• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.51-64
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• 2002

In this study of the correlates of peer victimization, 584 $4^{th}$ grade children in Seoul answered questionnaires regarding their personality traits, parent attachment and the marital conflict of their parents. Subjects and their peers also reported on peer aggression and victimization by peers. Data were analyzed by partial correlation, controlling for gender. Children's sociability/activity related positively to peer-rated peer aggression and negatively to self- and peer-rated victimization by peers. Children's shyness/emotionality related positively to self-reported peer aggression and to self- and peer-rated victimization by peers. Parent attachment related negatively to self-reported peer aggression and victimization by peers and positively to peer-rated peer aggression. Marital conflict related positively to self-reported peer aggression and to self- and peer-rated victimization by peers. Marital conflict was the most influential on peer aggression and children's personality traits were on victimization by peers.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.19-33
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• 1998

The relationships of maternal childrearing behaviors and peer experiences to children's self-esteem were examined with a sample of 433 5th- and 6th-grade elementary school students (236 boys and 197 girls) and their mothers. Children answered the questionnaires on peer experience (victimization by peers and peer aggression) and self-esteem, and their mothers answered the questionnaires on maternal childrearing behaviors. Maternal warmth was significantly related to children's self-esteem both in boys and girls. The warmer their mothers, the higher the children's self-esteem. Maternal permissiveness/nonintervention was related to self-esteem only in boys; the more permissive/nonintervention the mothers, the lower the boys self-esteem. Peer experiences (victimization by peers and peer aggression) were significantly related to self-esteem both in boys and girls; the more victimization by peers and peer aggression, the lower their self-esteem. Maternal warmth was related to victimization by peers only in girls; the warmer the mothers, the less victimization by peers experienced by girls. The effect of maternal warmth on self-esteem was mediated by victimization by peers for girls, which indicates that maternal warmth doesn't have a direct influence but an indirect influence on victimization by peers of children. Victimization by peers was related to peer aggression both in boys and girls. The more victimization by peers they experienced, the more peer aggression they showed.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.307-322
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• 2000

This study examined the relation between parent attachment, peer rejection, and friendship in 768 eighth grade students and victimization by peers in early adolescence. The subjects reported on father attachment, mother attachment, and victimization. Victimization was also rated by peers and teachers. The subjects were assessed on peer rejection and friendship(number of friends and presence of a best friend). The results indicated that (1)Father attachment and mother attachment were negatively related to self-reported victimization; (2)Peer rejection was positively related to victimization; (3)The number of friends was negatively related to victimization rated by peers, and victimization rated by peers varied as a function of the presence of a best friend only for girls; (4)The relation between parent attachment and victimization was not mediated by peer rejection or friendship, which indicated that parent attachment had a direct influence on victimization.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.85-105
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of victimization by peers on self-esteem and the role of father/mother attachment and friendship with a range of 354 2nd-grade junior high school students(169 boys and 185 girls). The subjects reported victimization, father/mother attachment, friendship(number of friends and presence of a best friend), self-esteem and their peers rated victimization, too. The result indicated that (1) Victims in the end of the second semester were also those who were victimized by peers in the end of the first semester, (2) The victimization by peers effected on self-esteem in boys and girls, (3) The interaction effect of victimization and parent attachment on self-esteem was statistically significant only for boys, and friendship on self-esteem was statistically significant only for girls.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1-9
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• 1998

The relations of personality characteristics, such as shyness, sociability and self-disclosure and victimization by peers to loneliness in adolescents were examined with a sample of 485 second-grade highschool students(256 boys and 229 girls). They answered the questionnaires on loneliness as well as shyness, sociability, self-disclosure, and victimization by peers. All variables were significantly related to loneliness. The more shy they were and the more victimization by peers they experienced, the more lonely they were. The more sociable they were and the more self-disclosure they showed, the less lonely they were. All variables significantly predicted loneliness and the most influential predictor of loneliness was victimization by peers, indicating that the influence of victimization by peers on loneliness is so powerful for the adolescents.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.153-166
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• 2000

The relations between friendships peer aggression and victimization by peers were examined with a sample of 426 second-grade junior high school students(210 boys and 216 girls) Data were collected using questionnaires regarding friendship(number of friends and presence of a best friend) peer aggression and victimization by peers. The number of friends was significantly related to peer aggression both in boys and girls indicating that the more friends they had the less peer aggression they showed. Peer aggression didn't vary as a function of the presence of a best friend. The number of friends was also significantly related to victimization both in boys and girls. The more friends they had the less victimization they experienced. Victimization varied as a function of the presence of a best friend only in adolescent boys in which those having a best friend were rated by peers to experience less victimization, Victimization was related to peer aggression both in boys and girls. T e more victimization they experienced the more peer aggression they showed.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.4 s.82
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• pp.117-126
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• 2006

This study examined the relations of maternal parenting and children's self-esteem to peer victimization as well as the gender differences in peer victimization. A sample of 494 5th- and 6th-grade children in Pusan answered three kinds of questionnaires regarding maternal parenting, children's self-esteem, and peer victimization. Peer victimization consisted of two constructs, bullying and victimization by pun. Data were analyzed by independent samples t-test and correlations. Boys showed more overt bullying and victimization by peers than girls, but relational peer victimization didn't vary as a function of the gender. Overall, the more boys and girls perceived their mothers as rejective/restricted, protective, and physically abusive, the more they were bullied and victimized. Both boys and girls were bullied and victimized by their peers when they showed lower self-esteem. Especially self-esteem was more highly correlated with victimization by peers than bullying.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.247-266
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• 2005

Subjects of this study were 621 children selected from 5th and 6th grades of elementary schools in Pusan. Factors associated with parents and peers varied by type of peer maladjustment(aggressive type and withdrawn type, compared with a control group). Particularly, the level of factors associated with peers varied from the control group by peer maladjusted types(aggressive types and, withdrawn types). Causal relationships of parents' rejection, victimization, negative representation by parents and by peers on child？s maladjustment varied by behavior types. Negative representation of peers had a direct effect only on withdrawal. On the other hand, negative representation of peers had no effect on aggression. Victimization had a first total effect on both withdrawal and aggression.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.33-49
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• 1999

Loneliness in adolescence was examined in relation to peer aggression /victimization and to parental attachment with sample of 426 eighth graders in a suburban city. The subjects rated themselves on questionnaires regarding attachment to parents, peer experiences, and loneliness. Peer aggression and victimization was also rated by peers. In both boys and girls, the more they were attached to parents, the less loneliness they experienced. The more aggression and victimization they experienced from peers, the more loneliness they experienced. Lonely adolescent girls had lower attachment to parents and higher self-rated victimization by peers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.75-83
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between peer victimization by peers, bullying, and friendships, with a focus on friendship network, friendship quality, and friends' characteristics. The subjects were 678 fifth and sixth grade primary school children recruited from a public school in Bucheon city. The peer nomination index was used to assess peer victimization, bullying, and friendship network. In addition, children themselves reported on the quality of their friendships using the Friendship Quality Scale. The results showed that victimization by peers was influenced by friendship network size, support, and victimization of friends, whereas bullying was explained by support and the bullying behaviors of friends.