• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.1017-1024
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• 2005

This study was investigated the effect of the length of stunning time on pH, water holding capacity(WHC), cooking loss(CL), meat color and incidence rate of blood spot in broiler carcass. One-hundred and forty broiler chickens were slaughtered by three different length of stunning times(5 sec., 8 sec., 11 sec.) with the same electrical frequency(255Hz) and 50 voltage in a commercial abattoir. The WBS values and cooking loss of breast muscle were increased with increasing the stunning time, while WHC of breast muscle were decreased. Lightness(L* value) and yellowness(b* value) scores of leg muscle and skin stunned with 50V, 255Hz, 8 sec, 11 sec. were higher than those of broilers stunned with 50V, 255Hz, 5sec(P<0.05). But, there was no significant difference in color on breast and wing muscle. In subjective evaluation, frequence of the first grade had a trend of being increased by extending the stunning time. There was only a few cases of PSE chicken with 0.02%, while blood spot was observed at the highest rate for the 5 sec. treatment. TBARS indicated that a longer length of stunning resulted in a higher rate of fat oxidation. This experiment demonstrated that the length of stunning time has a significant effect on meat quality and its stability during chiller storage.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.391-397
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• 2010

Yams (Dioscorea spp.) have been used as medicinal and edible resources worldwide. In the present study, methanol extracts were prepared from various kinds of yam, including D. batatas (Gyeongbuk No. 1 and No. 4), D. alata L. (Gyeongbuk No. 5 and No. 6), and D. bulbifera and D. nipponica, and the antioxidant, antithrombin, and antimicrobial activities of these extracts were evaluated. The water content of the various yams was 54.7~83.2% (D. batatas> D. alata L.>D. nipponica>D. bulbifera) and the methanol extracts contained 0.59-1.59% (w/v) solid matter (D. alata L.>D. batatas >D. nipponica>D. bulbifera). The mean concentrations of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and total sugars in the different types of yam were 49.82 mg/g, 9.79 mg/g, and 173.81 mg/g, respectively. Analysis of DPPH radical-scavenging activity showed that D. alata L. Gyeongbuk No. 6 had a strong antioxidant capacity (IC50=$142.30{\mu}g/mL$), whereas the other yams showed reduced levels of activity (IC50=371-$486{\mu}g/mL$). D. alata L. Gyeongbuk No. 6 showed a strong antithrombin activity against human thrombin. Upon treatment with a D. alata methanol extract (1.5 mg/mL), thrombin time was increased 7.35-fold compared with that when methanol alone was used. In an antimicrobial activity assay, the D. nipponica extract showed moderate antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, and Salmonella typhimurium. Our results indicate that different varieties of Dioscorea spp., including D. batatas, have useful biochemical attributes, including antioxidant, antithrombin, and antibacterial activities.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.317-324
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• 2012

To reduce non-point source pollutants in Juam Lake eco-wetlands, purification efficiencies of pollutants were investigated at three different systems. The constructed wetlands (CWs) consisted of A system, B system and C system. A system consisted of $1^{st}$ free water surface (FWS) CW, $2^{nd}$ FWS CW, $3^{rd}$ FWS CW, $4^{th}$ subsurface flow (SSF) CW and $5^{th}$ SSF CW. B system consisted of $1^{st}$ FWS CW, $2^{nd}$ FWS CW, $3^{rd}$ FWS CW, $4^{th}$ FWS CW and $5^{th}$ SSF CW. C system consisted of $1^{st}$ FWS CW, $2^{nd}$ FWS CW, $3^{rd}$ FWS CW, $4^{th}$ FWS CW and $5^{th}$ SSF CW. The concentrations of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P in inflow ranged 0.20 ~ 0.91, 1.24 ~ 8.00, 0.60 ~ 8.60, 0.04 ~ 2.50 and $0.001{\sim}0.685mg\;L^{-1}$ from March to October in 2011, respectively. Removal rates of BOD, SS, T-N and T-P were high in Autumn, Spring, Spring and Summer, respectively. In A system, $1^{st}$ FWS CW, $2^{nd}$ FWS CW and $3^{rd}$ FWS CW were dominated by Leersia oryzoides. In B system, $1^{st}$ FWS CW, $3^{rd}$ FWS CW and $4^{th}$ FWS CW were dominated by Leersia oryzoides. In C system, $2^{nd}$ FWS CW and $3^{rd}$ FWS CW were dominated by Nymphaea teragona.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2012

This study was carried out to elucidate the residual characteristics and calculate processing factors of difenoconazole in ginseng and its processed products, such as dried ginseng, red ginseng and their water and alcohol extracts. The pesticide was sprayed onto the ginseng according to its pre-harvest intervals in 2009 (four-year-old ginseng) and 2010 (five-year-old ginseng). Harvested ginseng was processed to dried ginseng, red ginseng and their extracts according to the commercially well-qualified conventional methods provided by the Korea Ginseng Corporation. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of difenoconazole in fresh ginseng were 0.001 and 0.003 mg/kg, respectively. In case of processed ginseng products, their levels were 0.002 and 0.007 mg/kg, respectively. Concentration of difenoconazole in both fresh ginseng and its processed products increased with the experimental period. Processing factors, calculated as a ratio of difenoconazole concentration in processed products to fresh ginseng were found to be 1.71 to 2.17 and 1.62 to 2.03 in case of dried and red ginseng, respectively, while those for their extracts ranged from 1.76 to 2.98. In case of five-year-old dried ginseng and red ginseng as well as their extracts, the ranges of processing factor of difenoconazole were found to be 2.9 to 3.1, 1.9 to 2.2 and 2.4 to 4.7, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

This study was investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of Yacon by-product powder on performance, pH, total phenol contents, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, TBARS, WHC, shear force, meat color, and sensory evaluation of chicken thigh meat. Broiler chicks were fed diets for five weeks containing 0% Yacon by-products powder (Control), 0.5% Yacon by-products powder (T1), 1.0% Yacon by-products powder (T2), and 2.0% Yacon by-products powder (T3). There was no significant difference in performance among treatments, but mortality was decreased in diets by the supplementation of Yacon by-product powder than that of control. The total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride of control were higher than treatment groups and HDL-cholesterol and glucose of control was lower than treatment. The pH and TBARS were significantly decreased by the supplementation of Yacon by-product powder compared to the control (P<0.05). The total phenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity were significantly increased by the supplementation of Yacon by-product powder compared to those of the control group (P<0.05), and especially, T3 was significantly (P<0.05) more effective in improving freshness compared to other treatment groups. The WHC (water holding capacity) and shear force were not significantly different. CIE $L^*$ and $a^*$ value of treatment groups showed significantly higher value compare to the control, however, no difference in the CIE $b^*$ values was observed among treatment groups. In conclusion, a supplementation of Yacon by-product powder was effective in decreasing pH and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance), and increasing total phenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2013

Since the early 2000s, demand for coastal dredging projects have been significantly increased, and the dredged sediments have showed the continuing marked increases through the multiple projects with other coastal development and constructions. As significant or potential degradation of marine environment has been mounting, we checked the current situation of marine environmental impact assessment through marine water and sediment qualities in relation with dredging projects of the sea area utilization consultation statements submitted in 2011. While analysis percentages of the general items were usually higher, harmful components such as metals revealed wide variation of analysis percentages. In the event of analysis of metals, the pre-treatment process (full digestion) and analysis method were not properly implemented in accordance with the guidelines for preparation of consultation statements. Although not specified in the guidelines, verification procedures (tests of recovery efficiency and detection limit) to secure the reliability were almost ignored. As a result, most of developers did conduct poor marine environmental impact assessment on coastal dredging and related projects. We suggested that the responsible government authority should establish new detailed guidelines on the sea area utilization consultation for more strict evaluation and diagnosis of marine environment and distinctly request the developer to obey the guidelines by complementing the system of the sea area utilization consultation.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.230-240
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• 2015

An IOM sampler equipped with glass fiber filter has been recently utilized instead of solid adsorbent, which was used to measure the inhalation exposure of agricultural operator to pesticides. The aim of this study is to validate the efficacy of an IOM sampler by measuring the trapping efficiency and breakthrough using kresoxim-methyl water-dispersible granule and fenthion emulsifiable concentrate. On LC-MS/ MS, minimum detection level was 12.5 pg and method limit of detection was 5.0 ng/mL. Good linearity ($R^2$ > 0.999) for matrix matched standards was obtained. Recoveries of pesticides from glass fiber filter were 102-109% (kresoxim-methyl) and 97-104% (fenthion) while those from XAD-2 resin were 94-98% (kresoxim methyl) and 93-100% (fenthion). Trapping efficiency test was performed with personal air pumps and IOM sampler (glass fiber filter) connected with solid adsorbent (XAD-2 resin) with two types of formulation (solid and liquid) which were diluted by standard rate and sprayed to IOM sampler. Those pesticides were trapped only in glass fiber filter without any breakthrough to solid adsorbent. After spiking of pesticides to glass fiber filter, breakthrough test was carried out with IOM sampler (glass fiber filter) which was connected with solid adsorbent. As a results, 87-101% of kresoxim-methyl and 96-105% of fenthion remained in spiked glass fiber filter, however, no pesticides were detected in second glass fiber filter and solid adsorbent. In conclusion, IOM sampler which equipped with glass fiber filter can be applied widely for pesticide inhalation exposure study since it has good trapping efficiency and adsorption capacity, regardless of the solid or liquid formulation.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.228-235
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• 2015

The efficiency and applicability of the solid phase extraction disk method in a ²²⁶Ra analysis were examined by the gamma ray spectrometer (GRS) method using a Marinelli beaker and the liquid scintillation counter (LSC) method for groundwater. The recovered ²²⁶Ra, which was filtered by the solid phase extraction disk, was analyzed using gamma ray spectrometer The disks, which were pretreated for caulking the daughter nuclide, were sealed with polyethylene film. Distilled water was used for the blank value of the ²²⁶Ra activity. The recovery values of ²¹⁴Bi and ²¹⁴Pb in the solid phase extraction disk, which used ²²⁶Ra standard material, were 80% (295.21 Kev) and 104% (351.92 Kev), respectively, which were higher than 75% determined by the LSC. The injection of nitrogen gas into the measuring chamber reduced the interference values by about 10%. The detection limits of the ²²⁶Ra activity in a blank sample of 5 L were 0.17~0.40 pCi/L after 80,000 seconds of measuring time. The relationship of the ²²⁶Ra activity in the solid phase extraction disk method and in the LSC method in seven groundwater samples showed a correlation coefficient value 0.987, which implies the applicability of the solid phase extraction disk method. The results showed that ²²⁶Ra activity in groundwater using the solid phase extraction disk method has the following benefits: simple pretreatment, time saving, high recovery values, a low detection limit, and so on. Compared with the LSC method and the GRS method using the Marinelli beaker for the ²²⁶Ra analysis, the solid phase extraction disk method could be useful in groundwater samples with low levels of activities of radionuclides because the method is not restricted by the volume of the sample.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.190-197
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• 2011

Currently, the dose distribution calculation used by commercial treatment planning systems (TPSs) for high-dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy is derived from point and line source approximation method recommended by AAPM Task Group 43 (TG-43). However, the study of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is required in order to assess the accuracy of dose calculation around three-dimensional Ir-192 source. In this study, geometry factor was calculated using segmented sources integration method by dividing microSelectron HDR Ir-192 source into smaller parts. The Monte Carlo code (MCNPX 2.5.0) was used to calculate the dose rate $\dot{D}(r,\theta)$ at a point ($r,\theta$) away from a HDR Ir-192 source in spherical water phantom with 30 cm diameter. Finally, anisotropy function and radial dose function were calculated from obtained results. The obtained geometry factor was compared with that calculated from line source approximation. Similarly, obtained anisotropy function and radial dose function were compared with those derived from MCPT results by Williamson. The geometry factor calculated from segmented sources integration method and line source approximation was within 0.2% for $r{\geq}0.5$ cm and 1.33% for r=0.1 cm, respectively. The relative-root mean square error (R-RMSE) of anisotropy function obtained by this study and Williamson was 2.33% for r=0.25 cm and within 1% for r>0.5 cm, respectively. The R-RMSE of radial dose function was 0.46% at radial distance from 0.1 to 14.0 cm. The geometry factor acquired from segmented sources integration method and line source approximation was in good agreement for $r{\geq}0.1$ cm. However, application of segmented sources integration method seems to be valid, since this method using three-dimensional Ir-192 source provides more realistic geometry factor. The anisotropy function and radial dose function estimated from MCNPX in this study and MCPT by Williamson are in good agreement within uncertainty of Monte Carlo codes except at radial distance of r=0.25 cm. It is expected that Monte Carlo code used in this study could be applied to other sources utilized for brachytherapy.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the control efficacy of major environment-friendly control agents against powdery mildew, as affected by the application condition such as disease-developing stage and microclimate, as compared with the efficacy of pesticides in plug seedling of three Cucurbitaceae vegetables, including cucumber, melon, and oriental melon. Single or combined application of major six environment-friendly control agents was used in the experiment: two biofungicide (Ampelomyces quisqualis 94013 and Bacillus subtilis Y1336), two plant extracts (neem oil and extracts of Rheum undulatum), and two mineral materials (wettable sulfur powder and lime bordeaux mixture). These control agents were treated to the plug seedlings for preventing powdery mildew and curative applications for managing powdery mildew. In all treatments, the disease incidence declined as daily average temperatures increased to $30^{\circ}C$ for consecutive 6~8 days with maximum temperature over $40^{\circ}C$. In preventative application, the control efficacy against powdery mildew was the highest in the treatment of wettable sulfur powder, and lowest in the B. subtilis Y1336, with values of 20~40%. In cucumber seedlings, the preventive single application of neem oil or wettable sulfur powder was more effective than curative application of fungicides, while the control efficacy of these agents was similar to those of fungicides in melon seedlings. The single application of R. undulatum extracts was also effective in preventing the disease for both cucumber and melon seedlings, showing a higher control efficacy than those of biofungicides during seedling stage. The treatment of water spray was not effective and showed a higher disease incidence than the untreated control plot in the oriental melon and melon seedlings. The curative application with environment friendly control agents, after powdery mildew was first detected, could not successfully controlled the disease at the middle stage (5~10% of disease incidence) of disease development. The curative combined application of [R. undulatum extracts (1st application) + wettable sulfur powder (2nd) + neem oil (3rd)] showed the highest control efficacy among the other treatments, with control value over 80% at the early stage (less than 1% of disease incidence) of disease development.