• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

This paper is to find the difference of evaluation structure between a residential space and of ace work space and to examine a relation between mood item and behavior items on evaluation of the luminous environment. First 20 mood items md 15 behavior items were selected for evaluation item on the luminous environment. And then, subjective evaluation was experimented by the semantic differential method. The results are as follows: (1) In respect of evaluation un the mood both luminous environments that have each different character of space at evaluated by the three factors; activity, comfort and quality. (2) In respect of evaluation on the behavior, three factors, work, relaxation and entertainment are selected in the residential space and two factors, work and non-work are selected in the office work space. (3) In the residential space, activity is very important factor that affects on three behaviors, work, relaxation and entertainment. In the office work space, activity affects on work and quality affects on non-work.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was undertaken in order to evaluate by work space zoning and structure the concentrations of biological contaminants in the indoor air of domestic office buildings. Methods: Air samples were collected in the office spaces of 15 office buildings in Seoul from June 28 to July 28, 2011. Prior to the sampling, each office was classified into 'open-plan office', 'cellular office' and 'mixed office' according to the work space zoning. To evaluate the biological contamination of indoor air, total suspended bacteria (TSB), Gram positive bacteria (GPB), Staphylococcus aureus (S.A), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Gram negative bacteria (GNB) and fungi were investigated. During the sampling, temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) were measured. Results: The TSB concentrations ($GM{\pm}GSD$) were $452({\pm}1.3)cfu/m^3$ in open-plan offices, $366({\pm}1.3)cfu/m^3$ in cellular offices and $287({\pm}1.5)cfu/m^3$ in mixed offices, and there were significant differences between the three groups (p<0.05). The highest concentrations ($GM{\pm}GSD$) of fungi were found in the indoor air of cellular offices $128({\pm}1.0)cfu/m^3$, which was at least three times higher than the concentrations in mixed offices $43({\pm}1.0)cfu/m^3$ (p<0.05). Conclusions: Microbiological contamination in the indoor air of office buildings by work space structure was the highest with the open-plan office layout which includes no high walls or doors separating the occupants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.251-252
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• 2015

Enough school facility maintenance data should be accumulated in a database or data warehouse in order to supply information about school facility correct maintenance budget plan, budget assignment, and cycle and rate of maintenance or replacement. For those, this research analyze the present school facility maintenance practice and budget and construction cost structure. In order to solve the problems, this study analyze the present practice of maintenance and replacement and obtain LCC(Life cycle cost) data, perform expert interview and then establish construction work breakdown structure of maintenance of educational facility by combining work breakdown structure(WBS) and cost breakdown structure(CBS).

• Archives of design research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.221-234
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• 2000

This thesis aims to study the space concept of the constructive mode in the work space of the postmodernism artists since 1970s. According to the changing view of the world artists, they are searching for the characteristics of having the parameter of formative organization on how they are related to the constructive system which represents the work styles. First, this study searches for the theoretical approaches of the constructive system and parameters that were studied by Le Corbusier - the module concept as the meaning of order system being used for the basic formative construction Second, when it is regarded as a formative construction in making art as the'principles of organization'(the law of living form), which was defined by Suzanne Langer in the formative theory as the organized structure shown in growth structure in mu and ecological system, the principles governing the module rules were arthmetically analysed art-work space through the dynamic symmetry of Jay Hambidge. Therefore, this study shows the principles working on the parameters for new formative organization as follows: First, the module in the work space should be designed and built from the dynamic symmetry. Second, the module should satisfy the human needs that it must be acceptable, efficient, flexible, which are the necessary and sufficient condition for the dynamic symmetry. Third, the dynamic symmetry which has the principle of Reciprocity and the principle of Complement as its primary construction principle has the common properties and the reciprocity in the construction of the work space and when it has the self similarity, it segments organically the total space without damaging the continuum.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.363-369
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• 2009

The total number of confined space accident cases from 1999 to 2007 in Korea were 220, causing 353 injuries and 212 casualties. Out of 220 cases, 44(20.0%) occurred in sewage treatment facilities and 40(18.2%) occurred in both manholes and containers. When the main causes of confined space accidents were classified, oxygen deficiency accounted for 69 cases(31.4%), carbon monoxide, 48(21.8%), hydrogen sulfide, 40(18.2%), and organic solvent, 32(14.5%). Improvement of occupational accident statistics is necessary in order to report accurate and precise data for confined space accidents. The structure of confined space must be considered when selecting gas to be measured.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.98-107
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• 1996

The use of composite hyperpatch model is proposed to predict a machine tool positional error over the entire work space. This is an appropriate representation of the distorted work space. This model is valid for any configuration of 3-axis machine tool. Tool position, which is given NC data or CL data, contains error vector in actual work space. In this study, off-line compensation scheme was investigated for tool position error due to inaccuracy in machine tool structure. The error vector in actual work space is corrected by the error model using Newton-Raphson method. The proposed error compensation method shows the possibility of improving machine accuracy at a low cost.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.123-130
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• 2008

This study is about the Characteristic of glass outer skin expressions in space designs of contemporary society, due to the rapid development of information and digital technology. These days, the glass outer skin show the various images and space expressions which symbolize the informations and the society. The contemporary space designers focus on the glass as the structure materials, and purposely use the glass to achieve the structure concept which satisfies the needs of contemporary society. Therefore, it is a valuable work to analyze the meaning of glass, which has been used for the structure. Throughout the work which has been experienced by glass outer skin, theoretical studies have been achieved and recently the 14 examples were chosen as the glass structures based on the experimental research and frequency featured in magazines after year 2000, which we have analyzed in detail. Glass outer skin reflect the phrases of time in modern society, and throughout the meaning of it, we could see that the glass outer skin serve the roles in informations, interface, imaginary modernization, and as a landmark position. Therefore, in this study, we can make a definition of glass outer skin expression based on the situations of modem times by analyzing the symbolic meaning of glass outer skin in contemporary space designs.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.178-187
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• 2007

As the government has enforced recently the policies on the distribution of the housing, the construction cost of multi-family housing projects has increasingly become very sensitive and political issue. However, it is difficult to predict the construction cost in planning and design phase of the project because the Bill of Quantity of the multi-family housing projects was composed of breakdown structure based on each work package. To predict the construction cost in planning and design phase for multi-family housing projects in more effective and reasonable way, this study developed the cost breakdown structure based on spaces using Delphi method. The Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS) based on spaces for multi-family housing projects basically consists of three parts: (i) Building part; (ii) Non-building part; and (iii) Additional part. The characteristics of spaces in multi-family housing projects are fully taken into consideration. Then these three parts were subdivided into work packages in terms of work tasks. Additionally, the usefulness and effectiveness of Space CBS in this paper were validated by analyzing the BOQs of several collected sample projects and matching with Space CBS afterwards.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.6
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• pp.267-287
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• 2004

The study of a new expression within Korean ink painting that meets the demands of the times has continued, resulting in various expressions with acrylics, handycoat, objects and installations, crossing over from traditional Korean painting techniques. A 'margin' was both a very important space and esthetical matter that expresses 'Ki', 'Distance', and 'Omission' in traditional sense when addressing Korean ink painting Its expression methods and concepts, however, have changed today. A 'margin' through Montage technique can be a significant example in understanding the expression methods of today's Korean ink painting. This is because the margins in Montage make the meaning of the work various and flourished and deeply construct the surface with a double-layered structure, instead of using a single layer. These 'margins' created by Montage are spaces where different images conflict, divide and continue with each other and where a reconciliation between different spaces is accomplished. Furthermore, they establish more vitality and truthfulness to life through both the images conflict and reconciliation. After the adoption of Post-modernism Art in Korean ink painting, the characteristics of the 'margin' in Montage style by the division of surface are an 'acceptant's participatory imaginative space'; where viewers fill the margins with their imaginations ; an 'abandoned space' ; where unnecessary parts are deleted for more live surface ; and a 'strategic space', where the work enriches the structure and contents of surface by using margins strategically.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.39-60
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• 2008

Nature/Landscape is surrounding space in which we make living. It is considerably comprehensive tenn. but on the other hand, the site can be existence, experience, and certain circumstance with boundaries. Based on these places, through contemporary art criticism, this study is to contemplate how art since 1960s, especially, site-specific art in three-dimensional space intervene in the environment. Artists of today put more value on the process and act of art making founded on the external, and they tend to create the characteristic of site or to indicate linguistic documentation. Moreover, a large-scale tendency of contemporary sculpture and 'occupation of specific site' seems to accede spatial conception from architecture. The core that recognizes these artworks is with body, that is to say, the space in which Self becomes the subject by changing the structure of the work while moving around it. In particular, 'Site-specific Art (in situ)' sometimes determines the form inward or outward It also relates directly on viewer's five senses by looking, hearing, and feeling, touching, and interacting. For example, in Richard Serra's , the viewer who moves around the work has the role to manipulate the movement of the work by perception. Works of In situ and works that planned for specific site suggest 'occupation of site' as of the function of the work These sites are ideal and special as well as being independent. Ultimately, it seems that the creative process of contemporary artists is to carry those intended form on the structure of perception. Furthermore, law of nature such as entropy, and acceptance of contingency helped organic structure of artwork become more abundant. For Robert Smithson, entropy suggests of reaching to a state of equilibriumin which everything is the same. This means that any core is justifiable and any rank is possible. Because the world without a core is a labyrinth of boundless exploration.