• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

Heavy metals were removed from CCA- and CCFZ- treated wood using a brown-rot fungi Tyromyces palustris. The amount of effective elements extracted from treated woods was compared for different treatment methods. The relationship between the amount of heavy metals removed and concentrations of oxalic acid for treated wood was examined. Also, the relationship between mycelia weight and removal rate was examined. The removed quantity of heavy metal from treated wood according to fermentation methods was examined. The extraction amount of chromium and arsenic components increased with increasing oxalic acid concentration, but the extraction amount of copper did not improved much. A 287 mg of mycelia weight can remove chromium and arsenic over 60% in 3 g CCA chips and copper was also removed over 50%. The chromium, copper and arsenic were removed over 60% by shaking fermentation, the removal rate of copper by static cultivation was higher than that of shaking fermentation. The removal rate of chromium, copper and arsenic were 72%, 61% and 59% with air-lift bioreactor, respectively.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.227-233
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• 2006

Solvent extraction of pentachlorophenol (PCP) from wood chips of the PCP-treated ammunition box has been studied using methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile. Experimental variables were chosen as the composition of solvents, the ratio of solvent per dried wood, size of the substance, extraction temperature and sonication applied to the samples. The average concentration of PCP was 720 ppm and methanol was the most effective for PCP extraction. Above 99％ of PCP were removed from the sample (initial concentration of PCP; 1297 ppm) within 2 h at room temperature by methanol. The minimal ratio of methanol per dried wood chip(v/w) was 10. Type of substances(chip or sawdust), extraction temperature and sonication showed little effects on PCP extraction.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.227-230
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• 2011

Pulps were separated from wood chips using an Electron beam irradiation (EBI) treatment without a NaOH-AQ (anthraquinone) treatment for cooking. The methods were based on a hot water treatment after EBI and two-step bleaching processes. Chemical compositions and FT-IR spectroscopy demonstrated that the content of lignin and hemicellulose in the bleached wood pulps treated with various EBI dose decreased with an increase of EBI doses. Specifically, the lignin in the bleached with pulps treated at 600 kGy of EBI dose was almost completely removed. Moreover, TGA analysis showed that a thermal stability increased with increasing the content of cellulose but the lignin decomposed slowly over the wide region.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.355-360
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• 2017

This study was aimed to analyze the increased forestry incomes by combining timber production and wood processing, which is one of 6th industrialization types in Korean forestry. The selected household has been engaged in forestry for two generations and they produce timber and associated wood products in their own facility. The wood products include dimension lumber, interior wood material, cutting board, and cube chips, the household also utilize logging and sawmill residues as well as seed and seedlings as by-products. Incomes and expenses that have been incurred on individual processes of the sequential timber production and wood processing were surveyed, and we analyzed the economic outcomes of entire business. The results of this study indicate that the gross income of the household is 122.3 million Korean won and the net income is 93.6 million Korean won. The net income of the household is approximately 2.8 times higher than the average net income of whole households in the forestry of Korea in 2016, which is approximately 4.3 times higher than that of households that have been particularly engaged in timber production over the country. We found that the 6th industrialization by combining the two sequential processes creates approximately 3.2 times as much added value compared to the case relying on timber production only.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.312-319
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• 1998

The dilute-acid pretreatment/hydrolysis of hemicellulose in oak wood using a percolation reactor was investigated. The experimental conditions ranged 160∼180$^{\circ}C$ and 0.05∼0.2 wt.% sulfuric acid. XMG(xylan+mannan+galactan) recovery was higher when sulfuric acid was used as leaching solvent than water. Also it was important for high XMG recovery to keep leaching temperature higher after reaction. XMG recovery was decreased as the size of wood chips was increased. At an optimum condition (reaction condition= 170$^{\circ}C$, 0.1% sulfuric acid, 1ml/min, 10min, leaching condition=0.1% sulfuric acid, 2mL/min, 20 min), the product yield and the sugar concentration were about 92% and 2.7%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.12-17
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• 1987

To extract arabinogalactan from larch (Larix Leptolepis), chips immersed with water(20-$90^{\circ}C$) for 1hr, were defiberized by refiner. The liquors were recovered and purified to pure arabinogalactan by ion exchange resin(IRC-50 a. IR-45) or MgO. Additionally the optimal condition in purification with MgO was also investigated. 1. The amounts of solids(crude sugars) and pure arabinogalctan in solids are 8.6-11.3% and 7.3-8.5%(raw material = 100), respectively. 2. Phenolic materials in crude sugars are removed up to 96-89% by ion exchange resin and 94-88% by MgO, while recovery yields of pure arabinogalactan are 81-75% on purification with ion exchange resin and 91-87% on purification with MgO. 3. The optimal conditions of purification with MgO are the addition of 35mg MgO/0.5g of crude sugars, 45 minutes at $70^{\circ}C$, or 25 mg MgO, 30 minutes at $85^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.123-131
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• 2006

This paper reports the apparatus and method for the safe treatment of pentachlorophenol(PCP)-treated ammunition box by solvent extraction. Experimental variables were chosen as the composition of solvents, types of substance(chips and sawdust), temperatures and sonication to obtain maximum PCP removal from wood samples of the dismantled ammunition box. Up to 99% of PCP in the wood chip was extracted within 2 hours at room temperature when using methanol as the solvent. The extraction volume ratio of methanol per dried sample was about 10. Type of samples, extraction temperature and sonification showed little effects on PCP extraction. Based on this study, a resource recycling system for the treatment of ammunition boxes was recommended.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 2008

Formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted from wood-based panels that have been made using wood particles, wood fiber, wood chips, formaldehyde-based resins and so on. In this study, we examined formaldehyde and total VOCs (TVOC) emission behaviors for plywood overlaid with water-soluble phenolic resin impregnated linerboard (PL), and two kinds of surface materials (decorative veneer and pre-impregnated finishing foil) that were adhered onto the PL that named DPL and PPL. EVA (ethyl vinyl acetate) was used to overlay the decorative veneer and pre-impregnated finishing foil on the plywood with water-soluble phenolic resin impregnated linerboard by a hot press instrument. The debonding test and accelerated aging test were conducted to assess their mechanical properties. Formaldehyde and TVOC emission concentrations were measured using the FLEC method and a VOC Analyzer, respectively. The debonding test results of PL, DPL and PPL were 1.2, 1.5, and $0.5N/mm^2$, respectively. The surface appearance of the samples were not changed after the accelerated aging test. The PL and DPL exhibited reduced formaldehyde and TVOC emission levels, respectively. In the case of PPL, the VOC value was relatively higher than those of PL and DPL.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.155-166
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• 2020

This study was conducted to analyze the current situation of the logging operation system and to suggest an effective policy plan to secure important raw materials for the use of forest biomass. The dissemination of forestry mechanization and the establishment of the logging operation are important tasks to establish a system and reduce costs of timber production by increasing the use of forest biomass; this includes increasing the supply of timber for domestic products and increasing the production of wood chips and wood pellets. In particular, the efficiency of steep-slopes catenary system machinery for yarding such as tower-yarder and swing-yarder should be urgently supplied to cope with forest production and supply of forest biomass energy resources. In addition, it is necessary to continuously promote the dissemination of high-performance forestry machinery as is being done in Japan. At the same time, instead of distributing or retaining the spread of forestry machinery to the state and local governments, it is necessary to distribute timber production work centered on forest cooperatives or private timber producers to be carried out by wood producers, forest cooperatives and individuals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.73-83
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• 2010

A technology using continuous fiber soil reinforcement system for the creation of ecological restoration in a damaged area has been developed and introduced. The continuous fiber soil reinforcement system (Geofiber system) is an environmentally friendly slope protection technique that continuous fiber soil reinforced layers are constructed with green plantation on cut slope. The characteristics of this system in terms of the strength and hydraulic performance, and the vegetation were investigated in this study. The main objectives of this comparative study was to quantify the potential contribution of geofiber system for the revegetation on the cut slope in a damaged area. A Geofiber system was constructed to reinforce the lower layer of slopes and revegetation methods including wood chips were carried out on the upper layer by machineries. The results of monitoring during 3 years on cut slopes were as follows : 1) All the quadrat existed in the proper range for vegetation. 2) Species richness was 4.4 (site-1) and 18.5 (site-2) respectively. 3) The averaged coverage rates of quadrats was 90%. It is remarkable that the continuous fiber soil reinforcement system would be capable of applying to a damaged area and also would serve maintaining a healthier environment for floras. However, it behooves to continue monitoring on succession of vegetation for ecological restoration.