• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2014

This research aimed to understand the relevance between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and sleep quality for dental hygiene students in certain areas. It was conducted on 344 students from four universities in Jeollabuk-do from May to September 2013 using a structured questionnaire. The following are the results. 57.6% of the IBS bowel movement conditions were mixed type, 10.5% constipation type, 7.6% uncategorized, and 6.1% diarrhea type. For sleep quality based on the subjects' general characteristics, third years were 11.45, second years 10.90, and first years 9.53 (p=0.034). The sleep quality was statistically significantly lower as the years increased, and even for IBS (p=0.026), it was low and showed a significant difference. For difference in sleep quality based on IBS presence, habitual sleep efficiency, sleeping pill dosage (p=0.043), and day time functional disorder (p=0.007) showed statistically significant differences and lower sleep quality than the control group. For difference in sleep quality based on IBS bowel movement condition, mixed type was the highest for sleep disturbance at 6.86, constipation type was 1.00 for habitual sleep efficiency, constipation type was 1.42 for subjective sleep quality, uncategorized type was 0.15 for sleeping pill dosage but not statistically significant. In day time functional disorder, constipation type was the highest at 2.61 and showed a significant difference (p=0.012). The correlation between the sub-factors of sleep quality was positive. Based on the above study results, we learned that for IBS, sleep quality becomes lower as the year increases, and functional disorder was observed during day time due to low sleep quality. Education on IBS symptoms is needed, adequate stress management method to alleviate symptoms and prevention programs for correct diet must be developed to enhance sleep quality.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.5
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• pp.87-129
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• 2003

The purpose of this thesis is to propose a new concept of design of the 21st century, on the basis of the study on the general signification of the structures and the signs of industrial product design, by examining the difference between modern and post-modern design, which is expected to lead the users to different design practice and interpretation of it. The starting point of this study is the different styles and patterns of 'Gestalt' in the post-modern design of the late 20th century from modern design - the factor of determination in industrial product design. That is to say, unlike functional and rational styles of modern product design, the late 20th century is based upon the pluralism characterized by complexity, synthetic and decorativeness. So far, most of the previous studies on design seem to have excluded visual aspects and usability, focused only on effective communication of design phenomena. These partial studies on design, blinded by phenomenal aspects, have resulted in failure to discover a principle of fundamental system. However, design varies according to the times; and the transformation of design is reflected in Design Pragnanz to constitute a new text of design. Therefore, it can be argued that Design Pragnanz serves as an essential factor under influence of the significance of text. In this thesis, therefore, I delve into analysis of the 20th century product design, in the light of Gestalt theory and Design Pragnanz, which have been functioning as the principle of the past design. For this study, I attempted to discover the fundamental elements in modern and post-modern designs, and to examine the formal structure of product design, the users' aesthetic preference and its semantics, from the integrative viewpoint. Also, with reference to history and theory of design my emphasis is more on fundamental visual phenomena than on structural analysis or process of visualization in product design, in order to examine the formal properties of modern and post-modern designs. Firstly, In Chapter 1, 'Issues and Background of the Study', I investigated the Gestalt theory and Design Pragnanz, on the premise of formal distinction between modern and post-modern designs. These theories are founded upon the discussion on visual perception of Gestalt in Germany in 1910's, in pursuit of the principle of perception centered around visual perception of human beings. In Chapter 2, I dealt with functionalism of modern design, as an advance preparation for the further study on the product design of the late 20th century. First of all, in Chapter 2-1, I examined the tendency of modern design focused on functionalism, which can be exemplified by the famous statement 'Form follows function'. Excluding all unessential elements in design - for example, decoration, this tendency has attained the position of the international style based on the spirit of Bauhause - universality and regularity - in search of geometric order, standardization and rationalization. In Chapter 2-2, I investigated the anthropological viewpoint that modern design started representing culture in a symbolic way including overall aspects of the society - politics, economics and ethics, and its criticism on functionalist design that aesthetic value is missing in exchange of excessive simplicity in style. Moreover, I examined the pluralist phenomena in post-modern design such as kitsch, eclecticism, reactionism, hi-tech and digital design, breaking away from functionalist purism of modern design. In Chapter 3, I analyzed Gestalt Pragnanz in design in a practical way, against the background of design trends. To begin with, I selected mass product design among those for the 20th century products as a target of analysis, highlighting representative styles in each category of the products. For this analysis, I adopted the theory of J. M Lehnhardt, who gradated in percentage the aesthetic and semantic levels of Pragnantz in design expression, and that of J. K. Grutter, who expressed it in a formula of M = O : C. I also employed eight units of dichotomies, according to the G. D. Birkhoff's aesthetic criteria, for the purpose of scientific classification of the degree of order and complexity in design; and I analyzed phenomenal aspects of design form represented in each unit. For Chapter 4, I executed a questionnaire about semiological phenomena of Design Pragnanz with 28 units of antonymous adjectives, based upon the research in the previous chapter. Then, I analyzed the process of signification of Design Pragnanz, founded on this research. Furthermore, the interpretation of the analysis served as an explanation to preference, through systematic analysis of Gestalt and Design Pragnanz in product design of the late 20th century. In Chapter 5, I determined the position of Design Pragnanz by integrating the analyses of Gestalt and Pragnanz in modern and post-modern designs In this process, 1 revealed the difference of each Design Pragnanz in formal respect, in order to suggest a vision of the future as a result, which will provide systemic and structural stimulation to current design.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1-16
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to Analyze the problems that container shipping companies exist through the commercialization of container shipping for Non-Arctic countries and the opportunity factors for the transport of the Arctic shipping to improve cooperation cross-border relation Arctic policy and the use of transport. In order to design a hierarchy analysis method study model, four high and 17 low factors were extracted by designing a hierarchy analysis method study model based on results by prior study and in-depth interview. The first of the higher factors is the internal strength of assessing the value of the Arctic, the will and capabilities of the shipping companies in creating new markets with the vision and goals of the shipping companies. Second, the internal constraints associated with the shipping companies advance to the NSR mean the negative factors for the entry into the NSR and the internal weaknesses that cause the shipping companies capacity limitations. Third, the economic benefits from the use of NSR are external factor for shipping companies in cooperation with the future economic value of the Arctic and with respect to Arctic sea and Arctic advance and development from Arctic coastal countries. Finally, external pre-emptive tasks means to respond to use NSR by external restrictions on transport to prepare the possibility of severe weather conditions, the customs policy change of coastal countries.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.179-200
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• 2008

This study is aimed at contributing to the future development of Home Economics Education Department by suggesting basic data of TQM(Total Qualify Management) for evaluating TQM of Home Economics Education Departmeut in education colleges. A survey was conducted involving all junior(3rd year) students of Home Economics Education Department in education colleges either by making a visit to 3 different schools or by sending it in the mail to 10 different schools. Responding answer-sheets, 302 copies(88.3%) out of 342 copies in total were returned. Finally, we used 285 copies(83.3%) as data for analysis. The results of this study are as follows: In terms of Professional Qualification of Home Economics Teachers, the students had passion for their Home Economics Education and also had a great pride and mission to be future Home Economics teachers. However, their ability proved to be poor and low in presenting a vision for Home Economics, in conducting extra-curricular activities, and the computer skills. In the case of college students, their satisfaction showed an average point 3.15 on a scale of 5. Those students who entered school voluntarily or those who hoped for re-entrance showed more satisfaction than those who entered school with good academic records or those who do not hope for re-entrance into school. In terms of professors' leadership, Students are perceived to choose 'Transactional Leadership' instead of 'Transformational Leadership'. Students', who have higher satisfaction and hopes for re-entrance, perception level about their professors' leadership style showed higher satisfaction than average. The students empowerment level showed average point 3.52, which is considered relatively high. Students at the college where professors majored in Home Economics Education are employed showed higher empowerment level than students at the college with professors who did not major in Home Economics Education. The result of evaluating general demand for renovating of Home Economics Education Dept. showed that: they perceived the "Teacher Education Course" of Home Economics Education Dept. as in need of cultivating practical skills in secondary school. They also said, "Teaching Method" is in great need of renovation. In the case of teaching method, they preferred laboratory work, and practical training. In earning credits, they emphasized the importance of faithfully completing the "Study of Content". For the Subject Matter Education, they required a training course to be set up in the secondary school. Finally they claimed that the teachers and students need to take the initiative in developing a Curriculum of Home Economics Education Dept. Based on the findings mentioned above, I would like to suggest further research on how to adopt and evaluate TQM in Home Economics Education, and faculty-centered evaluation methods. I also would like to suggest to vitalize quality research through the form of narrative research.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.283-294
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• 2022

Although the concept of light is important in the elementary school curriculum, substantial research suggests that students and teachers have difficulties in understanding it. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the reasons for these difficulties-whether it is due to the content or due to the presentation method of contents, structure, and expression. The national curriculum and textbooks of Korea, the US, China, and Japan were comparatively analyzed from the following perspectives: 1) key concepts of light, 2) structure of light units in the textbook, 3) materials, light sources, and optics used in light units. Consequently, there were differences between countries in their inclusion of the concept of light in the curriculum. In particular, the Korean curriculum studies the concept of refraction by a convex lens, whereas the concept of light, light source, and vision is not introduced. Furthermore, countries also differed in their structuring of units. The Korean curriculum was presented segmentally by concept rather than structured according to core ideas or perspectives, and the connection between concepts was unclear. In addition, there were differences between the countries in materials, light sources, and optical instruments to explain key concepts. On using light, the US curriculum provides a purpose and uses light to achieve it, and China and Korea understand the concept. It was divided into the method of using the material to deepen. Based on the results of this analysis, the implications for the elementary science curriculum in Korea were derived as follows. First, it is necessary to introduce concepts sequentially and organize them so that the connection between concepts is well expressed. Second, it is necessary to introduce light and light sources as the predominant concepts. Third, it is necessary to include the principle of seeing objects. Fourth, it is necessary to adjust the material and content level of the refraction concept included in the light and lens unit. Fifth, an integrated approach is required because light has a deep connection with various concepts included in the elementary science curriculum.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.44-55
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• 2012

This study is to interpret how landscape aesthetic characteristics of moderation, which is the point of human-oriented neo-confucianism vision, are projected to the landscape organization of a Dodong-SeoWon, known for its overflow to neo-confucianism grounds and standards among domestic SeoWon. The aspects of neo-confucianism discussion in the shape of Dodong-SeoWon with the beauty of from and contents dominating the landscape of Dodong-SeoWon different from constructive completeness as 7 external and internal landscape organization including placement, circulation, setting, vista, fencing, naming, and decoration are as follows. The left direction of Dodong-SeoWon, part of external organization, is the result of landscape organization that emphasized the stage of moderation through the unification of man and nature by naturalizing natural direction to human-oriented directions. Important aspects to rule external orders and standards of Dodong-SeoWon are principles of one classes based on ranks and bilateral symmetry that is the unity of setting and circulation landscape organization from penetrating the spirit of moderation with no bias. By securing territoriality by fencing the unity of verticality and horizontality, the landscape organization to reach moderation is expressed. Meanwhile, Suwoloo(水月樓) perceived on the floor of central assembly hall, the formation of time frame from roof piles of Hwanjumun(喚主門) as well as pilars of Jungjeongdang(中正堂), and rime link method inducing visual balance and openness through segment, combination, and others are vista organization that show the ideality of unique neo-confucianism building. Also as part of landscape organization contents. semantically, building name including arrangement from Taegukdoseol, ideological naming following the name of Ssanggye-SeoWon, which is the former body, the name of the hall symbolizing the transfer of neo-confucianism enlightenment, impartiality with no bias, as well as Geoinjae(居仁齋) and Geoijae(居義齋) based on olympic, are also results of applying neo-confucianism standards. Additionally. the SeoHoe(瑞花) expressing the change of IleumIlyang(一陰一陽) on the stylobate of Jungjeongdang, Saeho(細虎) which goes up and down, as well as Simul made of four dragons, are artistic expression of the moderation that symbolizes the harmony of ying and yang with no exceeding or insufficiency. Humorous and unique rocks and stones evenly arranged in all spots of Dodong-SeoWon are to promote anti-strict organization by offsetting the image and external order of the lecture hall as strict as it is, and this is very ironic as it is the other landscape organization in different dimension as well as the expression of moderation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

The health benefits associated with consumption of fresh produce have been clearly demonstrated and encouraged by international nutrition and health authorities. However, since fresh produce is usually minimally processed, increased consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables has also led to a simultaneous escalation of foodborne illness cases. According to the report by the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 10 people suffer from foodborne diseases and 420,000 die every year globally. In comparison to other processed foods, fresh produce can be easily contaminated by various routes at different points in the supply chain from farm to fork. This review is focused on the identification and characterization of possible sources of foodborne illnesses from chemical, biological, and physical hazards and the applicable methodologies to detect potential contaminants. Agro-chemicals (pesticides, fungicides and herbicides), natural toxins (mycotoxins and plant toxins), and heavy metals (mercury and cadmium) are the main sources of chemical hazards, which can be detected by several methods including chromatography and nano-techniques based on nanostructured materials such as noble metal nanoparticles (NMPs), quantum dots (QDs) and magnetic nanoparticles or nanotube. However, the diversity of chemical structures complicates the establishment of one standard method to differentiate the variety of chemical compounds. In addition, fresh fruits and vegetables contain high nutrient contents and moisture, which promote the growth of unwanted microorganisms including bacterial pathogens (Salmonella, E. coli O157: H7, Shigella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus) and non-bacterial pathogens (norovirus and parasites). In order to detect specific pathogens in fresh produce, methods based on molecular biology such as PCR and immunology are commonly used. Finally, physical hazards including contamination by glass, metal, and gravel in food can cause serious injuries to customers. In order to decrease physical hazards, vision systems such as X-ray inspection have been adopted to detect physical contaminants in food, while exceptional handling skills by food production employees are required to prevent additional contamination.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.69-104
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• 2009

This study is to know the Enhancement of Aviation Safety for Low Cost Carrier in Korea through the long and mid term air safety policy. Especially, the aviation safety authorities of the developed countries in aviation establish action plans under the system plan of central government. Then the countries implement those plans systematically to the related aviation business so that they promote efficient air safety policy implementation. At this time, the Korean government should present the vision about an air safety and systematic strategic plan to cope with the future aviation industry change. Also, it is needed to establish a specific aviation safety action plan. Namely, an air safety master plan and long-term road map must be established. This paper deduces some implications through the abroad cases of aviation safety plan, and then tries to find the applying method of the implications to Korea in the rapidly changing aviation market in the 21st century. It is expected that this paper will help the Korean aviation industry to play a major role in the future. In oder to get suggestions aviation policies of advanced countries with regard to aviation safety, we have looked at the aviation policies of the U.S., the U.K., Australia and Japan, and also LCC's states overseas, LCC's safety policies in Korea, and aviation safety status. Since existing LCCs and new LCCs based in Korea have become the new concept, this new market for LCC has been booming recently. Around Southeast Asia, while there are some LCCs including Air Asia which is supported by the government of Malaysia with emphasis on safety, there are other LCCs, which have failed to achieve confidence in safety and have led to aircraft accidents and financial mismanagement, so we need to verify the safety of overseas LCCs, try to improve domestic LCCs in order to fly international routes and aid international aviation safety. LCCs have been increasing lately thanks to open skies policy and a wide variety of flights.lines. Air Busan, Jin Air, Jeju air, Eastar Air are in service. so the risk of new potential hazards may increase. Therefore it is necessary to take the initiative in aviation markets inside and outside of Korea and the safety management of new LCCs should be taken more seriously than ever before. Among overseas aviation safety policies, we need to implement the FAA's Filght Plan which has a specific Business Plan. I hope this thesis will help improve aviation safety locally and internationally.

• Korean small business review
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.19-37
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to explore differences between small and medium-sized companies and large-sized companies in the impact of human resource innovativeness(HRI), learning orientation(LO), and HRI-LO interaction on innovation effect and business performance. Although learning orientation has long been considered as a key factor influencing good performance of a business, little research was devoted to exploring the effect of HRI-LO interaction on innovation effect and business performance. In this study, it is investigated whether there is a synergy effect between innovative human workforce and learning orientation corporate culture, in addition to each by itself, to generate good business performance as well as a success of new innovations in the market. Research hypotheses were as follows, including H1) human resource innovativeness(HRI), learning orientation(LO), and interactions of HRI and LO(HRI-LO interaction) positively affect innovation effect, H2) there is a difference of the effect of HRI, LO, and HRI-LO interaction on innovation effect between large-sized and small-sized companies, H3) HRI, LO, HRI-LO interaction, innovation effect positively affect business performance, and H4) there is a difference of the effect of HRI, LO, HRI-LO interaction, and innovation effect on business performance between large-sized and small-sized companies. Data were obtained from 479 practitioners through a web survey since the web survey is an efficient method to collect a national data at a variety of fields. A single respondent from a company was allowed to participate in the study after checking whether they have more than 5-year work experiences in the company. To check whether a common source bias is existed in the sample, additional data from a convenient sample of 97 companies were gathered through the traditional survey method, and were used to confirm correlations between research variables of the original sample and the additional sample. Data were divided into two groups according to company size, such as 352 small and medium-sized companies with less than 300 employees and 127 large-sized companies with 300 or more employees. Data were analyzed through t-test and regression analyses. HRI which is the innovativeness of human resources in the company was measured with 9 items assessing the innovativenss of practitioners in staff, manager, and executive-level positions. LO is the company's effort to encourage employees' development, sharing, and utilizing of knowledge through consistent learning. LO was measured by 18 items assessing commitment to learning, vision sharing, and open-mindedness. Innovation effect which assesses a success of new products/services in the market, was measured with 3 items. Business performance was measured by respondents' evaluations on profitability, sales increase, market share, and general business performance, compared to other companies in the same field. All items were measured by using 6-point Likert scales. Means of multiple items measuring a construct were used as variables based on acceptable reliability and validity. To reduce multi-collinearity problems generated on the regression analysis of interaction terms, centered data were used for HRI, LO, and Innovation effect on regression analyses. In group comparison, large-sized companies were superior on annual sales, annual net profit, the number of new products/services in the last 3 years, the number of new processes advanced in the last 3 years, and the number of R&D personnel, compared to small and medium-sized companies. Also, large-sized companies indicated a higher level of HRI, LO, HRI-LO interaction, innovation effect and business performance than did small and medium-sized companies. The results indicate that large-sized companies tend to have more innovative human resources and invest more on learning orientation than did small-sized companies, therefore, large-sized companies tend to have more success of a new product/service in the market, generating better business performance. In order to test research hypotheses, a series of multiple-regression analysis was conducted. In the regression analysis examining the impact on innovation effect, important results were generated as : 1) HRI, LO, and HRI-LO affected innovation effect, and 2) company size indicated a moderating effect. Based on the result, the impact of HRI on innovation effect would be greater in small and medium-sized companies than in large-sized companies whereas the impact of LO on innovation effect would be greater in large-sized companies than in small and medium-sized companies. In other words, innovative workforce would be more important in making new products/services that would be successful in the market for small and medium-sized companies than for large-sized companies. Otherwise, learning orientation culture would be more effective in making successful products/services for large-sized companies than for small and medium-sized companies. Based on these results, research hypotheses 1 and 2 were supported. In the analysis of a regression examining the impact on business performance, important results were generated as : 1) innovation effect, LO, and HRI-LO affected business performance, 2) HRI by itself did not have a direct effect on business performance regardless of company size, and 3) company size indicated a moderating effect. Specifically, an effect of the HRI-LO interaction on business performance was stronger in large-sized companies than in small and medium-sized companies. It means that the synergy effect of innovative human resources and learning orientation culture tends to be stronger as company is larger. Referring to these result, research hypothesis 3 was partially supported whereas hypothesis 4 was supported. Based on research results, implications for companies were generated. Regardless of company size, companies need to develop the learning orientation corporate culture as well as human resources' innovativeness together in order to achieve successful development of innovative products and services as well as to improve sales and profits. However, the effectiveness of the HRI-LO interaction would be varied by company size. Specifically, the synergy effect of HRI-LO was stronger to make a success of new products/services in small and medium-sized companies than in large-sized companies. However, the synergy effect of HRI-LO was more effective to increase business performance of large-sized companies than that of small and medium-sized companies. In the case of small and medium-sized companies, business performance was achieved more through the success of new products/services than much directly affected by HRI-LO. The most meaningful result of this study is that the effect of HRI-LO interaction on innovation effect and business performance was confirmed. It was often ignored in the previous research. Also, it was found that the innovativeness of human workforce would not directly influence in generating good business performance, however, innovative human resources would indirectly affect making good business performance by contributing to achieving the development of new products/services that would be successful in the market. These findings would provide valuable managerial implications specifically in regard to the development of corporate culture and education program of small and medium-sized as well as large-sized companies in a variety of fields.