• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 2011

Purpose: We investigated the effects of group III mechanoreceptors to cardiovascular responses in both pre-menopausal woman and post-menopausal woman during passive ankle dorsiflexion (PAD). Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers (10 post-menopausal women and 10 pre-menopausal women) were recruited for this study. Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and total vascular conductances (TVC) were measured continuously throughout the experiment. To stimulate the group III mechanoreceptors, PAD was performed for one minute. Results: The results showed that mean arterial pressure (MAP) mediated by the mechanoreflex activation was significantly increased in both groups. However, this pressor response was significantly higher in post-menopausal women. This reflex significantly increased both SV and CO in pre-menopausal women, while there were no differences in post-menopausal women. There was no difference in HR in either group. The mechanoreflex significantly decreased TVC in post-menopausal woman, while there was no difference in pre-menopausal woman. Conclusion: The results indicate that the excessive pressor response mediated by the mechanoreflex occurs due to overactivity of group III mechanorecptors and the mechanism is produced mainly via peripheral vasoconstriction in post-menopausal women.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.13
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• pp.5355-5358
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• 2014

Background: To assess the role of sonographic endometrial thickness and hysteroscopic polyp size in predicting premalignant and malignant polyps in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: A total of 328 postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding and thickened endometrium underwent operative hysteroscopy due to detection of endometrial polyps were included in this retrospective study. Preoperative endometrial thickness measured by transvaginal ultrasonography and polyp size on hysteroscopy were noted. Hysteroscopic resection with histology was performed for endometrial polyps. Endometrial thickness and polyp size were evaluated on the basis of final diagnosis established by histologic examination. Receiver operator characteristic curves were calculated to assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of endometrial thickness and polyp size for detecting pemalignant and malignant polyps. Results: Premalignant and malignant polyps were identified in 26 (7.9%) of cases. Sonographic measurement showed a greater endometrial thickness in cases of premalignant and malignant polyps when compared to benign polyps. On surgical hysteroscopy, premalignant and malignant polyps were also larger. Endometrial thickness demonstrated a sensitivity of 53.8%, specificity of 85.8%, PPV of 24.6% and NPV of 95.6% at a cut-off limit of 11.5 mm with diagnostic accuracy of 83.2%. Polyp size has a diagnostic accuracy of 94.8% with a sensitivity of 92.3%, specificity of 95.0%, PPV of 61.5% and NPV of 99.3% at a cut-off point of 19.5mm. Conclusions: Endometrial thickness measured by transvaginal ultrasonography is not sufficient in predicting premalignant and malignant endometrial polyps in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding and thickened endometrium. Polyp size on hysteroscopy is a more accurate parameter, because of better sensitivity and specificity. However, while polyp size ${\geq}19.5mm$ seems to have a great accuracy for predicting premalignancy and malignancy, histologic evaluation is still necessary to exclude premalignant and malignant polyps.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a vocational education on career interrupted woman' by analyzing whether it would bring any changes to the selected. The subjects in this study were 105 career interrupted woman. The colleced date were analyzed by a statistical package SPSS 21.0. The statistical method used in this studyy were frequency analysis,frliability analysis, regression analysis, etc. The major findings of the study were as follows: First, the career interrupted womant' who participated in the vocational education showed positive change in entrepreneurial intention. Second, the career interrupted womant' who participated in the vocational education showed positive changeimprovement in re-employment need.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.69-76
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• 2014

This paper examines the life and achievements of Lillian E. Gilbreth(l878-1972) called 'the first lady of American engineering' as an attempt to excavate women engineers in history. Lillian changed her majors from English literature to psychology of management through her marriage, and tried to integrate psychology of management and scientific management by coworking with her husband. After that, Lillian contributed to extend scientific management to the domain of domestic labor, institutionalize industrial engineering in American universities and enhance the status of woman in engineering societies by her own independent research and education. The success factors of Lillian Gilbreth as a woman engineer includes the development of professional career by conquest of various social discrimination, the positive understanding and assistance by neighborhood males, the selection of an emerging field like industrial engineering, and so on. This study can provide not only a case of role model for women engineers but also practical reference materials for gender-sensitive engineering education.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.29
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• pp.367-389
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• 2012

The aim of this paper is to briefly consider the present state regarding Korean language education for multicultural family members, and to consider the outcomes produced so far. Married woman immigrants and their children must be one of the most significant groups for Korean language education in terms of their huge number and their roles and meanings in Korean society. In order to uplift the Korean communicative ability for multicultural family members, an effective operating system for Korean language education is needed, and also live and efficient Korean language instruction must be given by capable Korean language teachers with adequate teaching materials. A customized Korean language education must also be offered based on researches about the characteristics of multicultural family members as "Korean language learners". Korean language education for married woman immigrants has almost been set up in some extent, in terms of teaching materials and the teacher training system. Therefore, an efficient operating system must be constructed so that the developed teaching materials can be actively utilized in the site of Korean language education. A periodical retraining of Korean language teachers for multicultural family members is also necessary for the improvement of Korean language teaching efficiency. However, Korean language education for multicultural children is still in its infancy due to its late start-up. By the support of the Korean government, the curriculum of Korean language education has recently been fixed, KSL text books are being developed, and a diagnostic tool for evaluating their Korean language ability is now in progress. Many continuing concerns and support must still be provided for the improvement of their Korean language ability and fostering them as competitive and capable of speaking Korean.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.509-515
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to assess the rural women's general status in relation with low back pain. This survey was done after teaching them the prevention and treatment of low back pain with Meckenzie Method. 84 rural resident women including rural life guidance. The results were as follows. 1. The average age of rural were $35{\sim}50$ years old and the guidance's age were $21{\sim}25$ years old. The educational level of rural women were highest in primary school(46.67 %) and the home extension worker were college education(83.67 %). 2. 75 % of rural woman complained low back pain while 17.33 % of the home extension worker had back pain. 3. The home extension worker feel the necessity of the education in low back pain(100 %) while 88.89 % of the rural woman agreed. 4. All the rural women and the home extension worker had the concept of back pain and its prevention(100 %). 5. After this education, the confidence in prevention and treatment were each 78.79 % with rural women and 91.84 % with home extension worker. 6. The necessity for the treatment of low back pain were : first, the correction of posture, second, the activity posture correction, third, the supportive roll of back curve. 7. There were no statistical significant outcome specifically.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.15 no.1 s.66
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• pp.113-126
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• 2007

Since the ancient times, black has been the most valuable color. Also, it has played a more important role in a history of fashion than other colors. In general, black was regarded as a color of negative images. However, as people have recognized the aesthetic value of black color, they have expressed unique and various images of black through the medium of clothes. This studies on images of black dress for woman was based on reference to literatures and valid investigations. The images toward black clothing are categorized by study participants' perceptions according to age, marital status and education. The result was as followed. Dignity and modernity were the most frequently cited image of black dress among women followed by feminine, sorrow, sensuality, and abstinence. Age significantly affected the recognition of black dress images. Woman showed significant difference in recognizing dignity, modernity, sensuality, and sorrow in black dress according to their age. Woman more strongly recognize dignity and modernity in black dress when they are younger, while increasingly recognizing abstinence and sensuality in black dress as they become older. Marital status significantly affected woman's recognition of black dress. They showed meaningful difference in recognizing dignity, modernity, and abstinence in black color. In sum, single women recognized more easily dignity and modernity in black dress and less easily abstinence than married women. Women also showed the trend with relation to education level. In general, as women got higher education, they also increasingly recognized dignity and modernity in black dress.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.322-331
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• 1998

The postpartum is a period of transition to motherhood where a childless woman transforms into a woman with children. Parents, especially mothers must perform an essential role of implementing instrumental and emotional care behaviors on part of the helpless, dependent, and immature infant. First-time mothers, however, suddenly face the responsibility of round the clock duty without neither parenting training during pregnancy, nor a time to gradually adapt to growing responsibilities after birth, with confusion and frustration as a result. Thus, after providing first-time mothers with childcare education as maternal role preparation, this study will try to examine its effects on childcare behaviors and confidence in maternal role during the early postpartum period. This quasi-experimental study using a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design, was carried out from March 1995 to May 1996 to verify the effects of a childcare education program with first-time mothers who had vaginal delivery in Ewha University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, and collected data from 60 subjects who consented to the study. The education was given in the early postpartum period(48-72 hours after delivery) and to measure its effects, a posttest was done 4 weeks later with the results analyzed by SPSS shown in the following : 1. The childcare behavior score of the experimental group that had received the newborn care education was higher than the control group(t=3.5, P=.001). 2. The control group and the experimental group which had received the education showed no difference in degree of confidence in maternal role. 3. The higher the childcare behavior score, the higher the degree of confidence in maternal role was among the subjects(r=.56, P=.001). The preceding results are significant in that childcare practices can be promoted by providing child-care education to first-time mothers in the early postpartum period. Thus, this education can be used as a nursing intervention strategy in the early postpartum period.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.75-85
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• 1983

This study was done to research the relationship between general characteristics and stressor, stress situation, Nursing Intervention of pregnant woman. The subjects for this study were 70 pregnant woman from 3 clinics of Obstetrics and Gynecology located in J city. The data was collected through questionaires which was developed by Norman J. Chestnut. The content of the questionaire consist of following 3 categories; (1) stressor (2) stress situation (3) Mental and Physical support of husband. Analysis of data was done by use percentage, x²-test. (through EDPS) The findings of this study are as follows; 1, Stressors of pregnant woman are stresses associated with fetus, socioeconomic problem, herself, delivery, abortion and prematureity, husband, change of appearances, management of home, a woman's parents-in-law. Stress situations of pregnant woman are when she is doing on the heavy management of home, limit of life, socioeconomic discomfort, taking medicine, difficult relationship with a woman's parents-in-law, being sign of abortion and prematurity, her physical discomfort, family desire of delivery of son baby. 2. Husband's mental support that pregnant woman desired are careful husband's role, More love and interest about pregnant, cooperation of child reaing, maintenance of healthy life, understaning of diffical pregnancy, early return home, giving up drinking, positive feeling about changed appearance, unconcern about sex of fetus. And husband's mental supports that pregnant woman desired are cooperating of homework and childrearing, limit of intercouse, release behavior of pregnant woman's physical discern-fort, a walk, behavior with pregnancy together, socioeconomic stability. 3. Stressor of pregnant woman was significant with education, number of son, economic status, personality of husband, dowelling. (P<.05) And stress situation of pregnant woman was significant with personality of husband, dwelling, husband's desired sex .of baby. (P<.05) 4. Husband's mental and physical supports that pregnant woman desired was significant with number of daughter. (P<.05).

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.213-223
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between stress, temperament and maternal-fetal attachment in pregnant women. The respondents in this research were 249 pregnant women who were participating in a Parent Education project. Data was collected by way of a questionnaire. A summary of the findings were as follows: Among the pregnant women in this study, total stress level was below the average and maternal fetal attachment level was above the average. The group demonstrating high levels of stress exhibited low level of maternal-fetal attachment when compared to those with low levels stress. Pregnant woman's stress and maternal temperament demonstrated a significant correlation with maternal-fetal attachment.