• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2005

A sheet type of green body was made with the mixture of 60 wt% red clay, 20 wt% fly ash, and 20 wt% stone sludge. Indentations were made on the surfaces of sheets to investigate fracture rate of 1 to 5 mm artificial light-weight aggregates by various drying, breaking, and forming methods. Drying methods of green bodies were natural, electric oven, microwave, and fast drying by torch. Breaking methods of green bodies were ballmill Ⅰ, ballmill Ⅱ, free dropping in the box, and mechanical breaking with roller mill. The depth and width of indent on the surface of the sheet were varied and the thickness of green bodies was also changed to investigate effects of indentation on fracture rates. The highest fracture rate of 42 % among the various drying methods was obtained by microwave drying for 210 sec and the highest fracture rate of 65 % among the various breaking method was obtained by ballmill Ⅱ method. In forming method, an yield of larger aggregates than Ф = 5 mm decreased and that of smaller aggregates than Ф = 5 mm in creased with increasing depth of indentation (only in 3 mm thick green body)and with increasing thickness of green body. The size of aggregates was most homogeneous (by judging from the measurement of aspect ratio of 1 to 5 mm aggregates.) when 3 mm thick green body was rapidly dried by torch and was broken by ballmill Ⅱ method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1070-1076
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• 2007

Soymilk cake (SMC) fortified with defatted soy flour was fermented by a novel Bacillus subtilis GT-D in the solid-state fermentation with chlorella, mulberry leaves or green tea as food ingredient. The fermentation of SMC resulted in higher content of tyrosine and higher activities of protease, amylase and fibrinolytic enzymes. Fermented SMC including mucilage indicated six-fold higher content of dietary fiber compared to that of non-fermented SMC. The SMC fermented without additional ingredient allowed the highest spread ratio and width of cookies. Cookies prepared without SMC showed the lowest value of spread ratio and width compared to those of fermented SMC. In addition, these cookies showed the highest hardness value of 8,975 g, and thickness value of 5.97 and slightly higher bright color. Cookies fortified with SMC fermented with chlorella or mulberry leaves showed higher sensory evaluation value. Fortification of SMC fermented without additional ingredient resulted in the highest preference in the sensory evaluation of cookies.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.57-73
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• 2012

The main objective of this research was to understand the characteristics of pleats design through the analysis of modern female fashion as they appear in the 'Collections' from '09 A/W to '12 S/S. Data collection of 1027 was done through the review of 'pr$\hat{e}$t-$\grave{a}$-porter Collections' of three cities; Milan, New York, Paris. Along with the qualitative interpretation of pleats design, statistical analysis of frequency and ${\chi}^2$-test were completed for data analysis. The main findings were as follows; 1. The five types of pleats design were founded in the order of accordion, knife, box, inverted, and sunburst pleats. The frequency and ratio of pleats design occurency showed significant difference between collections. 2. There were significant difference between the types of pleats and their line characteristics of thickness, continuity, length, direction. = Thin fabrics with delicate fine folds were mainly appeared in accordion and sunburst pleats. On the other hand, midium thickness fabrics were used for knife, box & inverted pleats, however, the different images were projected according to the width and the number of folds, characteristics of fabrics and textures. = In all the type of pleats but sunburst, continuity line was appeared the most. The discontinuous lines were appeared the most in the layered types and, sometimes, at some construction lines to add some decorative details or design variations. = The long line were the most frequently appeared in long one-pieces or long skirts of knife, accordion, sunburst pleats. While, the shorter lines showed the most frequently in box and inverted pleats, which mainly used for skirts or the lower part of one-piece. = For the line directions, the vertical lines were the most frequently appeared, and followed by mixed and diagonal line. In mixed or diagonal lines, same type of pleat was repeated in one design. For diagonal lines, one direction was mainly used, however, the symmetrical arrangements or repeated diagonal pleats in various directions also used. In mixed lines, the type of one or two diagonal and one vertical line was the most frequently appeared.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.144-150
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• 2002

Indian mallow is characterized by the rapid growth and high harvest of the fibrous materials. This study was carried out to investigate the sheet properties of Hanji using Indian mallow, made by different pulping methods, such as alkali and sulfomethylated pulpings and different stock compositions, various mixing ratios of bast fiber, woody core and whole stalk fibers. The results from this study were summarized as follows. The length and width of the bast fibers were 1.40-430 mm(av. 235 mm), and 9.2-26.4 ㎛(av.18.3 ㎛), respectively. The cell wall thickness was 4.0-115 ㎛(av. 7.7 ㎛). Runkel ratio, flexibility coefficient and fiber length/fiber width ratio were 1.38, 0.42 and 128 respectively. Bast fiber and whole stalk were cooked by alkali and sulfomethylated methods. Sulfomethylated pulping resulted in superior pulp in terms of yield and quality as compared with those of alkali pulping. The pulp yields of bast fiber was higher than those of whole stalk

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.602-613
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• 2010

Background: As life expectancy has been increased, the cardiac valve disease has been increased. In past, mechanical valve for valve replacement surgery was used widely, but it has many weaknesses, such as hemorrhage, teratogenic effect caused by warfarin, acute mechanical failure, taking warfarin during life, etc. So, the tissue valve is used widely and researches for durability of tissue valve are in progress. Tissue valves being used are all imported in Korea, and there is a lack of information on its geometry and design. So, we studied the geometry of porcine aortic and pulmonary valve, and tried to suggest theoretical basis for making the aortic and pulmonary valve. Material and Method: We harvested aortic and pulmonary valves of 25 pigs and measured the geometry of valve at fresh and glutaraldehyde (GA) fixed state. In each group, we measured the diameter of the base, diameter of commissure, valve height, commissural height, etc. Also, for making implantable porcine and bovine pericardial valve, we designed the valve stent form, thickness, height, and leaflet size, form, thickness by different size of valve. Result: The aortic and pulmonary valve geometry and ratio were measured in each group. The right coronary cusp of aortic valve and right facing cusp of pulmonary valve was bigger than other cusps and non coronary cusp was smaller than others (RCC: NCC : LCC=1 : 0.88 : 1). Valve height was correlated to the leaflet size. We designed the outer diameter of stented porcine aortic valve from 19 mm to 33 mm and designed stent height and width, using previous measured ratio of each structure, stent thickness, working thickness (for making valve). Also, we designed the size of stent and form for stented bovine pericardial valve, considering diameter of valve, leaflet length, height and leaflet minimum coaptation area. Conclusion: By measuring of 25 pig's aortic and pulmonary valve geometry and ratio, we can make theoretical basis for making implantable stented porcine valve and bovine pericardial valve in various size. After making implantable valve using these data, it is necessary to do in vivo and in vitro researches, furthermore.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.789-795
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the appropriate surplus of clothing for a jacket bodice pattern of middle-aged obese men by using the 3D virtual twin and virtual garment simulation system. The results were as follows ; 1. BMI rate of middle-aged males was 28.13 which was equivalent to mild obesity, whereas WHR(W/H ratio from waist to hips) rate was near 1.00 which was highly dangerous against their obesity. In case of middle-aged obese men, the WHR was significantly higher than the entire middle-aged men's average and the section shape in which their thickness was relatively more than width. 2. As a result of appearances evaluation through virtual garment simulation, the cut-off amount of the side seam and the center back was regulated accordingly. Hereby, the final tolerance range was set up at 21.15 cm at the hips, so that the appearances became better and the bilateral distribution of the cross section and space length was formed symmetrically. Especially in case of increasing the cross amount of hems to produce a natural silhouette of the waist-to-hips parts, the ease of buttocks was judged to be moderate, but it turned out that a wavy cross section was made and the silhouette was not good. Thus it was found to be not good that the ease of the hips became excessively increased in proportion as circumference of waist and belly were increased in obesity. The use of the virtual twin made it impossible to comprehend the appearances and ease correspondent to motions. In order to evaluate wearing fitness, therefore, the system should be improved so as to change arm positions and perform various motions.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.258-266
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• 2019

This study was conducted to apply natural river technologies to levees and examine the results. The new eco-friendly bio-polymer was applied, a combination of eco-friendly biopolymers and soil, to levee slope to enhance durability and eco-friendliness and to establish reinforcement measures against unstable levees due to overtopping. A semi-prototype levee of 1 m in height, 3 m in width, with a 1:2 slope and 5 m length, was constructed at the Andong River Experiment Center. The bio-soil mixed with the biopolymer and the soil at an appropriate ratio was treated with a 5 cm thickness on the surface of levee to perform the stability evaluation according to overtopping. Using the pixel-based analysis technique using the image analysis program, the breached area of levee slope was calculated over time. As a result, the time for complete decay occurs more than 12 times than that of ordinary soil levee. Therefore, when the new substance is applied to the surface of levee, the decay delay effect appears to be high.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.541-558
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• 2019

In Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBFs), vertical and horizontal components of the brace force must be resisted by column and beam, respectively but normal force component existing at the gusset plate-to-column and beam interfaces, creates out-of-plane action making distortion in column and beam faces adjacent to the gusset plate. It is a main concern in Hollow Structural Section (HSS) columns and beams where their webs and gusset plate are not in the same plane. In this paper, a new gusset plate passing through the HSS columns and beams, named as through gusset plate, is proposed to study the force transfer mechanism in such gusset plates of SCBFs compared to the case with conventional gusset plates. For this purpose, twelve SCBFs with diagonal brace and HSS columns and twelve SCBFs with chevron brace and HSS columns and beams are considered. For each frame, two cases are considered, one with through gusset plates and the other with conventional ones. Based on numerical results, using through gusset plates prevents distortion and out-of-plane deformation at HSS column and beam faces adjacent to the gusset plate helping the entire column and beam cross-sections to resist respectively vertical and horizontal components of the brace force. Moreover, its application increases energy dissipation, lateral stiffness and strength around 28%, 40% and 32%, respectively, improving connection behavior and raising the resistance of the normal force components at the gusset plate-to-HSS column and beam interfaces to approximately 4 and 3.5 times, respectively. Finally, using such through gusset plates leads to better structural performance particularly for HSS columns and beams with larger width-to-thickness ratio elements.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.305-320
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• 2014

This study identifies the foot shapes of elderly women by classifying foot type according to the 3D shape of the foot and 2D sole type analyzing individual characteristics. The subjects were 295 elderly women over 60 years of age who live in Gwangju. A foot scanner (K&I Technology $Nexcan^{(R)}$) was used to obtain three-dimensional shapes of feet and a flat bad scanner (HP Scanjet G2410) was used to obtain the two-dimensional shapes of soles. The anthropometric measuring items consisted of 59 items estimated on the right foot of each subject. Data were analyzed by various statistical methods such as factor analysis, ANOVA and cluster analysis using the SPSS 19.0 statistical program. To classify the side type of elderly women's feet, three-dimensional measurement data were analyzed for the 27 measurement items using factor analysis and 6 factors were extracted (inside height and side gradient, ankle thickness, toe height and midfoot size, lateral malleolus height, instep, and heel height and gradient). A cluster analysis resulted in three types: 36.5% belonged to Type 1 (high forefoot and high midfoot), 31.1% belonged to Type 2 (high forefoot and low midfoot), and 32.4% belonged to Type 3 (low forefoot and high midfoot). The distribution was relatively even. For the sole, 8 factors were extracted (ball width and medial foot protrusion, lateral foot protrusion, forefoot and hindfoot length ratio, ball gradient, heel size, toe breadth, lateral ball length, and foot length) and a cluster analysis resulted in three Types (Type H, Type D, and Type A). The largest proportion (42.7%) belonged to Type H, which is the same as the elderly men's case.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.431-439
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• 2014

Concrete filled tubular columns are widely used because the mutual reaction between the concrete and the tube improves strength and ductility of the columns. In an attempt to secure efficient use of members, built-up square columns featuring large width-thickness ratio and the use of thin steel plates are suggested in this study. In order to evaluate the structural characteristics and seismic performance of the column-to-beam connections of the new shape columns, cyclic load test of T-shaped column-to-beam connections was conducted with variables of diaphragms and concrete-filling. Moment-rotational angle relationship, dissipated energy and failure behavior were compared to evaluate stress transfer mechanism of the new shape built-up square column-to-beam connections associated with the variables.