• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.1158-1167
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• 2012

During the peeling, cutting, and shredding of wild root vegetables, the surface is exposed to air. This results in a rapid deterioration in quality and an increase in the potential of contamination by microorganisms, both of which reduce the shelf-life of wild root vegetables in retail markets. Thus, in this study, the effects of various washing treatments on the quality of wild root vegetables, including lotus root, burdock root, and bellflower root, were investigated at 10 and $24^{\circ}C$. Lotus root, burdock root and bellflower root were washed with 0.2% acetic acid (AA), 0.2% citric acid (CA), 500 ppm acidified sodium chlorite (ASC), and tap water (TW), which was used as a control, and stored at $10^{\circ}C$ and $24^{\circ}C$. The changes in total plate counts, coliform groups, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, color, pH, and exterior appearance of the samples were then evaluated. The pH and initial microbial contamination levels were reduced when the root vegetables were washed with AA, CA, and ASC. In particular, initial population levels of total plate counts and coliform groups were not detected in lotus root and burdock root that had been washed with ASC and their growth was significantly (p<0.05) inhibited during storage at 10 and $24^{\circ}C$ when compared to the control (TW). In addition, the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities of the root vegetables washed with AA, CA and ASC were lower than that of root vegetables washed with TW. ASC was determined to be the most effective treatment for preventing microbial growth, tissue softening, and the development of browning and an unpleasant smell. At $10^{\circ}C$, the overall qualities of the wild root vegetables were maintained longer when compared to $24^{\circ}C$.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.58-60
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• 1999

Cultivation of a native wild vegetable, Ligularia fischeri, is hampered by Phytophthora sp. Infected plants showed wilt and eventual death due to rots on the root and basal portion. Eight isolates collected were all identified as P. drechsleri based on their mycological characteristics. The fungi showed relatively strong pathogenicity to L. Fischeri, mild to Aster scaber and Codonoposis lanceolata, and none to Circium setidens and Pimpinella brachycarpa. This is the first report of Phytophthora root rot on wild vegetables in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.197-209
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• 2005

of Hangalku per plant sold for wild vegetables were 9.1g and 0.9g, and number of leaves was 10.8. Root fresh and dry weights of Hangalku per plant were 19.2g and 4.1g. Thirty five soil samples were collected from the native soils grown Cirsium japonicum DC., and mycorrhizal spores in soils were separated using wet-sieving methods. Number of mycorrhizal spores per 30g fresh soil sized over 500${\mu}$m, 355~500${\mu}$m, 251~354${\mu}$m, 107~250${\mu}$m and 45~106${\mu}$m were 0.6, 2.1, 6.0, 55.3 and 126, etc. Total number of mycorrhizal spores per 30g fresh soil were 190. Root infection by vesicles, hyphae and arbuscules were 13%, 4% and 3%, respectively. As a result of identification, mass propagated mycorrhizal spores by the host plant of Sudangrass were Glomus sp., Gigaspora sp., and Acaulospora sp., and so on.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.10-16
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• 1986

To evaluate the nutritive value, 13 Wild vegetables which commonly used for side dish were analyzed. Their Moisture are lower than that of other vegetables. Crude Protein content of thess Wild vegetables is more than 2% , which is higher than that of other vegetables and these tendencies were also shown in the content of Crude Ash. The content of Crude Fat and of Crude Fiber are similar in the Wild vegetables, but Crude Fiber of C. lanceolata TRAUTV is three times higher than that of other Wild vegetables. In all Wild vegetables, the K content of Mineral is similar, but that of C. lanceolata TRAUTV is very low. The content of Ca and P are quite different among Wild vegetables. The content of Mg is also similar each other, about 16mg%, but that of P. agwilinum var. latiusculum UNDERW, A. elata SEEM, A. altissima SWINGLE, root of A. triphylla (Thunb.)A.DC., H.Thunbergii BAK. is 8.99, 7.69, 4.30, 4.13 and 1.92mg% respectively. Total Amino acids were contained in order of A. elata; 3072.4mg%>C. lanceolata TRAUTV; 2709.4mg%>P. agwilinum var. latiusculum UNDERW, A. altissimB SWTNGLE, A. Japonica KOIDZ, S.palmata MAX. : about 2350mg%>L.Jaluensis KOM., P.Caponicus MAX., leaf of A. triphylla(Thunb.)A.DC., C.Japonicum var. ussuriense, H.plantaginea ASCHERS; about 1400mg%>H.Thunbergii BAK., A.scaber THUNB, root of A. triphylla(Thunb.) A.DC. ; about 600mg%, Asp.A.A. and Glu.A.A. content, 46% of Total A.A. is higher than other Amino acids and the content of Arg. A.A. in C.lanceolata TRAUTV which is higher than that of other Amino acids is 6 times highly than that of other Wild vegetables. A. altissima SWINGLE, H.plantaginea ASCHERS, A.Japonica KOIDZ contain Vitamin C a little avobe, 45.9mg%, 36.8mg%, 30.2mg% respectively. Glucoslde content of L.Jaluensis KOM., C.lanceolata TRAUTV which are 4.1%, 3.5%, were highest of all ana that of P.Caponicus MAX., P.agwilinum var. latiusculum UNDERW, 2.2%, 2.0% is in the second, which seems to be the cause of bitter taste.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 1993

The "Namul" is a Korean common vegetable food composed of edible young leaves and soft stalks of wild plants or cultivating vegetables and treated with traditional condiments. It has been widely used as not only a regular diet but seasonal foods or special ceremonial foods. In this thesis, the kinds of edible plants for namul were philologically approached by books published in Korea from Koryo to Chosun dynasty. The first historical record about cultivated vegetable as food in Korea was a garlic and a gourd in $\ulcorner$Samkuksaki$\lrcorner$. According to numerous records, edible wild plants might have played an important part as food resources, since they have variable edible portions as famine relief foods. Four kinds of namul were first introduced in Koryo age, but in Chosun dynasty over eighty kinds were recorded. The root of ballonflower and white radish were most commonly used for raw namul and bamboo shoot and squash for boils ones. Most kinds of namul were introduced in $\ulcorner$Zeungtosanrimkwungiae$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$Limwonsiprwukji$\lrcorner$ influenced by pragmatism in later half period of Chosun. The chronic state of famine in later half period of Chosun caused to introduce various edible wild vegetables, and had greatly influenced on the Korean people to acquire vegetarian food habits and to favor salty taste. It seems to need a further study on recent nutritional problems including dietary fiber.ary fiber.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.104-110
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• 1977

Vegetables are liberally taken to enhance the mineral, vitamin, and rouphage value of the diet. And calcium is an essential mineral at all ages, although the daily requirement varies with physiological status of the individual. On the other hand, oxalic acid is an unwanted constituent of several clinical disorders. It is therefore necessary to take into account the calcium as well as the oxalic acid content of the various calcium, foods. Oxalic acid, calcium, calcium/oxalic acid ratio and available calcium have been determined in 31 kinds of the Korean common vegetables. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The highest content of oxalic acid has been recorded in Amaranth. spinach and beet. It is respectively 1,100mg%, 619mg%, 550mg% in fresh sample. It is comparatively high in Leek, leavels of perilla, Mugwort, Chyi-leaves, green red pepper, Burdock. 2. Many vegetables have been calculated as below 2.0 in the calcium/oxalic acid ratio. 3. Avaiable calciumis much in Malaolitoria, Lettuce, Green onion whole, Green garlic, Wild onion, Cabbage and Radish root. 4. A food calendar is suggested as a guide to the proper selection of food items for normal individuals and for those suffering from urolithiasis, cardiovascular disease or calcium deficiency status.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.633-639
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• 2021

Raphanus sativus var. hortensis f. raphanistroides Makino (Korean wild radish [WR]) are root vegetables belonging to the Brassicaceae family. These radish species mostly grow in sea areas in Asia, where they have been traditionally used as a medicinal food to treat various diseases. To investigate the effect of WR on neuronal cell death in SH-SY5Y cells, beta-amyloid was used to develop the cell death model. WR attenuated neuronal cell death in SH-SY5Y and regulated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. WR extract also inhibited acetylcholinesterase inhibitor activity. Additionally, the WR treatment group ameliorated the behavior of the memory-impaired mice in a scopolamine-induced mouse model. In the behavior test, WR treated mice showed shorter escape latency and swimming distance and improved the platform-crossing number and the swimming time within the target quadrant. Furthermore, WR prevented histological loss of neurons in hippocampal CA1 regions induced by scopolamine. This study shows that WR can prevent memory impairment which may be a crucial way for the prevention and treatment of memory dysfunction and neuronal cell death.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.69-79
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• 2001

Meloidogyne arenaria race 2 (59%) is widely distributed, followed by M. incognita race 1 (23%), and an unknown race of M. incognita (18 ％) in greenhouses in southern Korea. The key character to distinguish between M. arenaria and M. incognita is excretory pore in female head. When oriental melon, Cucumis melo L., grafted on Shintozoa (Cucurbit maxima x Cu. moschata) is transplanted in February in a plastic tunnel inside a greenhouse infested with M. arenaria, nematodes produced egg masses on roots at 40 days after transplanting and the soil juveniles (J2) population reach maximum in July to 3,817/100 ㎤. Juveniles are distributed relatively uniform over the 180-cm-wide row horizontally and the highest density occurs at 0-25 cm soil depth. For the control of root-knot nematodes, rice rotation, solarization, and soil addition treatments are the most effective (P=0.05); treatments reduce number of J2 over 90% and increase yield two times. Corn retation, fosthiazate, and soil drying treatment are moderately effective, while sesame and green onion rotations are not effective. The relationship between M. arenaria and yield of oriental melon is adequately described by a linear regression model. In the test with wild Cucumis genetic sources introduced from U.S.Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), one of C.heptadactylus, two of C.anguria, two of C. anguria var. longaculeatus, nine of C. metuliferus are resistant to both species of root-knot nematodes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 1976

A group of 132 pre-school children with a mean age of six years and one month was the subjects of this investigation. These children were members of three nursery schools locating in Kwang-ju city. Each child's mother replied to a questionaire which included 42 food items and 4 questions. The results showed that the food preference of each child was variable and the group as a whole expressed more positive than negative feelings. The average number of foods liked per child was 22.9(range: $7{\sim}42$) among 42 food items. Peach, Apple, Strawberry, Laver, Egg, Tomato, Sweet Potato, Tangerine Orange and Beef were ranked in descending order of 'like' ratings. The average number of foods refused was 4.9 (range: $0{\sim}25$). Onion, Liver, Red Pepper Leaf, Root of Bellflower, Taro, Wild Seasame Leaf, Egg Plant, Cabbage, Water Cress and Bracken were ranked in descending order of 'refuse' ratings. The odor of hurting feelings, the hot taste and the flabby texture were the reasons why the children refused these foods. The average number of foods unexperienced was 4.4 (range: $0{\sim}14$). Kidney, Dried Small Whitebail, Tangle (DA SHI MA), Liver, SA RI Mushroom, Acorn Mook, Dried Fragrant Mushroom, Pine Agaric, Root of Bellflower and Ped Pepper Leaf were ranked in descending order of 'unexperience' ratings. Children's 'like' rating toward total foods was 57.3% and the 'refuse' rating was 11.7%. Among eight food groups, fruits showed the highest favority (91.4%) and mushroom showed the least (25.9%). The difference between male and female in the preference of total foods did not showed significant level. But the difference were significant in those of individual food groups; other vegetables, green and yellow leafy vegetables, mushrooms(above, p.<01), fishes and shellfish and sea weeds (above, p<.05). Children who had experienced meals missed rated 59.1% and 34.1% of these children missed meals once a week. The main reason for maels missed was due to the heavey snacks before meal time. Children who had snacks twice a day rated 45.6%. Main foods used as their snacks were starch foods (Cake, Biscuit, Sweet Potato) and citrous foods (Fruits, Apple, Tangerine).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.1690-1700
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• 2013

The objective of this study is to develop and validate predictive growth models for Bacillus cereus (diarrhea type) vegetative cells, spores and Staphylococcus aureus in preprocessed Namul (bracken and Chwinamul) and root vegetables (bellflower and burdock). For validation of model performance, growth data for S. aureus in preprocessed vegetables were collected at independent temperatures (18 and $30^{\circ}C$) not used in the model development. In addition, model performance of B. cereus (diarrhea type) in preprocessed vegetables was validated with an emetic type of B. cereus strain. In primary models, the specific growth rate (SGR) of the B. cereus spores was faster than that of the B. cereus vegetative cells, regardless of the kinds of vegetables at 24 and $35^{\circ}C$, while lag time (LT) of the B. cereus spores was longer than that of the B. cereus vegetative cells, except for burdock. The growth of B. cereus and S. aureus was not observed in bracken at temperatures lower than 13 and $8^{\circ}C$, respectively. The LT models for B. cereus (diarrhea type) in this study were suitable in predicting the growth of B. cereus (emetic type) on burdock and Chwinamul. On the other hand, SGR models for B. cereus (diarrhea type) were suitable for predicting the growth of B. cereus (emetic type) on all preprocessed vegetables. The developed models can be used to predict the risk of B. cereus and S. aureus in preprocessed Namul and root vegetables at the retail markets.