• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1994

Neutralized antibody titer of Akabane disease virus were performed from 810 dairy cows in 45 farming households from May 1992 to December 1993 in Incheon area. The 503 dairy cows at the 21 farming household were conducted from May to December 1992, 307 cows were from January to December 1993 The results obtained are summarized as follows 1. Evaluation of neutralized antibody titer of 810 dairy cows tested during two yews revealed that 68.1% (552 hearts) , during the four year revealed that 69.6% (350 heads), the later year was 65.8%(202 heads ) was more than antibody titer 16. 2. Antibody investigation according to area and years, showed no significant difference in the whole area and both years as 65-73% from 1992, and as 65-70% from 1993 had an antibody titer of above 16 or more. 3. Antibody investigation according to age, showed that 34.4% of cows aged below 2 had a titer of above 16, compared with 80.8% for cows aged above 5. It demonstrated that the younger cows had the lower titer level, and the older the higher. 4. Monthly variation of antibody titer showed that the highest level of antibody titer was observed in September, the lowest was in June. It meant that the best periods of vaccination were April, May, June. 5. The result of epidemidogical study to 40 farming households showed that 35 farms (87.5%) had abortions of which were 14 stillbirths, 5 abnormal births, and 13 farms (32.5%) had vaccination.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.134-151
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• 1973

The physico-chemical and biological factors of coastal sea water were measured bimonthly from 1976 to 1979 for elucidating the relationship between microbial distribution and environmental factors at Masan and Jinhae bay. The experimental results are summarized as followings : 1) The polulation size of bactriz in sea water were increasing as the water temperature increased, and that was higher at station 2 and 3 than at station 1. The number of fungi showed the highest value on July on bottom. The population size of yeast showed no seasonal variation and also showed a relation with the geographic distance. 2) The correlationship between microbial distribution and environmental factors showed little coefficiency in surface water. And the other hand, at bottom water, between general bacteria and water temperature and dissolved oxygen, and between yeast and salinity, there were relatively high coefficiecy.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.745-750
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• 2010

Since the implementation of the LMO Law in Korea, the importance of the design qualification of BSL3 lab. is emphasizing. In this study, multizone simulation for three kind of biohazard scenarios using CONTAM is performed for design qualification of BSL3 lab. Also, in the case of unexpected spread of contaminants such as Influenza A virus(H1N1) in BL3 zone, the design qualification is carried out for diffusion and decontamination of contaminants according to differential pressure of BSL3 anteroom and door area of BSL3 lab. Also, in this study, appropriateness of laboratory room differential pressure and air flow rate to maintain pressure difference between laboratory rooms, and energy consumption due to air change rate variation according to door area in BL3 lab. Simulation results show that these approach methods are used as a tool for the design and verification of BL3 lab.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.147-154
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• 2022

In order to secure practising rapid pattern(證, zheng) differentiation against acute infectious diseases like corona virus disease-19(COVID-19) showing rapid variation and contagion, a simplified classification of stages centering on the exterior-interior pattern identification with 2 step-subdivision by cold, heat, deficiency, excess pattern and pathogens is proposed. Pattern differentiation by compound patterns of 8 principles is made for the non-severe stage of general cold and the early mild stage of epidemic disease. Compound pattern's names of 8 principles about external infectious diseases are composed of three stages, that is disease site-characters-etiology. Based on early stage symptoms of fever or chilling etc., exterior, interior and half exterior and half interior patterns are determined first, and then cold, heat, deficiency, excess patterns of exterior and interior pattern respectively are determined, and then more concrete differentiation on pathogens of wind, dryness, dampness and dearth of qi, blood, yin, yang accompanied with constitutional and personal illness factors. Summarizing above descriptions, 4 patterns of exterior cold, exterior heat, exterior deficiency, exterior excess and their secondary compound patterns of exterior cold deficiency and exterior cold excess and so on are classified together with treatment method and available decoction for a standard measure of eight principle pattern differentiation.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.26.1-26.9
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• 2023

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) produces a severe hypersensitivity reaction caused by Herpes simplex virus or mycoplasma infection, vaccination, systemic disease, or other agents. Several studies have investigated the genetic susceptibility involved in SJS. To provide further genetic insights into the pathogenesis of SJS, this study prioritized high-impact, SJS-associated pathogenic variants through integrating bioinformatic and population genetic data. First, we identified SJS-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms from the genome-wide association studies catalog, followed by genome annotation with HaploReg and variant validation with Ensembl. Subsequently, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) from GTEx identified human genetic variants with differential gene expression across human tissues. Our results indicate that two variants, namely rs2074494 and rs5010528, which are encoded by the HLA-C (human leukocyte antigen C) gene, were found to be differentially expressed in skin. The allele frequencies for rs2074494 and rs5010528 also appear to significantly differ across continents. We highlight the utility of these population-specific HLA-C genetic variants for genetic association studies, and aid in early prognosis and disease treatment of SJS.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.947-955
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• 2020

The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, affects wild and domesticated ruminants and pigs. During replication of the FMDV RNA (ribonucleic acid) genome, FMDV-encoding RNA polymerase 3D acts in a highly location-specific manner. This suggests that specific RNA structures recognized by 3D polymerase within non-coding regions of the FMDV genome assist with binding during replication. One such region is the cis-acting replication element (CRE), which functions as a template for RNA replication. The FMDV CRE adopts a stem-loop conformation with an extended duplex stem, supporting a novel 15-17 nucleotide loop that derives stability from base-stacking interactions, with the exact RNA nucleotide sequence of the CRE producing different RNA secondary structures. Here, we show that CRE sequences of FMDVs isolated in Korea from 2010 to 2017 exhibit A and O genotypes. Interestingly, variations in the RNA secondary structure of the Korean FMDVs are consistent with the phylogenetic relationships between these viruses and reveal the specificity of FMDV infections for particular host species. Therefore, we conclude that each genetic clade of Korean FMDV is characterized by a unique functional CRE and that the evolutionary success of new genetic lineages may be associated with the invention of a novel CRE motif. Therefore, we propose that the specific RNA structure of a CRE is an additional criterion for FMDV classification dependent on the host species. These findings will help correctly analyze CRE sequences and indicate the specificity of host species for future FMDV epidemics.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.387-401
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• 2021

Thrips infesting hot peppers were monitored in greenhouses using yellow sticky traps. In addition, the hot peppers infected with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were observed during the monitoring period. The flower thrips (Frankliniella intonsa) were initially trapped at a low density just after transplanting seedlings of hot peppers at late March. The western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) were trapped after mid April. These two thrips represented more than 98% of the total thrips attracted to the traps after May, in which F. intonsa showed higher occurrence frequency than F. occidentalis. The total number of thrips had two peaks at mid May with a small and short-term peak and at June-July with a large and long-term peak. The trapped thrips exhibited inconsistent sex ratios, suggesting a seasonal parthenogenesis. Different geographical populations were varied in cytochrome oxidase I sequences, in which local populations in Andong shared a high sequence similarity. TSWV-infected hot peppers, which might be mediated by these two thrips species, were observed and confirmed by an immunoassay kit and a molecular diagnosis using RT-PCR. In addition, the TSWV was detected in F. occidentalis collected from the infected hot peppers. Three open reading frames (NS_S, N, and NS_M) of the isolated TSWV genomes were sequenced and showed multiple point mutations containing missense mutations among geographical variants. When the isolated TSWV was fed to nonvirulent thrips of F. occidentalis, the virus was detected in both larvae and adults. However, the viral replication occurred in larvae, but not in adults.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.185-211
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• 2002

We have found many beneficial effects of the long-tenn intake of Korean red ginseng (KRG) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type-I infected patients, including the maintenance of CD4+ T cell count for 10 years with KRG only and the delayed development of resistance mutation to ZDV. In this study, to investigate whether KRG-intake could affect the clinical progression and nef gene variation, we determined 200nef sequences from 70 patients. Follow-up period was $8.8{\pm}2.9$ years and annual decrease in CD4+T cell was $41{\pm}57/ul.$ Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing were perfonned with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained at times during the study period. First, there was a significant correlation between survival duration and duration of KRG-intake $(36.8{\pm}38$ months)(P=0.000). There were significant correlations between the last NefProg score and CD4+ T cell count (r= 0.208, P<0.05) and annual decrease in CD4+ T cell count (r =0.346, P<0.01) in 70 patients. In addition, there were significant correlations between KRG-intake and annual decrease (r= 0.323, P<0.01), and the CD4+ T cell count itself (r=0.229, p<0.05). Furthennore, there was also a mild significance between the NefProg score and the duration of KRG-intake in only SP and RP (n=30, r=-0.281, P=0.067). In addition, we detected various defects in 21 patients $(30.0\%),$ not including 5 premature stop codons. Ten $(12.5\%)$ patients showed repeated deletion of an amino acid. Four of 10 patients were gross deletions and they were treated with KRG for more than 20 months. The number of patients with repeated gross deletions was significantly higher in the order of slow progressors $(18\%)$, typical progressors($3\%$), and rapid progressors($0\%$) (P<0.05). We also observed that long-tenn intake of KRG might make the change from A or D to T at position 54 and decrease NefProg score. Taken together, our results show clear evidence that the long-term intake of KRG has effects on nef gene variation as well as definite clinical usefulness.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.269-281
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• 2023

In this study, a new triplex real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (tqRT-PCR) assay was developed for the rapid and differential detection of three feline viral pathogens including feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), and influenza A virus (IAV) in a single reaction. The assay specifically amplified three targeted viral genes with a detection limit of below 10 copies/reaction. The assay showed high repeatability and reproducibility, with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of less than 1%. Based on the diagnostic results of the assay using 120 clinical samples obtained from cats with feline respiratory disease complex (FRDC)-suspected signs, the prevalence of FCV, FHV-1, or IAV was 43.3%, 22.5%, or 0%, respectively, indicating that the diagnostic sensitivity was comparable or superior to those of previously reported monoplex qRT-PCR/qPCR assays. The dual infection rate for FCV and FHV-1 was 8.3%. These results indicate that FCV and FHV-1 are widespread and that co-infection with FCV and FHV-1 frequently occur in the Korean cat population. The developed tqRT-PCR assay will serve as a promising tool for etiological and epidemiological studies of these three bacterial pathogens, and the prevalence data for three feline viruses obtained in this study will contribute to expanding knowledge about the epidemiology of FRDC in the current Korean cat population.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.454-460
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• 2012

The purpose of the present work is to investigate the removal characteristics of positively charged filters for capturing negatively charged particles such as bacteria and virus in water. In order to reduce the pressure drop and increase the filtration efficiency, the filter media, modified by charge modifier having positive functional groups, is developed and evaluated. Improved liquid filters have been developed with the modified surface charge to capture and adsorb particles by electrokinetic interaction between the filter surface and particles contained in an aqueous liquid. The positively charged filter media is composed of glass fiber, cellulose and poly-ethylenimine resin for positively charging with the variation of volume ratio. The zeta potential value of the positively charged filter is +37.92 mV at the glass fiber and cellulose content ratio of 50 : 50 with resin content of 100%, while that of the PSL test particle is -23.5 mV at pH 7. The removal efficiency of the electro-positively charged filter is 98% for PSL particles of 0.11 ${\mu}m$, while that of the negatively charged filter is 7%. The positively charged filter media showed the potential to be an effective method for removing fine particles from the contaminated water for liquid filtration.