• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.8-14
• /
• 2008

본 연구는 야생꿀을 비롯한 벌꿀, 벌집채꿀 등 국내산 및 수입산 꿀의 안전관리를 위한 grayanotoxin(GTX)의 시험분석법 확립 및 실태조사를 위하여 수행하였다. GTX 표준품 I, II, III는 LC-MS/MS로 분자량을 확인한 후, 시판품인 III를 제외한 I과 II는 NMR을 이용하여 구조를 확인하였다. 총 111건(국내산 벌꿀25건, 국내산 야생꿀 21건, 벌집채꿀 13건, 수입산 벌꿀 44건, 수입산 야생꿀 8건)의 벌꿀시료는 메탄올을 사용하여 벌꿀-메탄올 용액을 만들어 tC18 cartridge에 loading 한 후, 여과된 액을 동량의 증류수로 희석하여, 이온화장치로 ESI를 장착한 triplequadrupole LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 분석하였다. LC의 용리액은 1% 포름산이 첨가된 "메탄올-물"을 사용하는 것이 10분 이내의 분석시간대에 나타나는 피크의 모양과 감도가 우수한 경향을 나타내었다. 본 방법을 이용하여 검체 중의 GTX I, II, III의 함유량을 조사한 결과 총 111건 중 수입산 야생꿀 3건(2.7%)에서 GTX I, II, III가 검출되었고, 수입산 야생꿀 1건에서 GTX I, III가 검출되었다. GTX I의 검출량은 최소 $3.13{\pm}0.00mg/kg$에서 최고 $12.93{\pm}0.01mg/kg$으로 나타났고 GTX II는 $0.84{\pm}0.01mg/kg$, $0.92{\pm}0.00mg/kg$, $1.08{\pm}0.01mg/kg$의 함량을 나타내어 GTX I 에 비해 낮은 수치를 나타내었다. GTX III는 최소 $0.25{\pm}0.01mg/kg$에서 최고 $3.29{\pm}0.74mg/kg$으로 함량에 큰 차이를 보였다. 본 방법을 이용한 총 111건의 벌꿀 시료의 GTX분석시 수입산 야생꿀 4건에서만 GTX가 검출됨을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 비 휘발성 또는 극성 때문에 GTX 분석시 GC 및 GC-MS에서 분석이 어려운 벌꿀시료를 대상으로 전처리 시간의 단축을 모색함과 동시에 LC-MS/MS를 이용한 시험분석법을 개발할 수 있었고, 모니터링을 통하여 네팔, 터키 등 특정 지역의 야생꿀의 섭취를 제한하는 과학적 근거를 마련할 수 있었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제47권4호
• /
• pp.555-564
• /
• 2019

Biodiesel is produced through the transesterification process in the presence of alcohol and a catalyst that catalyzes the conversion of triglycerides to esters and glycerol compounds. A more optimal product conversion can be achieved using enzymes, such as lipase. Lipase is reported to be produced in osmophilic yeasts due to the low water content in their natural habitats. Wild forest honey is one of the osmophilic natural habitats in Indonesia. However, lipase-producing yeast has not been reported in the Indonesian honey. In this study, we screened the lipase-producing yeasts isolated from wild forest honey collected from Central Sulawesi. The production profile and activity of lipase were determined at different pH values and temperatures. One promising yeast was isolated from the honey, which was identified as Zygosaccharomyces mellis SG 1.2 based on ITS sequence. The maximum lipase production (24.56 ± 1.30 U/mg biomass) was achieved by culturing the strain in a medium containing 2% olive oil as a carbon source at pH 7 and 30℃ for 40 h. The optimum pH and temperature for lipase activity were 6 and 55℃, respectively. The enzyme maintained 80% of its activity upon incubation at 25℃ for 4 h. However, the enzyme activity decreased by more than 50% upon incubation at 35 and 40℃ for 2 h. This is the first study to report the lipase producing capability of Z. mellis. Further studies are needed to optimize the enzyme production.

• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.172-179
• /
• 1996

This study was to investigate the properties such as amounts of moisture, inverted sugar, cane sugar and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural (HMF) in feeding-honey(n=45) and wild-honey (n=3) harvested in Chonbuk area from April to November 1995. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; The average percentages of moisture in both feeding- and wild-honey was 20.2%(range, 17.5~23.1) and 20.7%(19.4~22.2). And those of inverted sugar/cane sugar in both honeies were 64.4%(55.8~69.3)/6.8%(1.0~l5.7) and 68.9%(68.5~69.8)/3.1%(2.5~3.7), in seasonal analysis those were 65.9%/5.3% in spring, 65.7%/6.6% in summer, 62.1%/8.0% in autumn, respectively. On the other hand, the average amounts of HMF in both honeies were 44.86mg/kg(22.6~68.6) and 7.0mg/kg(6.2~7.6), its average difference between both honeies were about 37.86mg/kg regardless of region and season.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.273-279
• /
• 2011

전자코를 이용하여 아카시아 꿀, 잡화 꿀, 밤 꿀, 유채꿀, 사양 꿀, 목청 꿀, 기타 꿀을 대상으로 밀원에 따른 차이를 구분하였다. 그 결과 꿀 종류에 따라 뚜렷이 구분 가능하였으며 각기 다른 꿀을 혼합하였을 때 혼합 비율에 따라서도 구분 가능하였다. 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30%의 사양 꿀을 목청 꿀에 혼합하였을 때 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 54, 56, 58, 60 amu의 감응도 값이 크게 나타났으며 판별함수분석한 결과 사양 꿀의 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 DF1값이 양의 방향에서 음의 방향으로 일정한 경향을 보이며 뚜렷이 구분되었다(DF1: $r^2$=0.9962, F=490.6 DF2: $r^2$=0.9128, F=19.44). 이를 통하여 DF1값과 목청 꿀에 사양 꿀의 혼합 농도에 대해 DF1=-0.106$^*$(사양 꿀의 농도)+0.426($r^2$=0.96)와 같은 높은 상관관계식을 얻었다. 아카시아 꿀의 경우에도 목청 꿀과 유사하게 사양 꿀의 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 70 amu의 감응도 값이 크게 나타났으며 DF1과 사양 꿀 혼합 비율간에 높은 상관관계를 보이며 일정한 경향을 나타냈고(DF1: $r^2$=0.9957, F=396.64 DF2: $r^2$=0.9447, F=29.3) DF1=-0.112$^*$(사양 꿀의 농도)+0.434($r^2$=0.968)의 상관관계식을 갖는다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.168-171
• /
• 1971

벌꿀의 정미성분(呈味成分)으로 생각되는 amino acid, 유기산(有機酸), 당(糖)의 종류(種類)를 검색(檢索)하고 각(各) 각(各)을 정량(定量)하였던 바 당(糖)의 양(量)과 조성(組成)은 벌꿀의 종류(種類)에 따라 큰 차이(差異)가 보이지 않고 다만 사양(飼養)꿀에서 sucrose의 양(量)이 다소 높았으며, amino acid는 그 함량(含量)과 종류(種類)가 토종(土種)꿀에 가장 많고 주(主)가 되는 amino acid가 사양(飼養)꿀, 피나무꿀은 proline인데 비(比)하여 토종(土種)꿀은 isoleucine이었다. 그리고 유기산(有機酸)의 함량(含量)은 사양(飼養)꿀이 가장 많고, 주(主)가 되는 유기산(有機酸)은 토종(土種)꿀이 oxalic acid, citric acid이고 피나무꿀은 lactic acid, 사양(飼養)꿀은 succinic acid 이었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.52-58
• /
• 1991

Physico-chemical properties including the composition of organic acids and fatty acids in native bee-honey and foreign bee-honey harvested in Kangwon area were studied with the emphasis on the honey which was collected form wild flowers nd mixed flowers sources for honey nectars. the major organic acids were considered as acetic acid formic acid and valeric acid in volatile acids and gluconic acid maleic acid malic acid quinic acid and citric acid in non-volatile fraction in both of native bee-honey and foreigr bee-honey. Some naturally occuring fatty acids({{{{ { C}_14{ } }}}}-{{{{ {C }_{20 } }}}}) were observed with the principal fatty acids of myristic aicd linolenic acid and palmitic acid and palmitic acid in the various honey, The characteristics of moisture content pH viscosity free acidity lactone and total acidity were also analyzed and discussed.

• 대한임상독성학회지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.37-40
• /
• 2012

Honey is produced by bees from nectar collected from nearby flowers. Sometimes, honey produced from the Rhododendron species is contaminated by Grayanotoxin (GTX) in Nepal and other countries. There have been reports of GTX intoxication, also known as 'mad honey disease', from honey produced in countries other than Korea. The importation of wild honey has been prohibited by the Korean Food and Drug Administration since 2005, yet it is still distributed within Korea by the occasional tourist. We report a case of GTX intoxication from contaminated honey which included the symptoms of nausea, vomiting, general weakness, dizziness, blurred vision, hypotension and sinus bradycardia. By means of infusion with normal saline and atropine sulfate, the patient's condition fully recovered within 8 hours of hospital admission, and she was discharged without any complications.

• 한국양봉학회지
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.169-180
• /
• 2019

Beekeeping has been practiced for centuries in Ethiopia. Currently, there are three broad classification of honey production systems in Ethiopia; these are traditional (forest and backyard), transitional(intermediate) and modern(frame beehive) systems. Ethiopian honey production is characterized by the widespread use of traditional technology resulting in relatively low honey yield and poor honey quality. Despite the challenges and constraints, Ethiopia has the largest bee population in Africa with over 10 million bee colonies, of which 5 to 7.5million are hived while the remaining exists in the wild. Consequently, these figures, indeed, has put Ethiopia as the leading honey and beeswax producer in Africa. In fact, Ethiopia has even bigger potential than the current honey production due to the availability of plenty apicultural resources such as natural forests with adequate apiculture flora, water resources and a high number of existing bee colonies. However, lack of well-trained man powers, lack of standardization, problems associated with honey bee pests and diseases, high price and limited availability of modern beekeeping equipment's for beekeepers and absconding and migration of bee colonies are some of the major constraints reported for beekeeping in Ethiopia. In this review, an attempt was made to present all beekeeping practices in Ethiopia. The opportunities and major constraints of the sector were also discussed.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.43-58
• /
• 1990

To analyze wedding feast dishes of royal prince (1651, 1696) of Choson Dynasty, studied Gare Dogam Euigwae. Historic book 'Gare Dogam Euigwae' discribed wedding feast dishes of king‘s Choson Dynasty. The results obtained from this study are as follows. Dishes were arranged in four kinds of table, the first one called the main table, the second the right side table, the third the left side table, the fourth the confronting side table. Dishes of main table were oil and honey pastry, and fruits (pine nuts, orange, dried persimmon, torreya nuts, dried chestnut, jujube). Dishes of the second table and the third table were oil and honey pastry, and small cake made of honey and rice with patterns pressed in it. Dishes of the fourth table were cooked vegetable (wild ginseng, platy-codon, radish, white gourd melon, ginger), dried slices of meat seasoned with spices (abalone, octopus, shark, pheasant), cooked meat (wild goose, fowl, egg, pheasant, abalone), and fried fish (roe deer, fish, duck, pigeon, sparrow). The main table (同牢大宴床) and the second table (右挾床) stand as a symbol for integrity. The third table (左挾床) symbolize longerity. The fourth table (面挾床) symbolize bearing many young and connubial felicity.

• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.203-213
• /
• 2005

Oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline in honey were separated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and determined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV/Visible detector. Analysis was carried out using following conditions: XTerra $C_8$ column $(3.9\times150mm\;i.d. 5{\mu}m)$, mobile phase composed of 0.01M oxalic acid : methanol : acetonitrile (820 : 80 : 100, v/v/v), isocratic pump at a flow rate of 0.9 ml/min. and $50{\mu}l$ of injection volume, UV/Visible detector with wavelength of 360nm. The calibration curves of four tetracyclines showed linearity $(\gamma^2>0.999)$ at concentration range of $100\~1,000 ng/ml$. The recoveries in fortified honey represented more than $70\%$ with low coefficient of variation $(<10\%)$ for concentration range of four tetracyclines. The detection limits for oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline were 13.8, 14.6, 26.2 and 24.9ng/g in acacia honey. respectively. We also monitored tetracyclines residue in domestic honey [n : 38, acacia (20), wild flower (18) ] and foreign honey [n=22, legally distributed (13), illegally distributed (9)] using modified Charm II screening and HPLC confirmation methods. Seven of the 60 samples $(11.7\%)$ were suspect positive using modified Charm II screening test. Chlortetracycline residue was found in one foreign honey (illegally distributed) tested at concentrations of 0.22 ppm. Conclusively, for more effective control of tetracyclines used in beekeeping should be further survey for residues in honey and also national guidelines (maximum residue limit : MRL) and methods should be obligatory.