also selected for a total sample of 400 nurses. Nurses who had experienced more than one of the major life events in the last two years were excluded from the total number in the samples, so the final sample was 161 psychiatric nurses, and 169 general nurses. The Scores for the total stress response, scores of the SOS subscales, stress response by sociodemographic characteristics of the nurses working on the psychiatric wards were compared with those of nurses working on the general ward. The results of this investigation are as follows 1. The mean total SOS score for the psychiatric nurse was 0.81 (SD=0.48) and that of the general nurses was 0.90(SD=0.53). 2. The Mean score for peripheral manifestation, con tral-neurological symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle tension, habitual patterns, de-pression, anxiety, anger and cognitive disorganization for the general nurses showed a tendency to be higher than those of the psychiatric nurses. Mean score for cardiopulmonary symptoms for the general nurses was significantly higher than that of the psychiatric nurses. 3. The mean scores for the sixteen SOS items for the general nurses was significantly higher than for the psychiatric nurses. The 16 items were flushing of the face, sweating excessively even in cold weather, thumping of the heart, rapid breathing, dry mouth, a choking lump in the throat, hoarseness, muscle tension in hands or arm, muscle tension in leg, working tiring one out completely, severe aches a핀 Pain make it diffi-cult to do the work, severe nervous exhaustion, worrying about health, feeling weak and faint, so upset that one wants to hit something, unable to keep thoughts from running through one's mind. The mean score of only 505 item were significantly higher for the psychiatric nurses. 4. Stress responses between psychiatric nurses and general nurses were significantly different according to the following demographic characteristics : marriage, duration of work, position, accommodation, planning to move into another working site, working ward, education in psychiatric nursing.