• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집(II)
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• pp.961-966
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• 2000

It is difficult to change or remedy concrete structure after hardened. It is usual to evaluate the quality of hardened concrete using several test method. This study was performed to make fundamental data that could be used to evaluate the quality of hardened concrete. This study is to estimate mix proportion of hardened concrete. Each elements of concrete needed different estimation methods. First, the cement that handled by the most important compounds measured by XRF(X-ray fluorecence) machine with scanning Ca-K${\alpha}$. Second, the coarse aggregate that divided by maximum size measured by the area comparison method that starts from the assumption of uniform distribution. Third, the fine aggregate measured by the weight comparison method that needs several prerequsite constants which concerned cement hydration reaction. Fourth, the water content would be estimated by expert system that has data base of design data, the contents of above estimation results, the characteristics of concrete strength. As the result of the above research, some conclusions are as follows. The cement estimation method resulted by reliability of mean 96.7%, standard deviation 3.92. The area comparison method resulted by reliability of mean 95.3%, standard deviation 2.08. The weight comparison method resulted by reliability of mean 93.3%, standard deviation 3.35.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.530-539
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• 2007

Genetic variation and structure of 9 subpopulations of Symplocarpus renifolius Schott ex Tzvelev on Mt. Cheonma, in Korea, were determined via starch-gel electrophoresis. The genetic diversity at 10 loci for 8 isozymes ($P_{99}=66%,\;A=2.26,\;H_o=0.212,\;H_e=0.230$) was found to be considerably higher than that seen in other long-lived perennial plants. On the whole, the genotype frequencies were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Approximately 5%($\theta=0.049$) of the total variability was among subpopulations. The high levels of observed genetic diversity in S. renifolius were attributed to a universal outcrossing system and other specific factors like differences in age classes and widely scattered individuals around the main distribution. Heterozygosity was highest at a mid-range of elevation($450m{\sim}600m$). The lowest heterozygosity at lower elevation was attributed to the possible origin of seeds transported by water from upstream regions during the monsoon season. Spatial structure in a subpopulation evidenced a strong autocorrelation between closer individuals within $3{\sim}4m$ of distance. This was assumed to be attributable to the restricted seed dispersal characteristics of S. renifolius. In accordance with the findings generated in this study, some implications regarding the conservation of S. renifolius at the Mt. Cheonma were also presented.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.151-154
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• 2017

In this article, we investigated the various influencing factors that degraded the lifetime of suspension insulators in 154 kV transmission lines, and showed the possible solutions to avoid such breakdowns. With respect to achieve safety, reliability and aesthetical considerations, the characteristics of transmission and distribution network power cables should be improved. Suspension insulators are particularly important to study, as they have developed to be the main component of transmission lines due to their ability to withstand the electrical conductivity of high-voltage power transmission. Suspension insulators are mostly made from glass, rubber and ceramic material due to their high resistivity. In Korea, porcelain suspension insulators are typically used in the transmission line system, as they are cheaper and more flexible compared to other types of insulators. This is effective from preventing very high and steep lightening impulse voltages from causing the breakdown of suspension insulators used in power lines. Other influential factors affect the lifetime of suspension insulators that we studied include temperature, water moisture, contamination, mechanical vibration and electrical stress.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2006년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.645-650
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• 2006

The heat transfer performance and energy transport ability are relatively high due to higher specific heat. Therefore, it can be used in fields such as heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, refrigeration and heat exchangers. In this study, liquid-cooling heat exchangers were designed and tested by varying geometry and operating conditions. In addition, liquid-cooling heat exchangers were tested to provide performance data for MPCM slurry. The liquid-cooling heat exchangers had twelve rectangular channels with flow paths of 1, 2, 4 and 12. Silicon rubber heaters were used to control the heat load to the heat exchanger. Heat input ranged from 293 to 800 W, and inlet temperatures of working fluid varied from 15S to $27^{\circ}C$. The standard deviation of surface temperature was strongly affected by the coolant of MPCM Slurry, All MPCM-cooling heat exchangers showed higher cooling performance than the water-cooling heat exchanger except one path channel heat exchanger.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.1071-1077
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• 2019

Natural gamma-decalactone (GDL) produced by biotransformation is an essential food additive with a peach-like aroma. However, the difficulty of effectively controlling the concentration of the substrate ricinoleic acid (RA) in water limits the biotransformation productivity, which is a bottleneck for industrialization. In this study, expanded vermiculite (E-V) was utilized as a carrier of RA to increase its distribution in the medium. E-V and three commonly used organic compounds were compared with respect to their effects on the biotransformation process, and the mechanism was revealed. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that RA was physically adsorbed onto the surface of and inside E-V instead of undergoing a chemical reaction, which increased the opportunity for interactions between microorganisms and the substrate. The highest concentration of GDL obtained in the medium with E-V was 6.2 g/l, which was 50% higher than that in the reference sample. In addition, the presence of E-V had no negative effect on the viability of the microorganisms. This study provides a new method for producing natural GDL through biotransformation on an industrial scale.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2021

Due to the complex geological conditions, a large number of high quality coal seams was buried in the western of China which cannot be mining in open-pit methods. The dynamic properties of that coal cannot be studied easily in real site for the complex working condition. The compound coal blocks made on the basis of the real situation were studied in the laboratory. The physical and mechanical properties of the compound coal blocks and the raw coal were contrasted by using the UCS tests. The results show that the compound coal blocks made by mixing coal powder, cement and water in proportion of 2.5:2:1 are the closest to that of standard raw coal. Then the propagation of strain waves and crushing effects on the coal were studied in the compound coal blocks by using the super dynamic strain test system and the numerical calculated method of ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The results show that the diameter of the crushing zone in the compound coal blocks was similar to that in the numerical results. The fractures distribution in laboratory tests also has a similar trend to the calculation results. The measured strain waves at the distance of 50 cm, 100 cm, and 150 cm from the center of the charge are mainly concerned at -1.0×104 με and have a similar trend as that in the numerical simulation.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.99-111
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• 2022

Together with the development of measurement techniques, radiocarbon (¹⁴C) has been increasingly used as a key tool to investigate carbon cycling and associated biogeochemistry in the ocean. In this paper, the current status of radiocarbon studies in the East Sea (Japan Sea) is reviewed. Previously, spatiotemporal distribution and change of the water masses in the East Sea from 1979 to 1999 were investigated by using the ¹⁴C in the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Researches on sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) revealed that POC in the deep ocean has more complex and heterogeneous origins than we expected. In particular, since 2011, Korean researchers have been collecting sinking particle samples for more than 10 years, so it is expected that ¹⁴C of POC will provide important information to understand carbon cycling in relation to climate change. Although the quantity of ¹⁴C data published in the East Sea is still limited, the importance and the future direction of using ¹⁴C to understand the biogeochemical mechanisms of carbon cycling and its role as a carbon reservoir in the East Sea are detailed herein.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권8호
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• pp.3154-3165
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• 2022

During a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) in the pressurized water reactor (PWR), there is a possibility that high temperature and internal pressure of the fuel rods lead to ballooning of the cladding, which causes a partial blockage of flow area in a subchannel. Such flow blockage would influence the core coolant flow, thus affecting the core heat transfer during a reflooding phase and subsequent severe accident. However, most of the system analysis codes simulate the accident process based on the assumed channel blockage ratio, resulting in the fact that the simulation results are not consistent with the actual situation. This paper integrates the developed core Fuel Rod Thermal-Mechanical Behavior analysis (FRTMB) module into the self-developed severe accident analysis code ISAA. At the same time, the existing flow blockage model is improved to make it possible to simulate the change of flow distribution due to fuel rod deformation. Finally, the ISAA-FRTMB is used to simulate the QUENCH-LOCA-0 experiment to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the improved flow blockage model, and then the effect of clad ballooning on core heat transfer and subsequent parts of core degradation is analyzed.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 준설토 주입 후 튜브 내부 준설토의 퇴적분포가 튜브 형상에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 준설토 주입실험 결과를 바탕으로 튜브 내 준설토의 퇴적분포와 튜브 거동에 대해 소개하였다. 튜브 내 준설토의 퇴적분포를 관찰하기 위해 투명 비닐소재를 사용하여 튜브를 제작하였고, 이때 튜브의 직경(D)은 0.5m와 0.7m이고 길이(L)는 모두 4.0m이다. 주입형태에 따른 튜브 내 준설토의 퇴적분포 형태를 관찰하기 위해 준설토 주입형태는 I-Type과 T-Type을 적용하였다. 실험은 주입, 침강 및 퇴적 후에 준설토 상부의 물을 배수과정에서 제거하고 슬러리 상태의 시료를 재주입하는 과정을 반복하여 수행하였고, 주입 및 배수 단계에서 튜브 내 준설토의 퇴적분포와 튜브의 연직 및 수평 거동을 관찰하였다. 주입실험 결과 I-Type 주입의 경우 크레이터 형성에 의한 부유 및 확산퇴적이 동시에 발생되는 분리퇴적에 의해 비균질 거동을 나타내고, T-Type 주입은 확산수평퇴적으로 인하여 퇴적 튜브 내 준설토가 균등하게 분포하는 것으로 나타났으며, 비배수 초기 연직충진비($H/D_0$)는 0.54~0.64 정도이고 수평변형비($W/D_0$)는 1.45~1.54로 퇴적고는 준설토 충진에 비례하여 증가하나 수평변형비는 일정하거나 감소하면서 튜브체의 중심은 상향이동 되고 있다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2002

남부지방을 중심으로 많은 시설재배지가 염류집적의 문제를 해결하기 위해 윤답전환체계로 운영되고 있으나, 윤답전환체계가 토양의 이화학적 특성 및 인산의 집적에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 거의 없었다. 경남 진주지역 윤답전환체계 운영시설재배지(RS) 22곳의 토양을 깊이별로 채취하여 이화학적 특성 및 인산의 분포특성을 인근 비윤답전환 시설재배지(NRS) 토양과 비교하였다. RS 표층토(Ap)의 전기전도도(EC)는 NRS에 비해 약 평균 약 $1.0dS\;m^{-1}$ 정도가 낮았으나 30cm 이하의 심층부에서는 RS의 EC값이 NRS에 비해 높아졌다. 깊이가 깊어질수록 두 형태간 EC값의 차이는 증가하여 세척된 염분이 상당부분 심층부로 이동되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 기대와 달리 표층토의 유기물 함량은 RS가 NRS에 비해 약 $3g\;kg^{-1}$이 높았으며 이는 두 형태가 년간 유기물 시용량 차이에 기인된 것으로 해석되었다. 깊이가 증가 할수록 유기물 농도는 EC분포와 동일한 경향을 보여 윤답전환 과정중 단소의 유기물이 심층부로 이동되고 있음을 추정할 수 있었다. 전인산(T-P) 함량은 RS의 표층토가 NRS에비해 약 $850mg\;kg^{-1}$ 낮았으며, 이러한 경향은 심토까지 계속되었다. T-P의 약 90% 이상은 Inorganic P의 형태이었으며, Organic P와 Residual P가 저은 비율로 분포하였다. Inorganic P는 T-P에서와 같이 RS가 NRS에 비해 낮은 농도로 분포하였으며 깊이가 증가함에 따라 큰 폭으로 감소하였다. 이에 반해 Organic-P는 30cm 이상의 표층토에서는 RS가 NRS에 비해 낮은 농도로 분포하였으나 30cm 이하의 심층토에서는 RS가 NRS에 비해 높은 농도로 분포하였다. 특히 RS에서 Organic P는 NRS에서와 달리 깊이가 깊어짐에 따라 점점 증가하여 윤답전환지에서 인산이 상당 부분 Organic P의 형태로 이행되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 표층토내 Extractable P는 Al-P와 Ca-P가 가장높은 비율로 존재하였으며, Fe-P와 수용성 P(W-P)의 순의 낮은 비율로 분포하였다. Ca-P와 W-P는 전 토양깊이에서 RS가 NRS에 비해 낮았으나 Al-P는 두 형태간 큰 차이가 없었다. 이에 반해 Fe-P는 RS가 NRS에 비해 높은 농도로 분포하였으며 20~40cm 사이에 가장 높은 농도로 분포하여 논토양 조건에서 영향을 받은 것으로 판단되었다. 결과적으로 윤답전환에 의한 약간의 T-P의 감소는 주로 W-P, Ca-P와 Organic P 형태로 주로 이동되었던 것으로 간접 해석되나 그 양은 기대했던 것에 비해 미미한 수준인 것으로 나타났다.