• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.300-305
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• 2003

Intracellular expression of RNA decoys, such as TAR or RRE decoy, has been previously shown to protect immune cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication by inhibiting the binding of the HIV-1 regulatory protein to the authentic HIV RNA sequence. However, HIV-1 challenge experiments of primary human T cells, which express the RNA decoy, demonstrated that the cells were only transiently protected, and hence, more improved protocols for HIV-1 inhibition with the RNA decoys need to be developed. In this report, in order to develop a more effective RNA decoy, we analyzed and compared the ability of a series of RNA decoy derivatives in inhibiting HIV-1 replication in CEM cells. Using an improved tRNA cassette to express high levels of RNA decoy transcripts in cells, we found that co-expression of both TAR and RRE decoys, in the form of an aligned sequence in a single transcription cassette, much more potently blocked cells from HIV-1 than the expression of only one kind of RNA decoy. This observation will have an important implication for experiments involving optimization of clinical applications in RNA decoy-based gene therapy against HIV-1.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.139-144
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• 1998

Abstract -Phyllanthus ussuriensis which belongs to Euphorbiaceae has been used as a component of Korean traditional remedy against hepatitis and jaundice. Aqueous methanolic extract of P. ussuriensis was tested for antiviral activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in HepG2 2.2.15 cells which were derived through transfection of cloned HBV DNA into HepG2 human hrpatoblastoma cells. P. ussuriensis extract decreased the levels of extracellular HBV virion DNA and inhibited HBV replication at concentrations ranging from 50 to 500$\mu$g/ml. Partitioning of water suspension of the extract revealed that the activity mainly resides in the EtOAc fraction. Consecutive purification of the EtOAc fraction by silica-gel column chromatography resulted in the two active anti-HBV fractions. Southern blot analysis shows that the action mechanisms or active site of the two fractions seems to be different in terms of their inhibition of HBV replication steps.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2011

Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vectors have been used for gene transfer to a wide variety of cell types in vivo and in vitro. The advantages of adenovirus vectors include the high titer of virus readily obtained in large scale preparations, their ability to transduce dividing and non dividing cells, and the high level of transgene expression. Since adenovirus vectors do not integrate in host cell DNA, there is a lack of insertional mutagenesis. However, many human tumor cells lack expression of the adenovirus 5 receptors and contain areas of hypoxia. In order to identify the pattern of replication and gene expression of oncolytic adenovirus in hypoxic condition, multiple different fiber modified Ads (Ad5F/S11, Ad5F/S35, Ad5F/K7, Ad5F/K21, and Ad5F/RGD) was compared. The replication of all fiber modified adenovirus was inhibited in hypoxic condition in HEK 293 cells, but gene expression has variety on different tumor cell lines and the level of coxackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) expression. These data suggest that CAR expression pattern and hypoxic condition of tumor are considered for optimal oncolytic adenovirus application.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.133-137
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• 1999

This study was undertaken to test for anti-Hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity of the aqueous extracts prepared from Eugenia caryophyllate, Ephedra sinica, Cinnamomum cassia. Aqueous extracts were assayed for the inhibition of HBV replication by measurement of HBV DNA and surface antigen (HBsAg) levels in the extracellular medium of HePG2 2.2.15 cells. All extracts decreased the levels of extracellular HBV virion DNA at concentrations ranging from 128 to 256 $\mu$g/ml and inhibited the production of HBsAg dose-dependently. Our findings suggest that these three hebal medicinal plants may have potential to develop as specific anti-HBV drugs in the future.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2004

Many important horticultural and field crops are susceptible to virus infections or may possess a degree of resistance to some viruses, but become infected by others. Plant viruses enter cells through the presence of wounds, and replicate intracellularly small genomes that encode genes required for replication, cell-to-cell movement and encapsidation. There are numerous evidences from specific virus-host interactions to require the involvement of host factors and steps during viral replication cycle. However, viruses should deal with host defense responses either by general or specific mechanisms, targeting viral components or genome itself. On the other hand, the host plants have also adapted to defend themselves against viral attack by operating different lines of resistance responses. The defense-related interactions provide new insights into the complex molecular strategies for hosts for defense and counter-defense employed by viruses.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.2626-2630
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• 2009

2'($\beta$)-Hydroxymethylated adenosine is a potent and selective inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. It targets the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of HCV, NS5B. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of carbocyclic versions are described. The cyclopentene intermediate ($9\beta$) was successfully synthesized through sequential Johnson-Claisen orthoester rearrangement and ring-closing metathesis (RCM). Coupling of bases via a Pd(0) catalyst, selective dihydroxylation, and desilylation yielded the target nucleoside analogues. The compounds 17 and 18 were assayed for their ability to inhibit HCV RNA replication in a subgenomic replicon Huh7 cell line and showed moderate antiviral activity with toxicity up to 20.0 and 24.7 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.85.1-85.6
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• 2020

A cold-adapted porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (CA-VR2332) was generated from the modified live virus strain VR2332. CA-VR2332 showed impaired growth when cultured at 37℃ with numerous mutations (^S731^F, ^E819^D, ^G975^E, and ^D1014^N) in the hypervariable region of the NSP2, in which the mutation ^S731^F might play a vital role in viral replication at 30℃. Conserved amino acid sequences of the GP5 protein suggests that CA-VR2332 is a promising candidate for producing an effective vaccine against PRRSV infection. Further studies on replication and immunogenicity in vivo are required to evaluate the properties of CA-VR2332.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2020

The soybean (Glycine max L.), also known as the soya bean, is an economically important legume species. Pathogens are always major threats for soybean cultivation. Several pathogens negatively affect soybean production. The soybean is also known as a susceptible host to many viruses. Recently, we carried out systematic analyses to identify viruses infecting soybeans using soybean transcriptome data. Our screening results showed that only few soybean transcriptomes contained virus-associated sequences. In this study, we further carried out bioinformatics analyses using a soybean flower bud transcriptome for virus identification, genome assembly, and single nucleotide variations (SNVs). We assembled the genome of Soybean yellow common mosaic virus (SYCMV) isolate China and revealed two SNVs. Phylogenetic analyses using three viral proteins suggested that SYCMV isolate China is closely related to SYCMV isolates from South Korea. Furthermore, we found that replication and mutation of SYCMV is relatively low, which might be associated with flower bud tissue. The most interesting finding was that SYCMV was not detected in the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line derived from the non-CMS line that was severely infected by SYCMV. In summary, in silico analyses identified SYCMV from the soybean flower bud transcriptome, and a nearly complete genome of SYCMV was successfully assembled. Our results suggest that the low level of virus replication and mutation for SYCMV might be associated with plant tissues. Moreover, we provide the first evidence that male sterility might be used to eliminate viruses in crop plants.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.112-120
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• 2006

It has been suggested that defective interfering (DI) RNA contributes to the persistence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). In this study, we characterized molecular and biological aspects of the DI RNA and its relation to viral persistence. We identified a homologous DI virus intimately associated with JEV persistence in Vero cells. The production of DI RNA during undiluted serial passages of JEV coincided with the appearance of cells refractory to acute infection with JEV. We also established a Vero cell clone with a persistent JEV infection in which the DI RNA coreplicated efficiently at the expense of helper virus. The infectious virus yield of the clone fluctuated during its growth depending upon the amount of DI RNA accumulated in the previous replication cycle. Identification of the corresponding negative-sense RNA of the DI RNA indicated that the DI RNA functioned as a replication unit. Most of the DI RNA molecules retained their open reading frames despite a large deletion, encompassing most of the prM, the entire E, and the 5' half of the NS1 gene. Taken together, these observations suggest that the generation of homologous DI RNA during successive JEV acute infections in Vero cells probably participates actively in persistent JEV infection.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.215-221
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• 1996

Sorghum leaf tissues showing the early acute response of systemic infection with maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) strain A, contained unusual virus-induced cytological modifications including cell wall thickenings and protrusions, intercellular vesicles termed as "paramural bodies", modified plasmodesmata, abnormal plastids, and cylindrical inclusion bodies. Abnormal cell wall, some of which associated with paramural bodies, was frequently contained modified plasmodesmata. Various abnormal plastids were located within infected cells of leaf tissues showing the early acute response. The most important changes in chloroplast seen in the tissues are the presence of small vesicles, deformation of membranes, reduction in granal stack height, disappearance of osmiophilic globules and degeneration of stuctures. The cytological modification was not occurred in nucleus but a group of degenerated mitochondria with abnormal membranes attached to cylindrical inclusion bodies were observed. It was hard more or less to prove the relationship clearly between virus and cellular organelles in virus replication.plication.